toyota rav4 shop manual
LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
File Name:toyota rav4 shop manual.pdf
Size: 4979 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook
Category: Book
Uploaded: 19 May 2019, 17:30 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 794 votes.
Status: AVAILABLE
Last checked: 6 Minutes ago!
In order to read or download toyota rav4 shop manual ebook, you need to create a FREE account.
eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version
✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.
✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)
✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.
✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers
toyota rav4 shop manualYou may order presentation ready copies to distribute to your colleagues, customers, or clients, by visiting Casually tossed into a press release on BMW's European media website is this small, but also giant, nugget of information. However, the BMW currently doesn't have plans to However, when This engine is also sourced from BMW, and is definitely the same motor that is now going to be paired with a six-speed manual transmission in the Z4. Now that BMW has a manual transmission for this car and this engine, it doesn't seem far-fetched that Toyota could do the same with the Supra.Since there's no talk of a manual with the inline-six, we'll temper our hopes for a manual coming stateside in the immediate future. Chief Engineer Tetsuya Tada told Whether Toyota ever decides to bring the four-cylinder to the U.S. could end up being the deciding factor for a three-pedal MkV Supra here. BMW gave North America a manual, but made everyone else deal with the dual-clutch transmission. Fast forward to today, and The decision to offer a manual with the Z4 even in Europe is a bit of a head scratcher, as the vehicles in its small class have all done away with the stick shift. Check your in-box to get started. Please consider allowing Autoblog. But ads are also how we keep the garage doors open and the lights on here at Autoblog - and keep our stories free for you and for everyone. And free is good, right. If you'd be so kind as to allow our site, we promise to keep bringing you great content. Thanks for that. And thanks for reading Autoblog. A drop down menu will appear. The exact text will differ depending on the actual application you have running. It only takes a few seconds. Please follow the instructions below to enable JavaScript in your browser. It might also be the sweetest Z4 you can buy.But those niches pale in comparison to the niche filled by the 2020 BMW Z4 sDrive20i manual. Not only is it a premium two-seat convertible, it has a manual transmission.http://profcareer.ru/UserFiles/brother-1020e-fax-user-manual.xml
- Tags:
- toyota rav4 shop manual, toyota rav4 repair manual pdf, 2008 toyota rav4 repair manual pdf, 2004 toyota rav4 repair manual pdf, 2001 toyota rav4 repair manual pdf, haynes toyota rav4 repair manual, 2019 toyota rav4 repair manual, toyota rav4 1998 repair manual pdf, toyota rav4 2002 repair manual pdf, 2014 toyota rav4 repair manual, toyota rav4 shop manual.
This isn't a mass-market warrior, it's quite possibly one of the most niche vehicles available in Australia. And it's going to make a small group of people very happy. By now the formula underpinning the BMW Z4 is well known. Now into its third generation, the latest Z4 was developed alongside the hotly anticipated Toyota Supra. It's built by Magna Steyr in Austria alongside low-volume legends like the Mercedes-Benz G-Class. An eight-speed automatic is standard, but the stick shift is still available as a special-order option. Those outputs don't sound world-beating, but it's an absolute joy being able to exploit every little bit of them with an old-fashioned manual. That isn't a knock on the eight-speed ZF automatic offered across the BMW line-up.There's a surprising amount of weight to the clutch, and the shift itself is relatively notchy with an aggressive self-centering movement. With that said, it's also accurate across the gate, meaning you can really slam from second to third without fear of inadvertently snagging first (and an expensive repair bill). Our tester only had 2500km on the clock, so some tightness is to be expected. The pedals are tightly spaced without feeling cramped, which makes rev-matching a doddle. Can't heel-and-toe? Time to learn! But also, BMW has been kind enough to bundle (switchable) automatic rev-matching into Sport Mode. The 'base' billing handed to the sDrive20i suggests it could be slightly underdone, but the 2.0-litre engine has more than enough punch. With 320Nm on tap between 1450 and 4200rpm it pulls happily from just off idle, and has a pleasingly meaty mid-range. Without outputs (or the price tag) to tackle the Porsche Boxster, the sDrive20i can be judged through a slightly different lens to its bigger brothers. Essentially, the key question for a lower-powered, lower-priced Z4 is this: does it make you smile? Rear-wheel drive, two-seat manual cars are in short supply, which means the novelty factor is high to start with.http://www.propiedadestalca.cl/dyn/uploads/brother-1030e-fax-manual.xml But the 20i backs it up with a relatively lively chassis and accurate steering, even if the latter doesn't chatter away at you. Despite its short wheelbase, the Z4 has bags of grip on dry roads. And despite the 20i's engine being 105kW and 180Nm down on the range-topping M40i, a generous helping of throttle (okay, full throttle) in first or second gear is all it takes to bring the rear into play. Lurid, smokey slides are out of the equation, but the 20i feels playful under power. It was more than comfortable to handle a three-hour road trip along some pretty average country highways without complaint, which is no mean feat. The ride isn't the only element of the 20i that's eminently liveable.Not so good is the digital instrument cluster, which trades the readability of BMW's classic dials for a style-focused design that's busier (and uglier, to these eyes) than before. Oh, and the rev counter goes the wrong way. As you'd expect, ergonomics are a Z4 strong suit. The right-hand seat drops right down to the floor, and the wheel telescopes right into the driver's chest, while there's plenty of room for gangly elbows. There's space for my six-seven frame despite the car's compact proportions, even with the roof raised.Boot space is a respectable 281L, and more than enough to hold all the junk required for a couples weekend away, and doesn't diminish with the roof dropped. BMW's warranty is a disappointing three years compared to the five offered by mainstream brands.It isn't the fastest or most handsome Z4, nor the best equipped. It's getting perilously close to base Supra money, too, although Toyota's take on the Z4 chassis is hard to come by in Australia. With a manual transmission, though, you could easily argue the sDrive20i manual is the most convincing Z4 as a fun-first toy. Drop the top, crank up the stereo, and get your left leg ready. We're going for a weekend drive. MORE: Z4 news, reviews, comparisons and videos MORE: Everything BMW.https://www.informaquiz.it/petrgenis1604790/status/flotaganis25032022-0054 We may earn money from the links on this page.Buyers can choose between a turbocharged four-cylinder or a twin-turbo inline-six—the latter of which blasted the Z4 to 60 mph in just 3.8-seconds at our test track. Rear-wheel drive is standard and all-wheel drive isn't offered but, sadly, neither is a manual transmission; all Z4s come with an eight-speed automatic. Dynamically speaking, the Porsche Boxster is still our preferred ragtop sports car but the Z4 offers plenty of driving enjoyment with a slightly smoother ride for day-to-day use. The cabin is snug but comfortable for two adults and has plenty of standard creature comforts and connectivity features. If you'd prefer a fixed-roof coupe, check out the mechanically similar Toyota Supra instead. Toyota collaborated with BMW on it, and the two cars share their powertrains and suspensions. What's New for 2021. Few changes are in store for BMW's two-seat convertible for 2021. All models now come standard with SiriusXM satellite radio and Android Auto. Other minor changes include the addition of an optional wireless smartphone charging pad and M Sport brakes with red-painted calipers. Pricing and Which One to Buy At its base price, the 2021 Z4 Drive30i is an undeniable value. It costs considerably less than its main rival, the Porsche Boxster, and it offers more than enough performance for most buyers. You can also dress it up with the M Sport Kit, which adds an M Sport suspension for better handling and it dials up its appearance inside and out with an aerodynamic body kit and M Sport steering wheel. Larger 19-inch wheels and tires are also available, and BMW offers the Dynamic Handling package, which adds larger M Sport brakes and its M Sport differential for additional traction. Your new Z4 still won't accelerate like the much more powerful M40i, but it'll be more than quick enough to satisfy.http://www.chourouk-voyages.com/images/breastfeeding-manual-or-electric-pump.pdf Engine, Transmission, and Performance Every 2021 BMW Z4 has an eight-speed automatic transmission with Sport mode as well as Manual mode. Paddle shifters mounted to the steering wheel are also standard. That's right: For the first time, the BMW Z4 is not available with a traditional manual transmission with a clutch pedal. You won't miss it. The eight-speed is one of the best automatics around with sharp responses, snappy shifts, and smooth operation. The sDrive30i is powered by the brand's excellent turbocharged 2.0-liter four-cylinder that makes plenty of torque and 255 horsepower. In our testing, this model accelerated to 60 mph in 5.1 seconds. That's quick, but it's a bit slower than a Porsche Boxster, which is still available with a manual gearbox. For more grunt, the M40i model gets a 382-hp twin-turbocharged inline-six. It's incredibly smooth and refined, and it turns the Z4 into a superfast sports car with a zero-to-60-mph time of just 3.8 seconds. That's quicker than the 350-hp Porsche Boxster S. The fuel economy of the Z4 sDrive30i is rated by the EPA to be 25 mpg city and 32 mpg on the highway. With its much higher level of horsepower, the fuel economy of the Z4 M40i is just a single mpg lower, getting 24 mpg city and 31 mpg highway. In our testing, both models recorded 20 mpg in mixed driving. Unfortunately, both engines require more expensive premium gasoline, and the Z4 has a small gas tank, so its fuel range isn't extensive. Expect about 300 miles of highway driving between each fill-up. Interior, Comfort, and Cargo As is the case with all current BMWs, the 2021 BMW Z4 has a very high-quality interior. In fact, it may have the best interior in this class. It features luxe materials, exceptional panel fitment, and excellent control placement. Its seats are comfortable with sizable bolsters to hold you in place when you're enjoying the Z4's dynamics. There is also more room inside than you might expect, even for those taller than six feet.http://recamonde.com.br/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/16285b7aca1df4---C-max-energi-user-manual.pdf Thick and insulated, its cloth roof seals tightly. When the top is up, the BMW's interior is impressively quiet, with so little wind or road noise it almost feels like a Grand Touring coupe. With the push of a button, it folds away in a few seconds. A wind blocker is standard to keep wind buffeting to a minimum with the top down, even at high speeds. Interior stowage is also quite generous. There are several storage bins around the Z4's cabin, including one in the center console and a felt-lined cubby to the left of the steering wheel. There's also a netted shelf behind the seats and two big cupholders up front. At 10 cubic feet, the trunk of the Z4 isn't huge, but it'll swallow luggage for two for a quick weekend road trip. The latest iteration of BMW's iDrive system is easy to use, with sharp graphics. The system can also be controlled intuitively with a knob and buttons on the Z4's console or with voice commands. A USB port and Bluetooth streaming audio are also standard, although you have to pay extra for SiriusXM satellite radio. A Wi-Fi hotspot is part of the available Premium package, along with wireless charging for phones, a head-up display, and heated seats. Safety and Driver-Assistance Features Forward-collision warning and daytime pedestrian detection with city braking are standard, as is BMW's lane-departure warning system. Other driver-assistance tech is available as options on both Z4 models. That list of available systems includes active cruise control, active blind-spot detection, rear-collision protection, and rear cross-traffic alert. The BMW Z4 has not been crash tested by either the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) or the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), which is common with sports cars.BANGDIENTUNHK.COM/upload/files/construction-management-manual-uk.pdf Key safety features include: Standard forward-collision detection with pedestrian detection Available active cruise control Available active blind-spot detection Warranty and Maintenance Coverage BMW's warranty is average for the segment; however, its complimentary scheduled maintenance coverage is a standout. Such programs are not offered with its rivals, the Mercedes-Benz SLK-class and Porsche Boxster. Limited warranty covers four years or 50,000 miles Powertrain warranty covers four years or 50,000 miles Complimentary scheduled maintenance is covered for three years or 36,000 miles. Unfortunately, the manual choice will only be available on the entry-level model, the sDrive20i. That said, it’s quite possible it won’t make it to the US, where the only two choices available right now are the sDrive30i and the M40i. The entry-level version uses a 2-liter 4-cylinder petrol engine, just like the sDrive30i but tuned to make 197 HP and 320 Nm (236 lb-ft) of torque. By the way, the automatic will still be available. BMW didn’t provide any acceleration of performance numbers for the manual Z4. Chances are it will be slower than the automatic, but that remains to be seen. Nevertheless, it will most likely be a fun car to drive, especially since most reviewers found the sDrive20i quite engaging in the first place. The lightness of the car is what impresses most, its nose feeling noticeably less heavy than on the M40i model, that comes with a 3-liter straight six. Sure, the sound of the 2-liter 4-pot might be underwhelming, but the price tag of the sDrive20i with a manual gearbox might make it a very tempting choice for a lot of people. We’ll just have to wait and see whether there really is a market for a manual roadster out there, these days. Initial models were in the roadster (E85) body style, with the coupe (E86) body style being added in 2006.The design was approved in Summer of 2004 and frozen in December 2004.http://irmascaritasdejesus.org.br/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/16285b7c029774---C-max-audio-manual.pdf The company announced in 2005 that the two-door coupe would be available for production including the return of the M Coupe. The Coupe has a sleek fastback rear window that slopes down to an integrated spoiler which is shaped to deliver downforce to the rear axle at high-speed.The rear suspension uses a multi-link design, instead of the semi-trailing design used by the Z3.Safety technology included four-wheel disc brakes and electronic stability control, incorporating ABS and traction control.European specifications shown. North American vehicles may have slightly lower power ratings.The engine had BMW double VANOS system and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The torque generated by the engine amounted to 355 N?m (262 lb?ft) at 4,500 rpm. The torque was available from 2,500 rpm.Manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Alpina, the Roadster S was assembled at the manufacturer's Buchloe plant from body-in-white sent by the Spartanburg BMW factory. The Roadster S was produced for two years (2004 to 2005) before production was halted due to stricter emission regulations stopping engine supplies. The Roadster S was available in two trims, those being Standard and Luxury with the Luxury trim adding more creature comforts and bigger wheels over the Standard trim.The car was powered by a detuned version of the S62 V8 engine from the E39 M5.Retrieved 1 December 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-06. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The N52 replaced the BMW M54 and debuted on the E90 3 Series and E63 6 Series.Note: Web page still active, but image links are broken in the current version By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The BMW M56 SULEV engine (sold in several states of the United States) is based on the M54.From 2001 to 2003, the M54 was included on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list.The redline remains at 6,500 rpm.https://www.mercedesbenzofaustinservice.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/16285b7e05e116---C-online-manual.pdfBy using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.In 1910, the Oldsmobile Limited was introduced with a T-head engine that displaced 505 cubic inches (8,275 cc), and in 1911 the displacement was increased to 706 cubic inches (11,569 cc). In 1911 the Renault 40CV installed a 460-cubic-inch; 8-litre (7,539 cc) engine that was upgraded in 1920 to 557 cubic inches; 9 litres (9,120 cc) and remained in production until 1928.The standard straight-six configuration World War I aviation engines used by the German Empire 's Luftstreitkrafte aircraft possessed even larger displacements, with the most-used Mercedes D.III family of liquid-cooled, dual ignition, SOHC -valvetrain inline-six engines having a massive 14.8 litres (903 cu in). The straight-six can also be viewed as a scalable modular component of larger motors which stack several straight-sixes together, e.g. flat- or V-12s, W-18s, etc.This example is used on a 70,000 t ( deadweight ) bulk carrier, and produces 9,014.8 kW (12,089.0 hp) at 90.3 rpm (1.5 Hz) (703,130 ft.lbs torque). The result is that the bulk of the secondary forces that are caused by the pistons' deviation from purely sinusoidal motion sum to zero. Specifically, the second-order (twice crank speed) and fourth-order inertial free forces (see engine balance article) sum to zero, but the sixth-order and up are non-zero. This is typically a tiny contribution in most applications, but may be significant with very large displacements, despite the usual and advantageous use of long connecting rods reducing the secondary (second-order and up) oscillation in the piston motion in those applications.BAINIHU.COM/upfiles/editor/files/construction-management-division-procedures-manual.pdfIn contrast, inline six engines have no primary or (significant) secondary imbalances, and with carefully designed crankshaft vibration dampers to absorb torsional vibration, will run more smoothly at the same crankshaft speed (rpm). This characteristic has made the straight-six popular in some European sports-luxury cars, where smooth high-speed performance is very desirable.There are only three piston phases in a four stroke inline six and, whilst the nature of the piston motion can never result in a 3rd-order imbalance (the pistons have no oscillation at that rate), it does appear in the kinetic energy exchange between the pistons and crankshaft (mathematically because of the squaring of velocity resulting in a specific intermodulation of frequencies). This means that a constant kinetic energy level for the rotating and reciprocating masses will result in the flywheel rotation speeding up and slowing down three times per revolution.Larger engines and diesels tend to use seven bearings because of high loadings and to avoid crankshaft flex. Because of the six-cylinder engine's smooth characteristic, there is a tendency for a driver to load the engine at low engine speeds. This can produce crankshaft flex in four main bearing designs where the crank spans the distance of two cylinders between main bearings.The accumulated length of main bearing journals gives a relatively torsionally flexible crankshaft. The four main bearing design has only six crank throws and four main journals, so is much stiffer in the torsional domain. At high engine speeds, the lack of torsional stiffness can make the seven main bearing design susceptible to torsional flex and potential breakage. Another factor affecting large straight-six engines is the end-mounted timing chain which connects any camshafts to the crankshaft. The camshafts are also quite long and subject to torsional flex as they in turn operate valves alternately near the front of the engine and near the rear. Either method can solve the problem at the cost of additional complexity.A straight-six is a long engine, and the designer is usually encouraged to make it as short as possible, while height is not usually a problem. Hence, the tendency to use a longer stroke and smaller bore than in a V engine to achieve a given capacity.The overall length of an engine may be approximated by adding the bore pitch times the number of cylinders in one bank, plus the width of one connecting rod. As a result, in recent decades automobile manufacturers have replaced most of their straight-six engines (and many of their V8s) with V6 engines; Nissan have replaced their earlier turbocharged inline-6 models with larger displacement naturally aspirated V6 engines while maintaining the FR setup. TVR used a straight-six configuration exclusively in their final cars before their demise. Daewoo used a transverse I6 in the Magnus and Tosca midsize sedans, the former being sold in the United States as the Suzuki Verona and in Canada as the Chevrolet Epica.This was a part of a trend toward higher efficiency engines with fewer cylinders, but the same power output as previous larger engines as fuel economy standards became more stringent.The poor secondary harmonic balance of straight four-cylinder engines is sometimes addressed with the use of balance shafts, but they are not inherently as smooth as an inline-6.Alfa's straight-six engines evolved into the overhead valve design used by the 1922-1927 Alfa Romeo RL and the overhead camshaft engines used in various Alfa Romeo 6C road cars and racing cars 1927-1954. The displacement of this engine was expanded as it was used in later models such as the Opel Kapitan and Opel Admiral, with later versions switching to an overhead valve (pushrod) design. In 1968, the straight-six versions of the Opel CIH engine were introduced, initially using a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) with some later versions using double overhead camshafts (DOHC). Production of the Opel CIH engine continued until 1993, when it was replaced by a V6 engine. Following that introduction, the company produced two lines of petrol straight-six engines; one smaller version and one larger version. In 1985, the Mercedes-Benz OM603 diesel straight-six engine was introduced. a 3.0 L (180 cu in) diesel in 1985. Production of petrol straight-six engines resumed in 2017 with the introduction of the Mercedes-Benz M256 turbocharged DOHC engine.Following the company's entry into automotive production in 1928 (producing licensed copies of the straight-four engined Austin 7), BMW's first in-house model used the 1933 BMW M78engine, an overhead valve design with a displacement of 1.2 litres. This design was upgraded over the years, with the final version being the 2.1 litre BMW M337 engine produced until 1958. Production of straight-six engines resumed in 1968 with the BMW M30 single overhead camshaft (SOHC) engine, which was produced for 27 years and used in many models. The 1978-1989 BMW M88 engine was a double overhead comshaft (DOHC) design which was used in several sports models. In 1990, the regular engines were upgraded to DOHC and the first mass-produced turbocharged version was the 2006 BMW N54.The company resumed production in 1969 with the Volvo B30 overhead valve petrol engine, followed by the straight-six versions of the Volvo Modular Engine introduced in 1995 and then the Volvo SI6 engine introduced in 2006. As Volvo switched to transverse engined platofrms in the 1990s (due to the adoption of front-wheel drive), models such as the 1998-2006 Volvo S80 used the uncommon design of a transversely-mounted straight-six engine. Production of Volvo straight-six engines ceased in 2015.Rolls-Royce used straight-six engines until changes in their design made the shorter V8 engine layout more suitable. Jaguar and other manufacturers built straight-six engines from 1935 until the 1990s. The Jaguar XK120 and the XK-powered Jaguar C-Type and Jaguar D-type, went on to score victories in races and rallies in the UK, Europe and North America. They dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans during the 1950s, where Jaguar C-Types won in 1951 and 1953, and the D-Types had three more wins in 1955, 1956 and 1957. Subsequently, fitted to Lister Cars Lister-Jaguar, the D-type engine contributed to their success in international sportscar-racing in the late-1950s. In 1964, the XK engine was again enlarged to 4.2 L (260 cu in), which was considered the most powerful and refined of the series. The XK6 engine was followed by the AJ6 and AJ16 engines. After Jaguar was acquired by Ford, these engines were replaced with the Ford Duratec -derived Jaguar AJ-V6 engine.The latter used an engine originally built for the Austin Motor Company A105 saloon. Jensen also used Austin straight-six engines in their post- World War II cars until 1962, re-engineering the Austin Sheerline 's 4 L (240 cu in) DS range to increase the power output. MG also used a straight-six in some pre-war cars (examples: MG K-type and MG N-type ) and more recently in the MGC.The Bristol engine had a distinctive valvegear arrangement. The hemispherical combustion chambers meant that the inlet and exhaust valves had to be mounted on separate rocker shafts, giving the engine the appearance of having double overhead camshafts. In fact the engine used a variation on the overhead valve layout, with a camshaft mounted in the engine block driving the inlet rocker arms via traditional vertical pushrods. The inlet rocker shaft had additional cams which drove horizontal pushrods acting on the exhaust rockers on the opposite shaft. The result was an engine with very efficient gas flow due to the placement of the valves and the shape of the combustion chamber but the numerous interfaces between cams, pushrods, rockers and valves required dedicated maintenance to maintain and the engine made a lot of noise when the clearances were allowed to become excessive.It was available in 1.6 L (98 cu in), 2.0 L (120 cu in), and 2.5 L (150 cu in) capacities. Triumph claimed that their TR5 model was the first car in the UK to come with fuel injection as standard; the TR5 has a 2.5 L Triumph straight-six. Other Triumph vehicles that use the Triumph straight-six are:The Austin and Morris models were called 2200 and the Wolseley version was called the Wolseley Six. Although this engine was originally designed by BMC in the 1960s it was British Leyland who completed the planned upgrade to the 1800 range when they fitted this motor. This motor then went on to be used in the same configuration on the Princess which superseded the 1800 in 1975.It ranged from 3.6 to 4.0 litres (220 to 240 cu in), with its largest capacity of 4 L (240 cu in) used in the Tuscan and Sagaris. At 405 hp (302 kW), it is the most powerful naturally aspirated straight-6 ever fitted to a regular production car.A family of straight-4 and straight-6 engines with an unusual ' Inlet-Over-Exhaust ' layout were developed. Introduced in the 1930s, these engines were used with great success in Rover's post war cars (the 'P3', 'P4' and 'P5' models). The sixes were available in a variety of capacities- 2.1 L (130 cu in), 2.2 L (130 cu in), 2.3 L (140 cu in), 2.6 L (160 cu in) and 3.0 L (180 cu in). In 1968, Rover began offering the 2.6 L (160 cu in) engine as an option in long-wheelbase variants of its Land Rover 4x4. The engine remained available in the Land Rover until 1980, long after production of the other versions of the Rover IOE straight-six had stopped. The straight-six was a four main bearing 12 overhead valve design with a short stroke. Rated output grew from just 65 hp (48 kW) in the Mk1 to 110 hp (82 kW) in the Mk3 Zodiac.Most manufacturers started building straight-six engines when cars grew too large for the inline-four engine. One of the longest-in-production inline-six automotive engines in the United States was the OHV Chevrolet Straight-6 engine, which replaced Chevy's previous inline-four engine in 1929, and remained in continuous use in the US for powering Chevy vehicles until 1990, in displacements ranging from 3.2 to 4.8 liters (195 to 293 cu in). General Motors divisions each built their own proprietary straight-six; the Oldsmobile Straight 6 and the Pontiac Straight 6 were flatheads, while the Buick Straight 6 was OHV.Trucks (both light and heavy duty) also incorporated the straight-six until the mid-1950s, and they are still used in light trucks available today. The new wave of compact cars that started in the late 1950s provided a suitable home for straight-six designs. Originally designed to be built of aluminum, but after encountering problems in manufacturing the engines in aluminum, they were built in cast iron without changing the design to compensate for the stronger metal. Although it had only four crankshaft main bearings instead of the seven used by its competitors, they were the same size as those on the 426 cu in (7.0 L) Hemi V8. The Slant-6 achieved some success in racing when engineers utilized the slant of the engine for very long intake manifold passages to boost horsepower by tuning the intake system. After 30 years of production, it was discontinued in favor of V6 engines because it was too long to mount transversely in front-wheel-drive cars.It was the first U.S. designed mass-produced overhead cam (OHC) automobile engine. These lighter in weight engines were used in a variety of AMC passenger and Jeep utility vehicles. These engines were also assembled and marketed internationally.