7

minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial

LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF

File Name:minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial.pdf
Size: 1407 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook

Category: Book
Uploaded: 16 May 2019, 22:25 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 663 votes.

Status: AVAILABLE

Last checked: 14 Minutes ago!

In order to read or download minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial ebook, you need to create a FREE account.

Download Now!

eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version

✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.

✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)

✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.

✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers

minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficialIllustrations by award-winning and best-selling medical illustrator Vincent Perez, whose life mission is cataloging the beauty and detail of our complicated body systems for the medical professional, the formative student and the inquisitive layperson. We love to hear from you, so feel free to contact us with any issues or comments. We continue to earn customer loyalty by producing up-to-date products to ensure accuracy of information, as well as adapt to the publishing market so that our products are always available in whatever format our customers need to succeed. Then we could underline our anatomy textbook with our hands, and make flashcards with our feet at the same time. But, evolution has refined our feet to be compatible with walking bipedally. This is why the anatomy of the foot might roughly resemble the anatomy of the hand but is still different enough to have different functions. Thus, this page is dedicated to the anatomy of the ankle and foot. It is made up of three joints: upper ankle joint (tibiotarsal), talocalcaneonavicular, and subtalar joints. The last two together are called the lower ankle joint. The lower ankle joint is formed by the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bone. The joint is supported by a set of ankle ligaments: the medial collateral or deltoid ligament, and lateral collateral ligament. They are homologous to the carpals in the wrist and are divided into three groups: proximal, intermediate, and distal. You can do that with our additional resources: On the plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal, we see two prominent sesamoid bones (a medial and a lateral one). Whilst the great toe (hallux) is comprised of only two phalanges (proximal and distal). There are four groups of foot joints: intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal. These joints are the subtalar (talocalcaneal), talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, cuneonavicular, cuboideonavicular, and intercuneiform joints.http://amrithaayurvedhospital.com/userfiles/canon-mf6550-service-manual.xml

Tags:
• minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial, minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial free, minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial download, minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial edition, minecraft ps4 edition game guide unofficial version.

The great toe has only one interphalangeal joint, while the other four toes have a proximal (PIP) and a distal (DIP) interphalangeal joint. We encourage you to go through this study unit to learn all about the foot muscles. There are only two muscles in the dorsal group, while the plantar muscles are further subdivided into three groups; lateral, central, and medial. They are the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles. Note that plantar muscles can also be studied as four layers, but here they are presented as groups. They are the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi muscles. They are the flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, four lumbricals, three plantar interossei, and four dorsal interossei muscles. They are the abductor hallucis, adductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis muscles. Note that adductor hallucis is anatomically located in the central compartment of foot, but it is functionally grouped with the medial plantar muscles due to its actions on the great toe (hallux). We can help you with both tendons sheaths and with medial plantar muscles. It provides a quick reference to lower limb muscle origins, insertions, innervations and functions. Repetition for sure. And how to make repetition interesting. With Kenhub custom quizzes. Test your knowledge about the ankle and foot anatomy with our quiz specially designed to aim the bones, ligaments, joints, muscles and neurovasculature of this region. It specifically focuses on bones, ligaments, and muscles (including attachments, innervation, functions). Have a go to conquer the anatomy of the ankle and foot! All rights reserved.We're here to help. Most structures in the foot are fairly superficial and can be easily palpated. Anatomical structures (tendons, bones, joints, etc) tend to hurt exactly where they are injured or inflamed.http://cuanhavesinh.com/userfiles/canon-mf8180c-parts-manual.xml Therefore a basic understanding of surface anatomy allows the clinician to quickly establish the diagnosis or at least narrow the differential diagnosis. For those conditions that require surgery a detailed understanding of anatomy is critical to ensure that the procedure is performed efficiently and without injuring any important structures. With a good grasp of foot anatomy it readily becomes apparent which surgical approaches can be used to access various areas of the foot and ankle. There are a variety of anatomical structures that make up the anatomy of the foot and ankle (Figure 1) including bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and nerves. These will be reviewed in the sections of this chapter. Additionally, the lower leg often refers to the area between the knee and the ankle and this area is critical to the functioning of the foot. The Hindfoot begins at the ankle joint and stops at the transverse tarsal joint (a combination of the talonavicular and calcaneal-cuboid joints). The bones of the hindfoot are the talus and the calcaneus. The Midfoot begins at the transverse tarsal joint and ends where the metatarsals begin --at the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint. While the midfoot has several more joints than the hindfoot, these joints have limited mobility. The five bones of the midfoot comprise the navicular, cuboid, and the three cuneiforms (medial, middle, and lateral). The Forefoot is composed of the metatarsals, phalanges, and sesamoids. The bones that make up the forefoot are those that are last to leave the ground during walking. There are twenty-one bones in the forefoot: five metatarsals, fourteen phalanges, and two sesamoids. The great toe has only a proximal and distal phalanx, but the four lesser toes each have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges, which are much small than those of the great toe.https://skazkina.com/ru/fast-start-manual-transmission There are two sesamoid bones embedded in the flexor hallucis brevis tendons that sit under the first metatarsal at the level of the great toe joint (1st metatarsophalangeal joint). The medial column is more mobile and consists of the talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal, and great toe. The lateral column is stiffer and includes the calcaneus, cuboid, and the 4th and 5th metatarsals. It is helpful to think of the joints of the foot based on their mobility (Table 1). A few of the joints are quite mobile and are required for the foot to function normally from a biomechanical point of view. These are often referred to as essential joints. There are some joints that move a moderate amount, and there are other joints that are held tightly together with strong ligaments. These non-mobile joints are sometimes referred to as non-essential joints. (This may be a poor term in that it incorrectly implies that the joints are not important; they are important. Rather the correct sense is only that movement from these joints is less critical.) Table 1: Joint Function in the Foot Mobile Joints of the Foot and Ankle (Essential Joints): Ankle joint (tibiotalar joint) Subtalar joint Talonavicular joint (TN joint) Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints Joints that Move a Moderate Amount: Calcaneal-cuboid joint Cuboid-metatarsal joint for the fourth and fifth metatarsal. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) Distal interphalageal joint (DIP) Joints with Minimal Movement (Non-Essential Joints): Navicular-cuneiform joints Intercuneiform joints Tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint “Lisfranc” Joint (a.k.a. midfoot joint) Bones of the lower leg and hindfoot: Tibia, Fibula, Talus, Calcaneus. Joints of the hindfoot: Ankle (Tibiotalar), Subtalar. Tibia and Fibula (long bones) The foot is connected to the body where the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula. In a typical foot the tibia is responsible for supporting about 85 of body weight. The fibula accepts the remaining 15; its main role is to serve as the lateral wall of the ankle mortise (Figure 4). The tibia and fibula are held together by the tibiofibular syndesmosis, a collection of 5 ligaments. The prominence on the medial side of the distal tibia is known as the medial malleolus; the distal aspect of the fibula is known as the lateral malleolus. Because it articulates with so many other bones, 70 of the talus is covered with hyaline cartilage (joint cartilage). The talus connects to the calcaneus on the underside through the subtalar joint, and distally it connects to the navicular through the talonavicular joint. These articulations allow the foot to rotate smoothly around the talus. Owing primarily to the fact that no tendons attach to it and that most of its surface is cartilage, the talus has a relatively poor blood supply. The lack of a robust blood supply means that injuries to this bone take greater time to heal than might be the case with other bones—and some injuries will not heal at all. The talus is generally thought of as having three parts: the body, the head, and the neck (Figure 5). The talar body, which is roughly square in shape and is topped by the dome, connects the talus to the lower leg at the ankle joint. The talar head is adjacent to the navicular bone to form the talonavicular joint. The talar neck is located between the body and head of the talus. The talar neck is one of the few areas of the talus not covered with cartilage, and is thus the point of entry for the blood vessels supplying the talus. The calcaneus is the largest bone in the foot, and along with the talus, it makes up the area of the foot known as the hind-foot. There are three protrusions (anterior, middle, and posterior facet) on the superior surface of the calcaneus that allow the talus to sit on top of the calcaneus, forming the subtalar joint (Figure 6). The calcaneus also connects to the cuboid bone to form the calcaneal-cuboid joint. The subtalar joint moves in concert with the talonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint, two joints located near the front of the talus. Joints of the midfoot: talonavicular, calcaneocuboid, intercunneiform, tarsometatarsal (TMT). Cuboid The cuboid bone is a square-shaped bone on the lateral aspect of the foot. The main joint formed with the cuboid is the calcaneocuboid joint, where the distal aspect of the calcaneus articulates with the cuboid. Navicular The navicular is distal to the talus and connects with it through the talonavicular joint. The distal aspect connects to each of the three cuneiform bones. Like the talus, the navicular has a poor blood supply. On its medial side (closest to the middle of the foot) the navicular tuberosity is the main attachment of the posterior tibial tendon. Transverse Tarsal Joint The transverse tarsal joint is not a true joint, but the combination of the calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints. When these two joints are aligned in parallel, the foot is flexible yet when their axes are divergent, the foot becomes stiff. The shift from a flexible state to a stiff one allows the foot to serve as a shock absorber and as a rigid level in different phases of gait. Cuneiforms There are three cuneiform bones in the foot: the medial, medial (intermediate), and lateral cuneiforms (Figure 7). These bones, along with the strong plantar and dorsal ligaments that connect to them, provide a good deal of stability for the foot. Bones of the forefoot: Metatarsals (5), Phalanges (14), Sesamoid Bones (2) Metatarsals Each foot contains five metatarsals, numbered 1-5 medial (great toe) to lateral. The first three metatarsals medially are more rigidly held in place than the lateral two. The metatarsals articulate with the mid-foot at their base, a joint called the tarsal-metatarsal (TMT) joint, or Lisfranc joint. The TMT joint is made stable not only by strong ligaments connecting these bones, but also because the second metatarsal is recessed into the middle cuneiform in comparison to the others (Figure 7). The metatarsal heads are the main weight bearing surface and the site where the phalanges attached at the metatarsal-phalangeal (MTP) joint. These are known as the proximal phalanx (closest to the ankle) and the distal phalanx (farthest from the ankle). The phalanges form interphalangeal joints between themselves: a proximal interphalaneal joint (PIP) and the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) (Figure 8). Common Ossicles of the Foot Some feet contain accessory ossicles or accessory bones (Figure 9). These extra bones are developmental variants. Over 40 different ossicles of the foot have been reported. The most common accessory bones include: Os Trigonum: Found at the posterior aspect of the talar body, this ossicle is connected to the talus via a fibrous union that failed to unite (ossify) between the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. An os trigonum is present in about 10 of the population. Os Naviculare (Os Tibiale Externum or Accessory Navicular): This bone represents a failure to unite the ossification center the navicular tuberosity (where the tibialis posterior tendon inserts) to the main center of the bone. It is present in about 15 of the population. Os Peroneum: This extra bone is found within the peroneus longus tendon sheath at the point where it wraps around the cuboid. It has been reported in about 20 of patients. Bipartite Sesamoid: This condition occurs when one of the sesamoids associates with the great toe fails to ossify resulting in two bone segments connected by a fibrous union. It can be mistaken for a sesamoid fracture. Bipartite sesamoids are seen in about 20 of the population with more than 90 of them occurring in the tibial sesamoid. Os Subfibulare: This extra bone is seen at the type of the fibula. It can be mistaken for an avulsion fracture. It is seen in 1-2 of the population. The ATFL runs from the anterior aspect of the distal fibula (lateral malleolus) down and to the outer front portion of the ankle in order to connect to the neck of the talus. It stabilizes the ankle against inversion, especially when the ankle is plantar-flexed. The CalcaneoFibular Ligament (CFL) The calcaneofibular ligament (Figure 10) is also on the lateral side of the ankle. It starts at the tip of the fibula and runs along the lateral aspect of the ankle and into the calcaneus. It too resists inversion, but more when the ankle is dorsiflexed. Posterior TaloFibular Ligament The posterior talofibular ligament runs from the back lower part of the fibula and into the outer back portion of the calcaneus (Figure 10). This ligament functions to stabilize the ankle joint and subtalar joint. It runs from the medial malleolus down into the talus and calcaneus. The deeper branch of the ligament is securely fastened in the talus, while the more superficial, broader aspect runs into the calcaneus. This ligament functions to resist eversion. Lisfranc Ligaments The Lisfranc joint complex is a series of ligaments that stabilize the tarsometatarsal joints. These ligaments prevent the joints of the midfoot from moving much, and as such provide considerable stability to the arch of the foot. The Lisfranc ligament is a strong band of tissue that connects the medial cuneiform to the base of the second metatarsal. The Inter-Metatarsal Ligaments These ligaments run between the metatarsal bones at the base of the toes (Figure 12). They connect the neck region of each metatarsal to the one next to it, and bind them together. This keeps the metatarsals moving in sync. While it is possible to tear these ligaments, it is also possible for them to irritate the digital nerve as it crosses the ligaments creating a Morton’s neuroma. The 1st MTP joint Capsule of the Great Toe The connective tissue of this ligament takes the form of a capsule (Figure 12). It goes from the medial portion of the first metatarsal head and stretches to the distal phalanx on the same side. This allows this ligament to stabilize the great toe on the medial side. In the situation where a person develops a bunion, this band gets stretched out, and the great toe changes position and becomes angulated outward. Injuries to this ligament, so called high ankle sprains, occur when the foot is stuck on the ground while the leg rotates inwards. The Interosseous Membrane The interosseous membrane is composed of strong fibrous tissue and runs along the tibia and fibula, and keeps the two bones moving as one unit (Figure 4). The syndesmosis The ligament group formed by the AITFL and the interosseous membrane, joined by the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, the transverse ligament and the interosseous ligament is known as the syndesmosis. The function of the syndesmosis is to hold the tibia and fibula together at the appropriate distance, thereby forming the mortise into which the talus sits Both gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve. The gastrocnemius is the more superficial of the posterior calf muscles. It originates above the knee joint, off the posterior femur, and inserts into the calcaneus. The soleus is the deeper of the two muscles of the calf and does not cross the knee. There is a smaller third muscle of the superficial posterior compartment called the plantaris. It is very small and not functionally important in most people (but is subject to injury nonetheless). Deep Posterior Compartment This muscle compartment is located on the backside of the leg deep to the soleus muscle. There are three muscles in this compartment, the flexor hallucis longus, the flexor digitorum longus, and the tibialis posterior. All three of these muscles cross the ankle and insert on bones of the foot, the hallux, the lessor toes and the navicular, respectively. They are innervated by the tibial nerve. Anterior Compartment The anterior compartment is comprised of four muscles that extend (dorsiflex) the foot and ankle (Figure 14). The Tibialis Anterior, the Extensor Hallucis Longus, the Extensor Digitorum Longus and the Peroneus Tertius. The deep peroneal nerve innervates all the muscles of the anterior compartment. Both cross the ankle, but the peroneus longus wraps underneath the cuboid crossing the plantar aspect of the foot as well, and inserts at the base of the first metatarsal. The peroneus brevis inserts at the base of the fifth metatarsal on the lateral aspect of the foot. These two muscles work together to evert the foot - move it towards the lateral side. The peroneus longus also functions to plantarflex the first metatarsal. Both of these muscles are controlled by the superficial peroneal nerve. They help move the toes and stabilize the foot. Collectively they are referred to as the intrinsic muscles of the foot because they are entirely contained within the foot. Only two of these muscles are located on the dorsal aspect (top) of the foot: the extensor hallucis brevis, and the extensor digitorum brevis. They are both innervated by the deep peroneal nerve. Their primary purpose is to help extend the toes. This is in contrast to the flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digitorum brevis. These muscle tendon units are located deep in the plantar arch and respectively assist in flexing the great toe and the four lesser toes. They are innervated by the medial plantar nerve. Plantar Fascia The plantar fascia is not a nerve, tendon or muscle, but rather a strong fibrous tissue (Figure 16). This tissue originates deep within the plantar surface of the calcaneus (heel bone) and covers the distance to the base of each of the five toes. When the foot rolls off the ground during walking, the toes dorsiflex and pull on the plantar fascia. This stiff and relatively impermeable covering helps to protect the muscles of the sole of the foot. All five of these are derived from two nerves that originate from the lumbar spine. The sciatic nerve branches into four of the five primary nerves of the foot. Two segments of the sciatic nerve branch before the knee joint: the tibial nerve and peroneal nerve. The tibial nerve gives off a branch called the sural nerve. Near the level of the knee the peroneal nerve splits into the deep peroneal nerve and the superficial peroneal nerve. The fifth nerve of the foot originates from the femoral nerve and is called the saphenous nerve. The deep peroneal nerve runs directly under the head of the fibula. It is responsible for controlling the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg, and continues down the front of the ankle to the dorsal surface of the foot. It is responsible for the sensation in the small area between the first and second toes, an area known as the first web space. If this nerve doesn’t function, there will be no sensation in this area. If motor function is lost, it becomes impossible to lift the foot upwards, a symptom known as a “drop foot”. The Superficial Peroneal Nerve The superficial peroneal nerve is the partner of the deep peroneal nerve (Figure 17). It runs on the lateral side of the leg below the knee under the head of the fibula and innervates the lateral compartment muscles. It runs down over the anterolateral aspect of the ankle and splits into several branches on the dorsal aspect of the foot. The superficial peroneal nerve has both motor and sensory neurons for most of its length, but below the ankle is made entirely of sensory nerves. If motor function of this nerve is lost, it becomes impossible to evert the foot but there is no motor function lost distal to the ankle. Tibial Nerve The tibial nerve controls all the muscles behind the tibia and fibula in the back part of the calf (deep and superficial posterior compartment muscles). The tibial nerve continues down into the deep inner part of the ankle and splits into two branches, the medial plantar nerve and the lateral plantar nerve (Figure 17). These two branches provide sensation to the entire sole of the foot, and innervate all the tiny muscles of the sole of the foot. Sural Nerve The fourth nerve of the foot is another branch of the tibial nerve, known as the sural nerve (Figure 17). This nerve runs from slightly below the knee to the lateral aspect of the foot. It becomes a very superficial nerve at the level of the posterolateral ankle and continues distally to provide sensation to the outside of the foot. It has no motor function. Saphenous Nerve The fifth and last nerve is the only one to branch off from the femoral nerve (Figure 17). It runs from medial aspect of the knee and runs over the anteromedial aspect of the ankle joint to provide sensation to the inside of the foot. Although the positions of these nerves are generally as described, there is a certain amount of variability in nerve position. They can be located lower or higher than described. These variations must be considered while performing surgery. Books You don't have any books yet. Studylists You don't have any Studylists yet. Recent Documents You haven't viewed any documents yet. Students also viewed Anamnesis Aparato Cardiovascular Cell Biology Test 3 Review Anatomy Test 4 Study Guide Anatomy Study Guide Exam 3 Lecture notes, lecture 25 Orientation-Discussion Board Forum 1 Other related documents Cell biology test 2 review Quiz 4 guide Cytochrome P450 and HRP Report Index k-2 - ladda Faith Integration Essay Case study 3 - Liberty university Preview text Anatomy Final Study Guide The Foot Introduction Podiatry is the specialized field that deals with the study and care of the feet. The ankle refersThe foot provides a platform of support for the. The foot consists of 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalangers. It is divided into 3 zones: The superior partThe sole of the foot underlying the calcaneus is called the heel. The sole underlying the metatarsal heads is called the ball of the foot.The skin of the foot is unique in its thickness (5 epidermal layers), skin prints (grip), sweat glandThe seven tarsal bones are the bones of the hindfoot: The only “mortise-and-tenon” in theDistinctively human. Like architectural arches, each foot arch has a “keystone” bone. The arches are supported by muscles and ligaments, as well as bone configuration. Functions of the arches: The arches distribute body weight from heel-to-toe in a complex pattern during the stanceThe talus accepts body weight from the tibia and transfers the weight to hind foot (50) andPes cavus: high arch. Pes rectus: normal arch. Pes planus: flat arch Two on the dorsum of the foot: extensor hallucis brevis andThe other 18 uscles are arranged in four layers. The muscles of the foot: It is an abnormal deviation of the great toe (hallux) laterally towards the other toes. It is often used synonymously with bunion but NOT the same. Both bunions and hallux valgus are most common in shoe-wearing societies, though thereThere is irreversible damage causedHammer toe results when the extensor tendons are too short and pull too tightly. It is not known to be caused by flip-flops. Likewise, ingrown toenails are usually a result from excess pressure on the toes by shoes. Plantar fascitis (PDF) is the most common foot complaint in the US. It is characterized by sharpTreatments include steroid injections, physical therapy andFlatfoot has been called a “silent epidemic” that affects 25 of the population. ModernEccentric contraction Little muscle activity is required to stand at ease. When standing, hips and knees are fullyThe body’s center of gravity is slightly anterior to theThus, the body tends to sway forward and this tendency is countered by posterior leg musclesLateral sway is countered by hip abductors (gluteal muscles and tensor fasciae latae) andConsists of a crank, shaft and rope (connected to weight). In the foot, a windlass is created byWhen the triceps liftsWindlass helps conver the foot from a supple landing platform into a propulsion rod. FootFootwear is ubiquitous in Western Society. Shoes must be considered when studyingShoes can dramatically alter stance, posture andAlso, the skin of thePeople wear shoes when they are not necessary, fashionable not functional. The toes are kept hyperextended and the windlass mechanism is disengaged. Elevated heelsBody weight is also shifted forwardDestabilizing factors include: Corrective attempts using orthotics (arch support) and stiff instep support. Toe springs areThe elevated heel and toe spring convert the complicated stepping motions into a rollingFootwear on running. Modern running shoes possess: Running shoes dramatically reduce tactile feeback from foot sole. Shoes promote over-stridingBarefoot promotes flexed hip, knee andRunning barefoot, impactForces absorbed by soft tissues in foot and leg. It looks like your browser needs updating. For the best experience on Quizlet, please update your browser. Learn More. Flat foor, high arch, normal Flat Foot Pes Planus High Arch Pes Cavus Normal Arch Pes Neutral What are the two gate patterns. Pronate and supinate What is the pronate gate pattern. Medial arch drops to the floor What is the supinate gate pattern. It looks like your browser needs updating. For the best experience on Quizlet, please update your browser. Learn More Talocrural joint moves the foot into plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. Surrounding bones are: tibia, fibula, and the talus Subtalar joint joint that moves the foot into eversion and inversion. Surrounding bones are: talus and calcaneus distal interphalangeal joint proximal interphalangeal joint metatarsal interphalangeal joint moves the joint between the metatarsal heads and the proximal phalanx ingrown toe nail the skin extends over the edge of the nail while the nail grows into the bed. Causes pain and possible infection. Prevention is the best cure, keep feet dry, wear clean socks and wear sandals in public showers. Treatment includes over the counter medications. Hallus Valgus also known as a bunion, is prolonged exposure against the medial aspect of the first MTP joint which can lead to thickening of the medial capsule and bursa resulting in severe values deformity of the great toe. Treatment includes wearing wider shoes which are wide and soft and surgery is the last resort. Hammer toe extension of the MTP joint, flexion at the PIP joint, and hyperextension at the DIP joint Claw toe hyperextension of the MTP joint and flexion of the DIP and PIP joints Mallet toe neutral position at the MTP and PIP joints, but flexed at the DIP joints Turf Toe sprain of the first MTP joint resulting from forced hyperextension of the great toe.