m777 howitzer field manual
LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
File Name:m777 howitzer field manual.pdf
Size: 2033 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook
Category: Book
Uploaded: 3 May 2019, 21:58 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 628 votes.
Status: AVAILABLE
Last checked: 2 Minutes ago!
In order to read or download m777 howitzer field manual ebook, you need to create a FREE account.
eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version
✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.
✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)
✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.
✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers
m777 howitzer field manualThe 105 mm M2A1 (M101A1).The 105 mm M2A1 (M101A1) howitzer was the standard light field.The 105 mm M2A1 (M101A1). M777 Howitzer Technical Manual - Manuals by ISI -M777 howitzer technical manual. DOWNLOAD. Address: 1956 Maybank HWY,small arms stored in units' arms rooms and the M777 light towed howitzer. FieldManual Computer simulations created to train Soldiers on -Jul 08, 2012 M777A2 Howitzer simulator screen shot. This screen-shot showshow the models real-life movements are captured and transformed for the virtualtrainer. M777 Howitzer 155mm - YouTube -Jul 08, 2009 This feature is not available right now. Brief History of the.? This field howitzer, Documents AMC INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE -.Abrams, Stryker, M198 Howitzer, M119 Howitzer, M109 Howitzer, M777 Howitzer, Documents TM 9-732B 75-Mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M8 1944 Documents 5in BL Howitzer Gun Drill Documents TECHNICAL MANUAL - technical manual transportability guidance howitzer, light, towed, 105-mm, m119 h Documents 155 mm 52 Cal. Self-propelled Gun Howitzer ZUZANA 2.155 mm 52 Cal. Self-propelled Gun Howitzer ZUZANA Documents Dynamic Pressure Testing of a 155-mm Howitzer Ballistic. TM 9-1025-215-10 M777 Howitzer Operator's Manual - 2019 - MiniBe the first the send us a PDF copy and receive the new book free of charge. It also includes. M777a2 Usmc Technical Manual READ ONLINE M777 Howitzer Army Manual -M777 Howitzer Army Manual Only after reading the document M777 howitzer armymanual 5513060C you have no more questions torments you before that time.Marine Corps And TheArmy Marines.mil - Marine Corps Publications Electronic Library -Marine Corps Technical Manuals.http://www.zkojicin.cz/userfiles/exide-workhog-charger-manual.xml
- Tags:
- m777 howitzer field manual, m777 howitzer field manual pdf, m777 howitzer field manuals, m777 howitzer field manual download, m777 howitzer field manual free.
The M777 is also used byM777A2 HOWITZER TECHNICAL MANUAL PDF Are you searching for M777a2 Howitzer M777 Howitzer Field Manual -M777 Howitzer Field Manual M101 howitzer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe 105 mm M2A1 (M101A1) howitzer was the standard light field howitzer forthe United M777 Manual -M777A2 HOWITZER TECHNICAL MANUAL PDF Are you searching for M777a2 HowitzerTechnical their side, but they also depend on Marine support from longrange. But later lesson the report M777 howitzer training manual1591573 you can do it. A comparative study of towed underwater final Towed Hydrophone Array FM6-75 105 mm HOWITZER M2 - SERIES TOWED Howitzer tm9 319 Towed Acoustic Transducer Project - Mick Towed Acoustic Transducer Project FINAL REPORT MAY 1st, 2012 105 - nm HOWITZER pof.gov.pk 122 MM HOW HE This is a semi-fixed ammunition for 122mm. Selected by the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army as their next generation Medium Force weapon, designated M777. M777 is now in full rate production for the U.S. Armed Forces and is the benchmark for 155mm Lightweight Towed Artillery Systems. Selected by the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army as their next generation Medium Force weapon, designated M777. M777 is now in full rate production for the U.S. Armed Forces and is the benchmark for 155mm Lightweight Towed Artillery Systems. Initially developed for the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Army as their next generation Medium Force weapon, the M777 has become the benchmark for 155mm Lightweight Towed Artillery Systems. This means that it can be frequently moved and re-deployed, maximizing survivability, without encountering the IED risks faced by self-propelled systems. The M777 can strike over extended distances, regardless of terrain and obstacles. Credit: Washington Military Dept. Credit: BAE Systems. Credit: US Army. Credit: Fort Bragg. A low-rate initial production (LRIP) contract for 94 systems was awarded in November 2002.http://www.ictgeeks.nl/site/data/ws/page/ezgo-txt-pds-parts-manual.xml A contract for full-rate production of 495 systems was awarded to BAE Systems in April 2005, and the following month the USMC began fielding the M777 with the 11th Marines unit at Twentynine Palms in California. The M777 was carried as an external load for a distance of 69nm during the tests. The M777 is normally operated by a crew of eight men, but can be operated with a reduced detachment of five. All M777A1 systems were upgraded to the A2 standard. In August 2008, a further 43 systems were ordered. A further six systems have been ordered and are in service. In June 2008, Canada requested a further 25 systems, bringing the total to 37. The MoD, however, failed to sign a deal by the October 2013 deadline, causing the company to shut down production of the M777 howitzers at Burrow-in-Furness, UK. In October 2018, BAE Systems secured an order for an additional 18 M777 155mm howitzers from the US Department of Defence, with deliveries scheduled for completion by 2020. The titanium is supplied by RTI International metals of Niles, Ohio. The howitzer is equipped with a 39-calibre barrel.Excalibur has a maximum range of 40km and an accuracy of 10m. Excalibur successfully completed limited user test in March 2007. It was first fielded in Iraq in May 2007 and in Afghanistan in February 2008. Full production systems are fitted with the General Dynamics Armament Systems Towed Artillery Digitisation (TAD) system. LRIP systems will be retrofitted with TAD. The howitzer can be towed by an air-braked 4?4 vehicle greater than 2.5t. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Continue Learn more If you continue to use this site you consent to the use of cookies. A fundamental understanding of ballistics is necessary to comprehend the factors that influence precision and accuracy and how to account for them in the determination of firing data. Gunnery is the practical application of ballistics so that the desired ejects are obtained by fire.http://freeedu.co.za/node/82593 To ensure accurate predicted fire, we must strive to account for and minimize those factors that cause round-to-round variations, particularly muzzle velocity. Ballistics can be broken down into four areas: interior, transitional, exterior, and terminal. Interior, transitional, and exterior ballistics directly affect the accuracy of artillery fire and are discussed in this chapter. Terminal ballistics are discussed in Appendix B. The total effect of all interior ballistic factors determines the velocity at which the projectile leaves the muzzle of the tube, which directly influences the range achieved by the projectile. Actual measurements of the muzzle velocities of a sample of rounds corrected for the effects of nonstandard projectile weight and propellant temperature show the performance of a specific weapon for that projectile family-propellant type-charge combination. The resulting measurement(s) are compared to the standard muzzle velocity shown in the firing table(s). This comparison gives the variation from standard, called muzzle velocity variation (MVV), for that weapon and projectile family-propellant type-charge combination. Application of corrections to compensate for the effects of nonstandard muzzle velocity is an important element in computing accurate firing data. (For further discussion of muzzle velocity, see Chapter 4.) The following equation for muzzle velocity is valid for our purposes: In artillery weapons using separate-loading ammunition, the propellant burns within a chamber formed by the obturator spindle assembly, powder chamber, rotating band, and base of the projectile. For cannons using semifixed ammunition, the chamber is formed by the shell casing and the base of the projectile. When the propellant is ignited by the primer, the burning propellant generates gases. When these gases develop enough pressure to overcome initial bore resistance, the projectile begins its forward motion. The breech permits loading the howitzer from the rear. It is the portion of the tube between the gas check seat and the centering slope. It seats the split rings of the obturating mechanism when they expand under pressure in firing. This expansion creates a metal-to-metal seal and prevents the escape of gases through the rear or the breech. Weapons firing semifixed ammunition do not have gas check seats since the expansion of the ease against the walls of the chamber provides a gas seal for the breech. It extends from the forcing cone to the muzzle. The rifled portion of the tube imparts spin to the projectile increasing stability in flight. The grooves are the depressions in the rifling. The lands are the raised portions. These parts engrave the rotating band. All United States (US) howitzers have a right-hand twist in rifling. The bore evacuator forces the gases to flow outward through the bore from a series of valves enclosed on the tube. As the projectile leaves the muzzle, the high-velocity gases strike the baffles of the muzzle brake and are deflected rearward and sideways. When striking the baffles, the gases exert a forward force on the baffles that partially counteracts and reduces the force of recoil. The bourrelet centers the forward part of the projectile in the tube and bears on the lands of the tube. When the projectile is fired, only the bourrelet and rotating band bear on the lands of the tube. It provides forward obturation (the forward gas-tight seal required to develop pressure inside the tube). The rotating band prevents the escape of gas pressure from around the projectile. When the weapon is fired, the rotating band contacts the lands and grooves and is pressed between them. As the projectile travels the length of the cannon tube, over the lands and grooves, spin is imparted. The rifling for the entire length of the tube must be smooth and free of burrs and scars. This permits uniform seating of the projectile and gives a more uniform muzzle velocity. It provides forward obturation by preventing the escape of gas pressure from around the projectile. The rotating band contacts the lands and grooves at the forcing cone. This causes the primer, consisting of hot gases and incandescent particles, to be injected into the igniter. The igniter burns and creates hot gases that flow between the propellant granules and ignite the granule surfaces; the igniter and propellant combustion products then act together, perpetuating the flame spread until all the propellant granules are ignited. This results in a dramatic increase in the pressure and temperature within the chamber. The burning rate of the propellant is roughly proportional to the pressure, so the increase in pressure is accompanied by an increase in the rate at which further gas is produced. The pressure at which this motion begins is the shot-start pressure. The projectile will then almost immediately encounter the rifling, and the projectile will slow or stop again until the pressure has increased enough to overcome the resistance in the bore. The rotating band and obturating band (if present) or the surface of the projectile itself, depending on design, will be engraved to the shape of the rifling. The resistance decreases, thereby allowing the rapidly increasing pressure to accelerate the projectile. As a result, the pressure continues to rise until the peak pressure is reached. The peak pressure is attained when the projectile has traveled about one-tenth of the total length of a full length howitzer tube. The next stage is the all-burnt position at which the burning of the propellant is completed. However, there is still considerable pressure in the tube; therefore, for the remaining motion along the bore, the projectile continues to accelerate. As it approaches the muzzle, the propellant gases expand, the pressure falls, and so the acceleration lessens. At the moment the projectile leaves the howitzer, the pressure will have been reduced to about one sixth of the peak pressure. Only about one-third of the energy developed pushes the projectile. The other two-thirds is absorbed by the recoiling parts or it is lost because of heat and metal expansion. The noise and shock of firing are caused by the jet action of the projectile as it escapes the flow of gases and encounters the atmosphere. After this, the projectile breaks away from the influence of the gun and begins independent flight. Two opposing forces act on a projectile within the howitzer. The first is a propelling force caused by the high-pressure propellant gases pushing on the base of the projectile. The second is a frictional force between the projectile and bore, which includes the high resistance during the engraving process, that opposes the motion of the projectile. The peak pressure, together with the travel of the projectile in the bore (pressure travel curve), determines the velocity at which the projectile leaves the tube. It decreases as the projectile travels toward the muzzle because the thickness of the tube decreases. It also decreases as the projectile travels through the tube because tube thickness decreases. Initially, pressure increases dramatically as the repelling charge explosive train initiated and the initial resistance of the rammed projectile is overcome. After that resistance is overcome, the actual pressure gradually decreases because of the concepts explained by Boyle's Law. (Generally, as volume increases, pressure decreases.) The actual pressure should never exceed the permissible pressure. This is undesirable pressure travel curve. It exceeds the elastic strength pressure and permissible pressure.This is an undesirable pressure travel curve. It exceeds the elastic strength pressure and remissible pressure. Causes that would result in this travel curve would be using wet powder or powder reversed. This curve does not exceed permissible pressure. It develops peak pressure at about one-tenth the length of the tube. An example of this is the performance of the multiperforated propellant grains used in white bag (WB) propellants. The result is that more gases are produced, gas pressure is increased, and the projectile develops a greater muzzle velocity. Damage to propellant grains, such as cracking and splitting from improper handling, also affect the rate of burn and thus the muzzle velocity. Generally, this results in a dragging effect on the projectile, with a corresponding decrease in the developed muzzle velocity. Temporary variations in bore resistance can be caused by excessive deposits of residue within the cannon tube and on projectiles and by temperature differences between the inner and outer surfaces of the cannon tube. These standard values are based on an assumed set of standard conditions. These values are points of departure and not absolute standards. Essentially, we cannot assume that a given weapon projectile family-propellant type-charge combination when fired will produce the standard muzzle velocity. Cannons capable of high-angle fire (howitzers) require a greater choice in the number of charges than cannons capable of only low-angle fire (guns). This choice is necessary to achieve range overlap between charges in high-angle fire and the desired range-trajectory combination in low-angle fire. Other factors considered are the maximum range specified for the weapon, the maximum elevation and charge, and the maximum permissible pressure that the weapon can accommodate. Ammunition lots are subjected to test firings, which include measuring the performance of a tested lot and comparing it to the performance of a control (reference) lot that is tested concurrently with the same weapon. An assumption built into the testing procedure is that both lots of ammunition will be influenced in the same manner by the performance of the tube. This assumption, although accurate in most instances, allows some error to be introduced in the assessment of the performance of the tested lot of propellant. In field conditions, variations in the performance of different projectile or propellant lots can be expected even though quality control has been exercised during manufacturing and testing of lots. In other words, although a howitzer develops a muzzle velocity that is 3 meters per second greater (or less) than standard with propellant lot G, it will not necessarily be the same with any other propellant lot. The optimum method for determining ammunition performance is to measure the performance of a particular projectile family-propellant lot-charge combination (calibration). However, predictions of the performance of a projectile family-propellant lot-charge group combination may be inferred with the understanding that they will not be as accurate as actual performance measurements. Nonstandard muzzle velocity is expressed as a variation (plus or minus so many meters per second) from the accepted standard. Round-to-round corrections for dispersion cannot be made. Each of the following factors that cause nonstandard conditions is treated as a single entity assuming no influence from related factors. Not all rounds of a series fired from the same weapon and using the same ammunition lot will develop the same muzzle velocity. Under most conditions, the first few rounds follow a somewhat regular pattern rather than the random pattern associated with normal dispersion. This phenomenon is called velocity trends (or velocity dispersion), and the magnitude varies with the cannon, charge, and tube condition at the time each round is fired. Velocity trends cannot be accurately predicted; thus, any attempt to correct for the effects of velocity trends is impractical. Generally, the magnitude and duration of velocity trends can be minimized when firing is started with a tube that is clean and completely free of oil. (See Figure 3-4.) Each ammunition, projectile, and propellant lot has its own mean performance level in relation to a common weapon. Although the round-to-round variations within a given lot of the same ammunition (ammo) types are similar, the mean velocity developed by one lot may differ significantly in comparison to that of another lot. With separate-loading ammunition, both the projectile and propellant lots must be identified. Projectile lots allow for rapid identification of weight differences.All new cannons of a given caliber and model will not necessarily develop the same muzzle velocity. In a new tube, the mean factors affecting muzzle velocity are variations in the size of the powder chamber and the interior dimensions of the bore. If a battalion equipped with new cannons fired all of them with a common lot of ammunition a variation of 4 meters per second between the cannon developing the greatest muzzle velocity and the cannon developing the lowest muzzle velocity would not be unusual. Calibration of all cannons allows the firing unit to compensate for small variations in the manufacture of cannon tubes and the resulting variation in developed muzzle velocity. The MVV caused by inconsistencies in tube manufacture remains constant and is valid for the life of the tube. These erosive actions are more pronounced when higher charges are fired. The greater the tube wear, the more the muzzle velocity decreases. Normal wear can be minimized by careful selection of the charge and by proper cleaning of both the tube and the ammunition. Weak ramming decreases the volume of the chamber and thereby theoretically increases the pressure imparted to the projectile. This occurs because the pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume. Therefore, only a partial gain in muzzle velocity might be achieved. Of greater note is the improper seating of the projectile within the tube. Improper seating can allow some of the expanding gases to escape around the rotating band of the projectile and thus result in decreased muzzle velocity. The combined effects of a smaller chamber and escaping gases are difficult to predict. Weak, nonuniform ramming results in an unnecessary and preventable increase in the size of the dispersion pattern. Hard, uniform ramming is desired for all rounds. When semifixed ammunition is fired, the principles of varying the size of the chamber and escape of gases still apply, particularly when ammunition is fired through worn tubes. When firing semifixed ammunition, rearward obturation is obtained by the expansion of the cartridge case against the walls of the powder chamber. Proper seating of the cartridge case is important in reducing the escape of gases. Proper seating of the projectile allows forward obturation, uniform pressure buildup, and initial resistance to projectile movement within the tube. The rotating band is also designed to provide a minimum drag effect on the projectile once the projectile overcomes the resistance to movement and starts to move. Dirt or burrs on the rotating band may cause improper seating. This increases tube wear and contributes to velocity dispersion. If excessively worn, the lands may not engage the rotating band well enough to impart the proper spin to the projectile. Insufficient spin reduces projectile stability in flight and can result in dangerously erratic round performance. When erratic rounds occur or excessive tube wear is noted, ordnance teams should be requested to determine the serviceability of the tube. Any combustible material burns more rapidly when heated before ignition. When a propellant burns more rapidly than would be expected under standard conditions, gases are produced more rapidly and the pressure imparted to the projectile is greater. As a result, the muzzle velocity will be greater than standard and the projectile will travel farther. Table E in the tabular firing tables lists the magnitude of change in muzzle velocity resulting from a propellant temperature that is greater or less than standard. Appropriate corrections can be extracted from that table; however, such corrections are valid only if they are determined relative to the true propellant temperature. Once propellant has been unpacked, its temperature more rapidly approaches the air temperature. The time and type of exposure to the weather result in temperature variations from round to round and within the firing unit. It is currently impractical to measure propellant temperature and apply corrections for each round fired by each cannon. Positive action must be taken to maintain uniform projectile and propellant temperatures. Failure to do this results in erratic firing. The effect of an extreme change in projectile or propellant temperature can invalidate even the most recent corrections determined from a registration. At least 6 inches of airspace should be between the ammunition and protective covering on the sides, 6 inches of dunnage should be on the bottom, and the roof should be 18 inches from the top of the stack. These precautions will allow propellant and projectile temperatures to approach the air temperature at a uniform rate throughout the firing unit. Changes in the moisture content of propellant are caused by improper protection from the elements or improper handling of the propellant. These changes can affect muzzle velocity. Since the moisture content cannot be measured or corrected for, the propellant must be provided maximum protection from the elements and improper handling. In fixed and semifixed ammunition the propellant has a relatively fixed position with respect to the chamber, which is formed by the cartridge case. In separate-loading ammunition, however, the rate at which the propellant burns and the developed muzzle velocity depends on how the cannoneer inserts the charge. To ensure proper ignition of the propellant he must insert the charge so that the base of the propellant bag is flush against the obturator spindle when the breech is closed. The cannoneer ensures this by placing the propellant flush against the Swiss groove (the cutaway portion in the powder chamber). The farther forward the charge is inserted, the slower the burning rate and the lower the subsequent muzzle velocity. An increase in the diameter of the propellant charge can also cause an increase in muzzle velocity. Loose tie straps or wrappings have the effect of increasing the diameter of the propellant charge. Propellant charge wrappings should always be checked for tightness, even when the full propellant charge is used. The weights of like projectiles vary within certain zones (normally termed square weight). The appropriate weight zone is stenciled on the projectile (in terms of so many squares). Some projectiles are marked with the weight in pounds. In general terms, a heavier-than-standard projectile normally experiences a decrease in muzzle velocity. This is because more of the force generated by the gases is used to overcome the initial resistance to movement. A lighter-than-standard projectile generally experiences an increase in velocity. The precision manufacturing process used guarantees a weight of 137.6 pounds. Material left is a thin film of copper within the bore and is known as coppering. This phenomenon occurs in weapons that develop a high muzzle velocity and when high charges are fired. The amount of copper deposited varies with velocity. Firing higher charges increases the amount of copper deposited on the bore surfaces, whereas firing lower charges reduces the effects of coppering. Slight coppering resulting from firing a small sample of rounds at higher charges tends to increase muzzle velocity. Erratic velocity performance is a result of excessive coppering whereby the resistance of the bore to projectile movement is affected. Excessive coppering must be removed by ordnance personnel. Residue from burned propellant and certain chemical agents mixed with the expanding gases are deposited on the bore surface in a manner similar to coppering. Unless the tube is properly cleaned and cared for, this residue will accelerate tube wear by causing pitting and augmenting the abrasive action of the projectile. The temperature of the tube has a direct bearing on the developed muzzle velocity. A cold tube offers a different resistance to projectile movement and is less susceptible to coppering, even at high velocities. In general, a cold tube yields more range dispersion; a hot tube, less range dispersion. The additional effects include tube memory and tube jump. For example, if a fire mission with charge 6 M4A2 is followed by a fire mission with charge 4 M4A2, the muzzle velocity of the first round of charge 4 may be unpredictably higher. The inverse is also true. This phenomenon causes the tube to jump up when fired and may cause tube displacement. Transitional ballistics is a complex science that involves a number of variables that are not fully understood; therefore, it is not an exact science. What is understood is that when the projectile leaves the muzzle, it receives a slight increase in MV from the escaping gases. Immediately after that, its MV begins to decrease because of drag. At that instant, the total effects of interior ballistics in terms of developed muzzle velocity and spin have been imparted to the projectile. Were it not for gravity and the effects of the atmosphere, the projectile would continue indefinitely at a constant velocity along the infinite extension of the cannon tube. The discussion of exterior ballistics in the following paragraphs addresses elements of the trajectory, the trajectory in a vacuum, the trajectory within a standard atmosphere, and the factors that affect the flight of the projectile. The trajectory is the path traced by the center of gravity of the projectile from the origin to the level point. The elements of a trajectory are classified into three groups--intrinsic, initial, and terminal elements. Elements that are characteristic of any trajectory, by definition, are intrinsic elements. (See Figure 3-5.) It also denotes the center of the muzzle when the piece has been laid. Elements that are characteristic at the origin of the trajectory are initial elements. (See Figure 3-6.) Vertical interval is the difference in altitude between the target and the origin. Site is computed to compensate for situations in which the target is not at the same altitude as the battery. It is the algebraic sum of site and the angle of elevation. Elements that are characteristic at the point of impact are terminal elements. (See Figure 3-7.) This term should not be confused with angle of fall. The path or trajectory of the projectile would be simple to trace. All projectiles, regardless of size, shape, or weight, would follow paths of the same shape and would achieve the same range for a given muzzle velocity and quadrant elevation. The initial velocity imparted to a round has two components--horizontal velocity and vertical velocity. The relative magnitudes of horizontal and vertical components vary with the angle of elevation. For example, if the elevation were zero, the initial velocity imparted to the round would be horizontal in nature and there would be no vertical component. If, on the other hand, the elevation were 1,600 mils (disregarding the effects of rotation of the earth), the initial velocity would be vertical and there would be no horizontal component. Because of gravity, the height of the projectile at any instant is less than it would be if no such force were acting on it.