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linux administration handbook paperback 2006 2nd editionIntense high-energy radiation environments are found in nuclear reactors and accelerators, machines for radiation therapy, industrial sterilization, and space. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By continuing to browse the site, you consent to the use of our cookies.In order to view the full content, please disable your ad blocker or whitelist our website www.worldscientific.com.During this period, the E-commerce and registration of new users may not be available for up to 6 hours. Get the latest public health information from CDC: Get the latest research information from NIH: Their documents provide comprehensive guidance.Use of epidemiological data and direct bioassay for prioritization of affected populations in a large-scale radiation emergency.Long-term radiation-related health effects in a unique human population: lessons learned from the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Radiation Measurements. 2007 Jul;42(6):948-71. Purchase required.The calculations in this report suggest approximately one cancer (star) in 100 people could result from a single exposure 100 mSv of low linear energy transfer (low-LET) radiation. See short summary of the report (PDF - 288 KB) (free). Uncertainties in estimating health risks associated with exposure to ionising radiation.State of the art in research into the risk of low dose radiation exposure-findings of the fourth MELODI workshop.J Radiol Prot. 2012 Mar;32(1):N89-93.Mitigating the risk of radiation-induced cancers: limitations and paradigms in drug development. Get the latest public health information from CDC: Get the latest research information from NIH: Diagnosis and treatment of polonium poisoning.It updates the TG-238 document from 1999. How do we measure radiation.http://educationext.com/userfile/first-alert-combination-smoke-and-carbon-monoxide-alarm-manual.xml
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If the accident circumstances indicate that an alpha particle emitter (such as plutonium) or low-energy beta emitter could be a contaminant, a health physicist should always be consulted. Mechanisms of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity and implications for future clinical trials.Congenital anomalies in the children of cancer survivors: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study.Position Statement of the Health Physics Society PS010-4: Radiation Risk in Perspective.Purchase required. NRC also provides guidance on allowableNuclear RegulatoryExposures in Radiation Events Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources--1950-2007. Radiology. 2009 Nov; 253(2):520-31. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Learn more about these useful resources on our COVID-19 page. Do be advised that shipments may be delayed due to extra safety precautions implemented at our centers and delays with local shipping carriers. To purchase, visit your preferred ebook provider. It is a straightforward account of the problems which arise when high-energy radiation bombards matter and of engineering methods for solving those problems. X-ray, electron and the'hadron's' in CERN's new collider environments and several more are described. The impact of these environments on microelectronics in computing, data processing and communication is the core of this book. A large amount of technical data, needed to make predictions on the spot, is presented, with literature references needed for further research and also a compendium of websites which have been tested and used by the authors. Polymers and other organics 11. The interaction of radiation with shielding materials 12. Computer methods for particle transport 13. Radiation testing 14. Radiation-hardening of semiconductor parts 15.http://genclergida.com/userfiles/fisher-scientific-maxima-c-plus-vacuum-pumps-manual.xml Equipment hardening and hardness assurance 16. Conclusions Appendix A. Useful general and geophysical data B. Radiation quantities C. Useful data on materials used in electronic equipment D. Bibliography of dosimeter research E. Dose-depth curves for typical Earth orbits, calculated by ESA's Space Environment Information System (SPENVIS) software F. Degradation in polymers in ionizing radiation G. Useful Web-sites Index He previously spent over ten years working in Princeton (USA) on space and defence programmes and owns REM Oxford Ltd. Len Adams is a consultant to Spur Electron, advising the British National Space Centre and other agencies. He is also an Associate Professor at Brunel University of West London. He recently retired from the European Space Agency in The Netherlands, where his group handled most of the radiation problems for the Agency. Among other topics are measurement, responses of materials and devices, metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, bipolar transistors and integrated circuits, diodes, solar cells and optoelectronics, power semiconductors, and polymers and other organics. Biological effects are not covered.It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. It describes the variousSpecifically itIt describes the basics ofThe book also contains two newChapter 16 extends this treatment and considers theAimed primarily and students of materialsHe has held positions as Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Associate Dean of the College of Engineering and Chair of the Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Department. Professor Was’ research is focused on materials for advanced nuclear energy systems and radiation materials science, including environmental effects on materials, radiation effects, ion beam surface modification of materials and nuclear fuels.http://ninethreefox.com/?q=node/17943 His current research includes development of structural materials for the SFR, behavior of fuel in the VHTR, fuel behavior modeling in LWRs, irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking and irradiation-accelerated corrosion in water reactor environments. He is a Fellow of the Materials Research Society, ASM International, NACE International and the American Nuclear Society. Professor Was has published over 200 technical articles in referred, archival journals, presented over 300 conference papers, delivered 180 invited talks and seminars, and has published a graduate level textbook on Radiation Materials Science. Professor Was received the Presidential Young Investigator award from NSF, the Champion H. Matthewson Award from TMS, the Outstanding and Special Achievement Awards by the Materials Science and Technology Division of the American Nuclear Society, the Henry Marion Howe Medal from ASM, and the Lee Hsun Award from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. Ionizing radiation is a form of radiation that has enough energy to potentially cause damage to DNA and may elevate a person’s lifetime risk of developing cancer. These exams differ in their purpose: Mammography is a special type of radiography to image the internal structures of breasts. Fluoroscopy can result in relatively high radiation doses, especially for complex interventional procedures (such as placing stents or other devices inside the body) which require fluoroscopy be administered for a long period of time. A computer reconstructs all the individual images into cross-sectional images or “slices” of internal organs and tissues. A CT exam involves a higher radiation dose than conventional radiography because the CT image is reconstructed from many individual X-ray projections. X-ray imaging exams are recognized as a valuable medical tool for a wide variety of examinations and procedures. They are used to: Ionizing radiation is a form of radiation that has enough energy to potentially cause damage to DNA. Risks from exposure to ionizing radiation include: One of the reports of such analyses is Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII Phase 2 (Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, National Research Council). While specific individuals or cases may not fit into such generalizations, they are still useful in developing an overall approach to medical imaging radiation safety by identifying at-risk populations or higher-risk procedures. For more information about risks associated with particular types of X-ray imaging studies, please see the CT, Fluoroscopy, Radiography, and Mammography web pages. To help reduce risk to the patient, all exams using ionizing radiation should be performed only when necessary to answer a medical question, treat a disease, or guide a procedure. If there is a medical need for a particular imaging procedure and other exams using no or less radiation are less appropriate, then the benefits exceed the risks, and radiation risk considerations should not influence the physician’s decision to perform the study or the patient's decision to have the procedure.For example: They should be performed only when the referring physician judges them to be necessary to answer a clinical question or to guide treatment of a disease. The clinical benefit of a medically appropriate X-ray imaging exam outweighs the small radiation risk. However, efforts should be made to help minimize this risk. The following web sites are not maintained by FDA: The following pages are especially relevant to radiation safety for medical imaging procedures:Therefore, all examinations using ionizing radiation should be performed only when necessary to answer a medical question, treat a disease, or guide a procedure. The clinical indication and patient medical history should be carefully considered before referring a patient for any X-ray examination. The technique factors used should be chosen based on the clinical indication, patient size, and anatomical area scanned; and the equipment should be properly maintained and tested. Facility quality assurance and personnel training with a focus on radiation safety are crucial for applying the principles of radiation protection to X-ray imaging exams. The Image Wisely and Image Gently campaigns, IAEA's Radiation Protection of Patients site, and other resources below provide tools that patients, parents, and healthcare providers can use to become better informed about the risks and benefits of medical imaging that uses ionizing radiation. Use dose reduction tools where available. If questions arise, ask the manufacturer for assistance on how to appropriately and safely use the device. Even when an exam is medically justified, without sufficient information about a patient’s medical imaging history, a referring physician might unnecessarily prescribe a repeat of an imaging procedure that has already been conducted. Referral criteria for all types of imaging in general and for cardiac imaging in particular are provided, respectively, by the American College of Radiology and the American College of Cardiology. The International Atomic Energy Agency has published information for Referring Medical Practitioners. Information specific to CT is available on the CT webpage. A facility can use its quality assurance (QA) program to optimize radiation dose for each kind of X-ray imaging exam, procedure, and medical imaging task it performs. Patient size is an important factor to consider in optimization, as larger patients generally require a higher radiation dose than smaller patients to generate images of the same quality. Radiation exposure may be optimized properly for the same exam and patient size at two facilities (or on two different models of imaging equipment) even though the radiation exposures are not identical. Here are the rudiments of QA dose monitoring and follow-up: For a particular medical-imaging task and patient size group, a DRL is typically set at the 75th percentile (third quartile) of the distribution of dose-index values associated with clinical practice. DRLs are neither dose limits nor thresholds. Rather, they serve as a guide to good practice without guaranteeing optimum performance. Higher than expected radiation doses are not the only concern; radiation doses that are substantially lower than expected may be associated with poor image quality or inadequate diagnostic information. The FDA encourages the establishment of DRLs through the development of national dose registries. Local reference levels should be compared to regional or national diagnostic reference levels, where available, as part of a comprehensive quality assurance program. Such comparisons are essential to quality improvement activities. However, even when regional or national DRLs are not available for comparison, tracking dose indices within a facility can be of value in helping to identify exams with doses that fall far outside their usual ranges. While the focus of the list of resources below is on U.S. or more general guidelines from international radiation protection organizations, the references include a few examples of how other countries establish and use DRLs. Note that while the use of DRLs is voluntary in the U.S., it is a regulatory requirement in many European countries. ICRP Publication 105 (2007), Section 10 (“Diagnostic Reference Levels”), summarizes pertinent sections of the previous ICRP Publications 60, 73, and Supporting Guidance 2, and it contains much of the same information as in the 2002 document. These dose index data can be used to calculate diagnostic reference levels for use in quality assurance programs. Individual states and other federal agencies regulate the use of the X-ray imaging devices through recommendations and requirements for personnel qualifications, quality assurance and quality control programs, and facility accreditation. CMS has posted further information on Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Accreditation. This requirement does not apply to hospitals, which are subject to separate Medicare Conditions of Participation at 42 CFR 482.26 and 42 CFR 482.53, governing the provision of radiologic and nuclear medicine services, respectively. Information regarding CMS interpretive guidelines for these hospital regulations can be found in the State Operations Manual Appendix A- Survey Protocol, Regulations, and Interpretive Guidelines for Hospitals. A full list of CMS Internet-Only Manuals is also available. The Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) publishes Suggested State Regulations for the Control of Radiation, which may be voluntarily adopted by states. A number of states are updating their regulations and guidelines to improve radiation safety. In addition, professional organizations have published guidelines to ensure that facilities and state inspectors have the information they need to follow these regulations. Examples of such efforts include training for state CT inspectors run jointly by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and CRCPD in May 2011 and recommendations of the California Clinical and Academic Medical Physicists (C-CAMP) on how to implement the new California dose reporting law (SB 1237). While this comprehensive set of voluntary guidelines for pediatric and adult imaging was written for federal facilities, most of the recommendations are applicable to all X-ray imaging facilities and professionals. FDA specifies requirements related to these provisions through prescription of “regulations” or “rules,” which are mandatory, and it makes related recommendations through issuance of “guidance,” which is not mandatory. For more information about medical device requirements, see: When manufacturers submit pre-market notifications to the FDA for device clearance or approval, declarations of conformity to FDA-recognized standards may obviate the need for manufacturers to provide data supporting the safety and effectiveness covered by the particular recognized standards to which the devices conform. For more information see: We encourage health care providers and patients who suspect a problem with a medical imaging device to file a voluntary report through MedWatch, the FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Additionally, another exception occurred while executing the custom error page for the first exception. The request has been terminated. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. To find out more, see ourIt is present in the skies, on the Earth and within our bodies. It is found naturally, but it is also a man-made hazard. One important effect of radiation on semiconductors is the TID effect, which either causes ionization of lattice atoms or creates lattice defects by dislodgement of atoms from their regular lattice positions. EHP production by ionization impacts the performance of MOS devices through a shift in threshold voltage, transconductance degradation and leakage current enhancement. Lattice defect creation influences bipolar device operation via minority-carrier lifetime killing. Another significant class of radiation effects on semiconductor circuits is represented by SEEs, which are either temporary or permanent in nature. Temporary effects include single event upset (SEU) and single event transient (SET). The permanent effects are single event latchup (SEL), single event burnout (SEB) and single event snapback (SES). By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. Terms for download Terms for download Both natural and man-made sources of radiation (e.g. radioisotope thermoelectric generators, or RTGs) are considered in the handbook. This handbook can be applied to the evaluation of radiation effects on all space systems. This handbook can be applied to all product types which exist or operate in space, as well as to crews of on manned space missions. This handbook complements to ECSS-E-ST-10-12C “Methods for the calculation of radiation received and its effects and a policy for the design margin ”. Recover your PASSWORD Use the link Lost your password? Note, there is no automated password recovery. Radiation is energy that travels as a wave or particle. Some types of radiation, called ionizing radiation, can be harmful. Radioactivity is ionizing radiation that is given off by substances, such as uranium, as they decay. About half of the ionizing radiation we're exposed to comes from nature. It's in rock, soil, and the atmosphere. The other half comes from man-made sources like medical tests and treatments and nuclear power plants. How much radiation is dangerous. There is always a risk of damage to cells or tissue from being exposed to any amount of ionizing radiation. Over time, exposure to radiation may cause cancer and other health problems. But in most cases, the risk of getting cancer from being exposed to small amounts of radiation is small. The chance of getting cancer varies from person to person. It depends on the source and amount of radiation exposure, the number of exposures over time, and your age at exposure. In general, the younger you are when you are exposed to radiation, the greater the risk of cancer. For example: Someone who has had many CT scans starting at a young age is more likely to get cancer later in life than someone who hasn't had any or as many of these tests. CT scans generally use more radiation than other X-ray tests. The risk of an adult getting cancer from a CT scan is less than 1 in 1,000. The risk of a child getting cancer from the same CT scan can be much higher.A person who has been exposed to large amounts of radiation from a nuclear explosion is more likely to get cancer than someone who has not been exposed. Exposure to small amounts of radiation doesn't cause any symptoms. But exposure to large amounts all at once may cause radiation sickness and death. How do different sources of radiation compare. Some sources of radiation give off larger amounts than others. For example, when you go through a full-body airport scanner, you're exposed to very small amounts of radiation. But if you live near the site of a nuclear explosion, you're exposed to large amounts of radiation. You may be exposed to more radiation than other people if you: Live at high altitude. Have certain medical tests (such as X-rays or CT scans) or treatments (such as radiation treatment for cancer). Are exposed to radon gas in your home. To understand more about radiation exposure, you may find it helpful to compare some common sources of radiation to a standard dose from a chest X-ray. A chest X-ray gives off very small amounts of radiation. For example: You would need to go through a full-body airport scanner about 1,000 times to get the same amount of radiation that you would get from 1 chest X-ray. A 10-hour plane flight is about the same exposure as 1 chest X-ray. One mammogram test is about the same as 5 chest X-rays. Living at high altitude (such as in Calgary) for a year is about the same as having 4 chest X-rays. One CT scan is about the same as 200 chest X-rays. What can you do to protect yourself. You can't avoid radiation that occurs naturally. But there are some things you can do to reduce your exposure to man-made sources. If you are concerned about the risk of getting cancer from having a CT scan, talk to your doctor about the amount of radiation this test may give you. Confirm that the test is needed. Ask whether another test, such as an ultrasound or an MRI, can be done instead. In some cases, the benefits of having a CT scan outweigh the small risk of getting cancer. If you have concerns about radiation exposure from a full-body airport scanner, ask if you can get a pat-down instead. (But the amount of radiation exposure from one of these scanners is very low.) If you are exposed to radiation from a nuclear explosion: Wait for instructions from public health and emergency officials to tell you what to do. Depending on the kind of explosion, authorities may advise you to shelter in place or simply to stay indoors. You don't need to leave your community unless local authorities tell you to. Don't take potassium iodide (KI) tablets unless local authorities tell you to and your doctor says that it's okay. These tablets help protect your thyroid gland from the harmful effects of radioactive iodine, which can be released as a result of a nuclear explosion. They don't protect against any other radioactive substances. KI tablets can be harmful if you don't take them properly, are allergic to iodine, or have certain skin or other health problems. Some common side effects include upset stomach, skin rash, swollen salivary glands, and a metallic taste in your mouth. In rare cases, a person may have a severe allergic reaction. The reaction may cause breathing problems, hives, or swelling around the lips, tongue, or face. References Citations National Cancer Institute (2012). Radiation risks and pediatric computed tomography (CT): A guide for health care providers. Available online: Other Works Consulted American College of Radiology and Radiological Society of North America (2012). Patient safety: Radiation dose in X-ray and CT exams. Available online: American Nuclear Society (2011). Estimate your personal annual radiation dose. Available online: Catlett C, Baker Rogers JE (2011). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS): A Fact Sheet for the Public. Available online: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010). Airport Security Scanning and Human Health. Available online: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Frequently Asked Questions About a Radiation Emergency. Available online: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Emergency preparedness and response: Potassium iodide (KI). Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Radiation doses in perspective. Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Radiation protection: Health effects. Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Radiation: Facts, Risks and Realities. Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Radiation: Non-ionizing and ionizing. Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). RadTown USA: Airport security scanning. Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). RadTown USA: Basic information. Available online: Environmental Protection Agency (2012). Sources of radiation exposure. Available online: Mehta P, Smith-Bindman R (2011). Airport full-body screening: What is the risk. Archives of Internal Medicine. Radiation risks and pediatric computed tomography (CT): A guide for health care providers. Available online: Schauer DA (2009). Report No. 160—Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. World Nuclear Association (2013). Nuclear radiation and health effects. Available online: Credits Current as of: August 22, 2019 Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Brian O'Brien, MD, FRCPC - Internal Medicine Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine R. Steven Tharratt, MD, FACP, FCCP - Pulmonology, Critical Care Medicine Top of the page Next Section:Radiation risks and pediatric computed tomography (CT): A guide for health care providers. Available online: Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Learn how we develop our content. To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. For VRS, visit Video Relay Services to sign up and give them the number 604-215-5101 to call us.Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number immediately. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. It’s the part of your vehicle that makes contact with the road so there’s a lot of friction. But you can help them wear more slowly. Be sure to rotate your tires regularly to help distribute the wear. This simple trick can help you get thousands of miles more use out of your tires. Underinflated tires wear out much faster than those at optimum inflation. But you can get more life out of them by following a few simple tips. Loose electrical connections and a vibrating battery can both reduce battery life. You should also consider having a professional check the battery as corrosion is usually a sign of a problem. Excessive heat is also a problem, so park in the shade during the summer. They are also essential to the safe operation of your vehicle so you shouldn’t ignore them. Keep them in good shape for longer with a few driving tips. If you know you’re going to slow down soon (approaching a traffic light, exiting the freeway, etc.) coast first and only use the brakes when you need to. You’ll have more warning and can respond earlier to potential hazards. This means less slamming on your brakes. During daily use, your car picks up contaminants that can cause corrosion. But the underside doesn’t. The wheels are constantly throwing dirt and grime up onto the underside of your car. This is especially important in the winter if you live somewhere they put salt on the road to help with ice. Salt destroys the metal parts of your car by speeding up corrosion. But if you don’t have to, why should you. It’s easy to lengthen their lifespan by simply wiping them off once in a while. That’s what an ice scraper is for. So a simple way to lessen the strain is to lighten the load. Stick with the essentials. You’ll get a few more miles out of your engine and a few more miles to the gallon to boot! This keeps your repair bills down and saves you a lot of money in the process. For tips on how to perform many simple fixes, check out our auto repair section.