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gym jones training cert manualTo browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. V above is the potential energy. To express work in a way that is independent of the path taken, a change in a quantity that depends on only the end points is needed. This quantity is potential energy. The Conservation Theorem for the Linear Momentum of a Particle states that linear momentum, p, is conserved if the total force F, is zero. The Conservation Theorem for the Angular Momentum of a Particle states that angular momentum, L, is conserved if the total torque T, is zero. 2 1.2 Mechanics of Many Particles Newton’s third law of motion, equal and opposite forces, does not hold for all forces. It is called the weak law of action and reaction. Center of mass: P P mi ri mi ri P. Internal forces that obey Newton’s third law, have no effect on the motion of the center of mass. This is how rockets work in space.The strong law of action and reaction is the condition that the internal forces between two particles, in addition to being equal and opposite, also lie along the line joining the particles.Conservation Theorem for Total Angular Momentum: L is constant in time if the applied torque is zero. Linear Momentum Conservation requires weak law of action and reaction. Angular Momentum Conservation requires strong law of action and reaction. If the center of mass is at rest wrt the origin then the angular momentum is independent of the point of reference. The term on the right is called the internal potential energy. For rigid bodies the internal potential energy will be constant. For holonomic constraints introduce generalized coordinates. Degrees of freedom are reduced. Use independent variables, eliminate dependent coordinates. This is called a transformation, going from one set of dependent variables to another set of independent variables.http://mercuresamuichaweng.com/admin/fliton-edge-540-manual.xml

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Generalized coordinates are worthwhile in problems even without constraints. Examples of generalized coordinates: 1. Two angles expressing position on the sphere that a particle is constrained to move on. 2. Two angles for a double pendulum moving in a plane. 3. Amplitudes in a Fourier expansion of rj. 4. Quanities with with dimensions of energy or angular momentum. For nonholonomic constraints equations expressing the constraint cannot be used to eliminate the dependent coordinates. Nonholonomic constraints are HARDER TO SOLVE. 1.4 D’Alembert’s Principle and Lagrange’s Equations Developed by D’Alembert, and thought of first by Bernoulli, the principle that: X i (a) (Fi. This is again D’Alembert’s principle for the motion of a system, and what is good about it is that the forces of constraint are not there. This is great news, but it is not yet in a form that is useful for deriving equations of motion. Transform this equation into an expression involving virtual displacements of the generalized coordinates. The generalized coordinates are independent of each other for holonomic constraints. Once we have the expression in terms of generalized coordinates the coefficients of the ?qi can be set separately equal to zero. Scalar functions T and V are much easier to deal with instead of vector forces and accelerations. Procedure: 1. Write T and V in generalized coordinates. 2. Form L from them. 3. Put L into Lagrange’s Equations 4. Solve for the equations of motion. Simple examples are: 1. a single particle is space(Cartesian coordinates, Plane polar coordinates) 2. atwood’s machine 3. a bead sliding on a rotating wire(time-dependent constraint). Forces of contstraint, do not appear in the Lagrangian formulation.The argument may be generalized to a system with arbitrary number of particles, thus proving the converse of the arguments leading to the equations above.http://www.sial.pl/galeria/fliton-edge-540-mini-manual.xml Answer: First, if the particles satisfy the strong law of action and reaction then they will automatically satisfy the weak law. The weak law demands that only the forces be equal and opposite. The strong law demands they be equal and opposite and lie along the line joining the particles. The first equation of motion tells us that internal forces have no effect. For two particles, the internal torque contribution is r1. F21 to equal zero is for both r12 and F21 to lie on the line joining the two particles, so that the angle between them is zero, ie the magnitude of their cross product is zero. Answer: 3 First attempt to find the integrating factor for the first equation. If this question was confusing to you, it was confusing to me too. That makes me feel better. 5. Two wheels of radius a are mounted on the ends of a common axle of length b such that the wheels rotate independently. The whole combination rolls without slipping on a palne. Answer: The trick to this problem is carefully looking at the angles and getting the signs right. I think the fastest way to solve this is to follow the same procedure that was used for the single disk in the book, that is, find the speed of the disk, find the point of contact, and take the derivative of the x component, and y component of position, and solve for the equations of motion. Here the steps are taken a bit further because a holonomic relationship can be found that relates ?, ? and ?0. Once you have the equations of motion, from there its just slightly tricky algebra. The components of the distance are cos and sin for x and y repectively. So now that we’ve found the speeds, and the points of contact, we want to take the derivatives of the x and y parts of their contact positions. This will give us the components of the velocity. Make sure you get the angles right, they were tricky for me. I also have the primed wheel south-west of the non-primed wheel. A picture would help, but I can’t do that on latex yet.http://stroyzona.com.ua/companynews/dis-manual-20-1-m So just think about it. The rest is manipulation of these equations of motion to come up with the constraints.Show that for f (t) differentiable, but otherwise arbitrary, 7 the constraint is nonholonomic. Answer: The abscissa is the x-axis distance from the origin to the point on the x-axis that the velocity vector is aimed at. It has the distance f (t). I claim that the ratio of the velocity vector components must be equal to the ratio of the vector components of the vector that connects the particle to the point on the x-axis. The directions are the same.Thus the constraint is nonholonomic. That will show that they can be written as displayed above. T? ? q?, not forgetting the product rule. What effect does this gauge transformation have on the Lagrangian of a particle moving in the electromagnetic field. This is all that you need to show that the Lagrangian is changed but the motion is not. This problem is now in the same form as before: dF (q1,., qn, t) dt And if you understood the previous problem, you’ll know why there is no effect on the motion of the particle( i.e. there are many Lagrangians that may describe the motion of a system, there is no unique Lagrangian). Consider a uniform thin disk that rolls without slipping on a horizontal plane. Answer: To find Lagrangian’s equations, we need to first find the Lagrangian.The velocity of the disk would not just be in the x-direction as it is here. 12. The escape velocity of a particle on Earth is the minimum velocity required at Earth’s surface in order that that particle can escape from Earth’s gravitational field. Neglecting the resistance of the atmosphere, the system is conservative. Since these gases arise from the raction of the fuels carried in the rocket, the mass of the rocket is not constant, but decreases as the fuel is expended. Integrate this equation to obtain v as a function of m, assuming a constant time rate of loss of mass.But here is the best way to do it. The total force is just ma, as in Newton’s second law. The velocity is in the negative direction, so, with the two negative signs the term becomes positive. This is when I say that because I know that the ratio is so big, I can ignore the empty 3 rocket mass as compared to the fuel mass. Neglect the mass of the spring, the dimension of the mass M, and assume that the motion is confined to a vertical plane. Also, assume that the spring only stretches without bending but it can swing in the plane. 1. Using the angular displacement of the mass from the vertical and the length that the string has stretched from its rest length (hanging with the mass m), find Lagrange’s equations. 2. Solve these equations fro small stretching and angular displacements. 3. Solve the equations in part (1) to the next order in both stretching and angular displacement. This part is amenable to hand calculations. Using some reasonable assumptions about the spring constant, the mass, and the rest length, discuss the motion.Such equations of motion have interesting applications in chaos theory (cf.Here goes: 2 Z 2 2.Turn the crank again. It’s interesting to notice that if the familiar Lagrangian for a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO) plus an extra term is used, the original Lagrangian can be obtained.Calculate the reaction of the hoop on the particle by means of the Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers and Lagrange’s equations. Find the height at which the particle falls off. The particle will eventually fall off but while its on the hoop, r will equal the radius of the hoop, a. This will be the constraint on the particle.So finding ? in terms of ? and setting ? to zero will give us the magic angle that the particle falls off. With the angle we can find the height above the ground or above the center of the hoop that the particle stops maintaining contact with the hoop. The only external force is that of gravity. If the smaller cylinder starts rolling from rest on top of the bigger cylinder, use the method of Lagrange multipliers to find the point at which the hoop falls off the cylinder.I’m calling this equation f2. V where T is the kinetic energy of the hoop about the cylinder and the kinetic energy of the hoop about its center of mass. The potential energy is the height above the center of the cylinder. So I’m going to apply the constraints to my equations of motion, attempt to get an equation for ?, and then set ?1 equal to zero because that will be when the force of the cylinder on the hoop is zero. This will tell me the value of ?. Looking for an equation in terms of only.What are the constants of motion. The carriage is attached to one end of a spring of equilibrium length r0 and force constant k, whose other end is fixed on the beam. On the carriage, another set of rails is perpendicular to the first along which a particle of mass m moves, held by a spring fixed on the beam, of force constant k and zero equilibrium length. Beam, rails, springs, and carriage are assumed to have zero mass. What is the Jacobi integral. Is it conserved? Discuss the relationship between the two Jacobi integrals. Answer: Energy of the system is found by the addition of kinetic and potential parts. In the rotating frame, the system looks stationary, and its potential energy is easy to write down. I’ll use (r, l) to denote the rotating frame coordinates. Since the small spring has zero equilbrium length, then the potential energy for it is just 12 kl2. That is, relating (x, y) to (r, l). Thus it is NOT conserved in the lab frame. E(x, y) is not conserved. In the rotating frame this may be a different story. E(r, l) is conserved.The period of the motion can be thought of in terms of. Is the precession in the same or opposite direction to the orbital angular velocity. Dividing our orbital period by.This means that the orbit precesses opposite the direction of the orbital motion. I don’t yet know how to do this in LATEX, but I do know that in the center of mass frame both the particles momentum are equal. If you take equation (3.2) Goldstein, then its easy to understand the equation after (3.110) for the relationship of the relative speed v after the collision to the speed in the CM system. Where ?1 ? ?2 is the angle south of east for one refraction.I’m going to let q 2 equal the denominator squared. This integral is still hard to manage, so make another substitution, this time, let q equal the term in the denominator. Show that the product of two orthogonal matrices is also orthogonal. They only differ in the order of addition. As long as the products are defined, and there are finite dimensions, matrix multiplication is associative. Looking at the kth order terms, we can provide a rigorous proof. And how they cancel each out n times. If we look at the diagram carefully on page 152, we can see that ?? is along the line of nodes, that is.Therefore because the line of nodes is perpendicular to the z space axis there is no component of. So there is a component along z due to a changing ?. That component depends on how much angle there is between z 0 and z, which is ?. Does this makes sense.To find the x component of that, we just see that the angle between the line of nodes and the x axis is only ?, because they both lie in the same xy plane.But where is it facing in this plane. Look for ??y. ?? is along the line of nodes. Show that to a first approximation the angular deviation from the direction of fire resulting from the Coriolis effect varies linearly with time at a rate.We know ? is the co-latitude, that is, the angle from the poles to the point located on the surface of the Earth. Call y 0 the horizontal direction pointing north (not toward the north pole or into the ground, but horizontally north), call x0 the horizontal direction pointed east, and call z 0 the vertical direction pointed toward the sky. With our coordinate system in hand, lets see where ? is. Parallel transport it to the surface and note that it is between y 0 and z 0. If we are at the north pole, it is completely aligned with z 0, if we are at the equator,.Note that the angle between z 0 and.If we look at the components of ?, we can take a hint from Goldstein’s Figure 4.13, that deflection of the horizontal trajectory in the northern hemisphere will depend on only the z 0 component of ?, labeled ?z0. Only ?z is used for our approximation. It is clear that there is 1 no component of.Compute the period for small oscillations in terms of the radius of gyration about the center of gravity and the separation of the point of suspension from the center of gravity. Show that if the pendulum has the same period for two points of suspension at unequal distances from the center of gravity, then the sum of these distances is equal to the length of the equivalent simple pendulum. Answer: Looking for an equation of motion, we may equate the torque to the moment of inertia times the angular acceleration. If the hinges of the door are toward the front of the car, the door will slam shut as the automobile picks up speed. Obtain a formula for the time needed for the door to close if the acceleration f is constant, the radius of gyration of the door about the axis of rotation is r0 and the center of mass is at a distance a from the hinges. The door starts at 90o. How do we go about solving this then. Lets try integrating it once and see how far we can get. A table of lambda functions is here v Our kr value of 22 corresponds to k1. The moment of inertia of a uniform rectangle about 2 the axis that bisects it is M 3 a. Move the axis to the edge of the rectangle using the parallel axis theorem. The plane of the pendulum gradually rotates, demonstrating the Earth’s rotation. Solve 7 for the period of rotation of this plane. The equation of motion for acceleration takes into account the vertical acceleration due to gravity, the acceleration from the tension and the Coriolis acceleration. T ? 2? ? vr m In my system, I have x facing east, y facing north, and z facing to the sky. Our overall acceleration equations become g. It’s solution is, using.The angular velocity vector is along the line of contact of the two cones. Show that the same description follows immediately from the Poinsot construction in terms of the inertia ellipsoid. Answer: Marion shows that the angular momentum of the torque-free symmetrical top rotates in the body coordinates about the symmetry axis with an angular frequency.This tracing is called the space cone, only if L is lined up with x3 space axis. Proving that L, x3 and. Now the symmetry axis of the body has the angular velocity.So we have two cones, hugging each other with.The direction of ? is assumed to differ so slightly from a principal axis that the component of.Discuss the boundedness of the resultant motion for each of the three principal axes. Answer: Marion and Thornton give a clear analysis of the stability of a general rigid body. First lets define our object to have distinct principal moments of inertia. Using action-angle variables, find the period of the motion as a function of the particle’s energy. F q dq 0 A lovely u-substitution helps out nicely here. With a suitable Taylor series expansion of the potential, find the period of the small oscillations. Express the motion in terms of J and its conjugate angle variable. Solution: As a reminder, Taylor series go like 00 1 (x.It is released and bounces around the perimeter. Find the two frequencies of its motion using the action angle variable formulation. The time it takes to fall is the same time it takes to bounce up, by symmetry.Breaking the energy into two parts, one for. Thus the first part of this evaluated integral is zero. As you may already see there are many different steps to take to simplify, I’ll show one. This is explained via closed Lissajous figures and two commensurate expressions at the bottom of page 462 in Goldstein. 6. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Viewcontent Php3Farticle3Dsolution Manual Of Classical Mechanics Goldstein26context3Dlibpubs. To get started finding Viewcontent Php3Farticle3Dsolution Manual Of Classical Mechanics Goldstein26context3Dlibpubs, you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed. Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. I get my most wanted eBook Many thanks If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you. Show that the product of two orthogonal matrices is also orthogonal. They only differ in the order of addition. As long as the products are defined, and there are finite dimensions, matrix multiplication is associative. If we look at the diagram carefully on page 152, we can see that \u03b8\u0307 is along the line of nodes, that is \u03b8 revolves around the line of nodes. Well, \u03c8 revolves around z\u2032. So there is a component along z due to a changing \u03c8. That component depends on how much angle there is between z\u2032 and z, which is \u03b8. Does this makes sense. We find the z part, which is the adjacent side to \u03b8. Now lets look at \u03c6\u0307z. We can see that \u03c6 just revolves around z in the first place. Right? So there is no need to make any \u2018transformation\u2019 or make any changes. Try \u03c9x. What is \u03b8\u0307x. Well, \u03b8\u0307 is along the line of nodes, that is, \u03b8 changes and revolves around the line of nodes axis. To find the x component of that, we just see that the angle between the line of nodes and the x axis is only \u03c6, because they both lie in the same xy plane. The adjacent side to \u03c6 with \u03b8\u0307 as the hypotenuse. Lets look at \u03c6\u0307x. See how \u03c6 revolves around the z axis. We can see that \u03c8\u0307 is along the z\u2032 body axis, that is, it is in a whole different plane than x. We first have to find the component in the same xy plane, then find the component of the x direction. Now its in the same plane. But where is it facing in this plane. We can see that depends on the angle \u03c6. Look for \u03b8\u0307y. \u03b8\u0307 is along the line of nodes. Its y component depends on the angle \u03c6. Newton’s second law of motion holds in a reference frame that is inertial or Galilean. A force is considered conservative if the work is the same for any physically possible path. Independence of W12 on the particular path implies that the work done around a closed ciruit is zero. V above is the potential energy. To express work in a way that is independent of the path taken, a change in a quantity that depends on only the end points is needed. This quantity is potential energy. The Conservation Theorem for the Linear Momentum of a Particle states that linear momentum, p, is conserved if the total force F, is zero. The Conservation Theorem for the Angular Momentum of a Particle states that angular momentum, L, is conserved if the total torque T, is zero. 2 1. Equations of motion are not all independent, because coordinates are no longer all independent 2. Forces are not known beforehand, and must be obtained from solution. For holonomic constraints introduce generalized coordinates. Degrees of freedom are reduced. Use independent variables, eliminate dependent coordi- nates. This is called a transformation, going from one set of dependent variables to another set of independent variables. Generalized coordinates are worthwhile in problems even without constraints. Examples of generalized coordinates: 1. Two angles expressing position on the sphere that a particle is constrained to move on. 2. Two angles for a double pendulum moving in a plane. 3. Amplitudes in a Fourier expansion of rj. 4. Quanities with with dimensions of energy or angular momentum. For nonholonomic constraints equations expressing the constraint cannot be used to eliminate the dependent coordinates. Nonholonomic constraints are HARDER TO SOLVE. 1.4 D’Alembert’s Principle and Lagrange’s Equations Developed by D’Alembert, and thought of first by Bernoulli, the principle that. This is again D’Alembert’s principle for the motion of a system, and what is good about it is that the forces of constraint are not there. This is great news, but it is not yet in a form that is useful for deriving equations of motion. Transform this equation into an expression involving virtual displacements of the gener- alized coordinates. The generalized coordinates are independent of each other for holonomic constraints. Once we have the expression in terms of generalized coordinates the coefficients of the ?qi can be set separately equal to zero. Scalar functions T and V are much easier to deal with instead of vector forces and accelerations. Procedure: 1. Write T and V in generalized coordinates. 2. Form L from them. 3. Put L into Lagrange’s Equations 4. Solve for the equations of motion. Simple examples are: 1. a single particle is space(Cartesian coordinates, Plane polar coordinates) 2. atwood’s machine 3. a bead sliding on a rotating wire(time-dependent constraint). Forces of contstraint, do not appear in the Lagrangian formulation. F21 to equal zero is for both r12 and F21 to lie on the line joining the two particles, so that the angle between them is zero, ie the magnitude of their cross product is zero. Answer: 3 First attempt to find the integrating factor for the first equation. If this question was confusing to you, it was confusing to me too. That makes me feel better. 5. Two wheels of radius a are mounted on the ends of a common axle of length b such that the wheels rotate independently. The whole combination rolls with- out slipping on a palne. Answer: The trick to this problem is carefully looking at the angles and getting the signs right. I think the fastest way to solve this is to follow the same procedure that was used for the single disk in the book, that is, find the speed of the disk, find the point of contact, and take the derivative of the x component, and y component of position, and solve for the equations of motion. Here the steps are taken a bit further because a holonomic relationship can be found that relates ?, ? and ??. Once you have the equations of motion, from there its just slightly tricky algebra. Answer: The abscissa is the x-axis distance from the origin to the point on the x-axis that the velocity vector is aimed at. It has the distance f(t). I claim that the ratio of the velocity vector components must be equal to the ratio of the vector components of the vector that connects the particle to the point on the x-axis. The directions are the same.Thus the constraint is nonholonomic. That will show that they can be written as displayed above. Answer: Let’s directly substitute L? into Lagrange’s equations. Now to show the terms with F vanish. Consider a uniform thin disk that rolls without slipping on a horizontal plane. Answer: To find Lagrangian’s equations, we need to first find the Lagrangian.The velocity of the disk would not just be in the x-direction as it is here. 12. The escape velocity of a particle on Earth is the minimum velocity re- quired at Earth’s surface in order that that particle can escape from Earth’s gravitational field. Neglecting the resistance of the atmosphere, the system is conservative. Since these gases arise from the raction of the fuels carried in the rocket, the mass of the rocket is not constant, but decreases as the fuel is expended. Integrate this equation to obtain v as a function of m, assuming a constant time rate of loss of mass. Answer: This problem can be tricky if you’re not very careful with the notation. But here is the best way to do it. First lets find the components of the force in Cartesian coordinates. Convert U(r, v) into Cartesian and then plug the expression into the Lagrange-Euler equation. The trick to this is setting up the coordinate system so that.Thus the dot product simplifies and L is only the z-component. Find the generalized potential that will result in such a force, and from that the Lagrangian for the motion in a plane. The expression for F represents the force between two charges in Weber’s electrodynamics. Answer: This one takes some guess work and careful handling of signs. To get from force to potential we will have to take a derivative of a likely potential. If you make a substitution to go to a different coordinate system this is easier to see. When the condition b2. So the condition keeps the Lagrangian in two dimensions, or you can say that the transformation matrix( a b b c ) is singluar because b2. So if this condition holds then we can reduce the Lagrangian by a point transformation. 19. Obtain the Lagrange equations of motion for spherical pendulum, i.e., a mass point suspended by a rigid weightless rod. 15 Answer: The kinetic energy is found the same way as in exercise 14, and the potential energy is found by using the origin to be at zero potential. When the rod is aligned along the z-axis, its potential will be its height. Answer: I believe there are two errors in the 3rd edition version of this question. Namely, there should be a negative sign infront of mx?2V (x) and the V2(x) should be a V 2(x). But we want to interpret it. So lets make it look like it has useful terms in it, like kinetic energy and force. Answer: Add the Lagrangian of the first mass to the Lagrangian of the second mass. Simplify the equations above by canceling out m’s, r’s and substituting. To solve the next order, change variables to measure deviation from equilibrium.Resonance is very unlikely with this system. Now to show the terms with F vanish. V is a suitable Lagrangian, but it is not the only Lagrangian for a given system. 14. Two points of mass m are joined by a rigid weightless rod of length l, the center of which is constrained to move on a circle of radius a. Express the kinetic energy in generalized coordinates. I will keep these two parts separate. The Z-axis adds more complexity to the problem. The angle ? will be the angle in the x-y plane, while the angle.Now the Lagrangian can be put in terms of angular momentum and will lend the problem to interpretation. The next step is a nice one to notice. The carriage is attached to one end of a spring of equilibrium length r0 and force constant k, whose other end is fixed on the beam. On the carriage, another set of rails is perpendicular to the first along which a particle of mass m moves, held by a spring fixed on the beam, of force constant k and zero equilibrium length. Beam, rails, springs, and carriage are assumed to have zero mass. What is the Jacobi integral. Is it conserved? Discuss the relationship between the two Jacobi integrals. Answer: Energy of the system is found by the addition of kinetic and potential parts. In the rotating frame, the system looks stationary, and its potential energy is easy to write down. I’ll use (r, l) to denote the rotating frame coordinates. Since the small spring has zero equilbrium length, then the potential energy for it is just 12kl 2. The energy needs to be written down fully in one frame or the other, so I’ll need a pair of transformation equations relating the two frames. That is, relating (x, y) to (r, l).