fao irrigation water management training manual no 8
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fao irrigation water management training manual no 8Side events start today. Check out FAO COVID-19 Response and Recovery Programme. Find out more. Take a worldwide tour of local agriculture, beautiful landscapes and typical crops and food. More countries will be available in the upcoming months. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.Thus, taken together, they do not present a complete course in themselves, but instructors may find it helpful to use those papers or sections that are relevant to the specific irrigation conditions under discussion. The material may also be useful Co individual students who want to review a particular subject without a teacher.After a trial period of a few years, when there has been time to evaluate the information and the use of methods outlined in the draft papers, a definitive version can then be issued.Unlike Volumes 1 and 2, Volume 3 has been divided into two parts.Lastly it indicates how the irrigation water needs can be estimated for the various crops, taking into account the effective rainfall.It provides - be it still in a fairly simple manner - methods to calculate these.It is advisable that those intending to use Part II first take notice of the content of Part I.Part I may serve as general Even if the quality of digitalisation. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.Even if the quality of digitalisation.http://www.casastoantonio.com.br/datamont/userfiles/fbi-xl-2s-manual.xml
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Rome, 1992 The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. Rev. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Excellent tables for evaluation. McGraw Hill, New York. Finance and Development, June: 32-33. Ekistics: 37 (No. 200). It contains good ideas on community needs. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange Manual M-9. Washington, D.C. It is extremely practical and thorough. Every Volunteer working with irrigation or water resources should have a copy. World Neighbors, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Any Volunteer working with agricultural projects in rural communities will benefit from this information. Manual Series No. 1B. Longman, Scientific, and Technical, New York. Good ideas for an outside change agent to incorporate into designing projects. Reprint Series No. R-62. A very useful manual for Volunteers working with agriculture projects in hilly areas.http://ck-buhgalter.ru/userfiles/fbi-xl-2-alarm-manual.xml FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. A good introduction to irrigation for beginners. Does not contain much technical information, however. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It presents the water management strategies and irrigation needs for a number of worldwide crops. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Johnson Division, St. Paul, Minnesota. Except for its good explanations on ground water and its origins, and discussion on drilling techniques, however, it is inappropriate for the Volunteer. The text describes basic concepts and principles of hydrology and watershed management and relates numerous case examples of problems and solutions. While some of the material will be too technical for the non-specialist, the writing style is basic enough to serve as a useful occasional reference for some Volunteers. National Water Well Association, Worthington, Ohio. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 55. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Seabury Press, New York. FAO Soils Bulletin 44. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Only a few of the sections on data collection and soil conservation techniques will be relevant for most irrigation Volunteers working with small systems. Volunteers may want to reference some information occasionally, but they would not need this text at their site. Handbook No. 3. Water Management Synthesis Project. Engineering Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Basic concepts of pump selection, installation, and maintenance are well explained. Some of the technology will not be appropriate for small pumping plants. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange. Training Manual T-32. Washington, D.C. Thus, short sections from the manual were extracted for use in this manual.http://fscl.ru/content/dct6416-dvr-manual International Irrigation Center, Department of Agriculture and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. It contains worldwide data on precipitation, temperature, and reference crop water use. This local data is sometimes hard to get, and here is an excellent summary. Trainers should still try to obtain local data, but this manual has some data for every country. Agricultural Administration, Vol. 8. Used by ICTA in Guatemala. Much of the material relates to the author's extensive experience working in rural Africa. Data Education, Incorporated. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange, Washington, D.C. Trainers and extension workers will benefit from the skill development exercises. The information is presented in many tables and graphs and is a very useful reference. It contains good information on pressurized pipeline design, construction, and installation. Intermediate Technology Publications. Includes expected outputs. Few details on design are included in this manual. Water Management Research Project, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 31 P. Program and Training Journal, No. 8. There is good material on acid soils, but very little on salinity problems. Volume III: Crops. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange, Washington, D.C. The manual includes session plans and some technical reference materials. Kumarian Press, Connecticut. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange, Washington, D.C. The manual includes session plans and some technical reference materials. Department of Agriculture and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Harper and Row, New York. This is an important book for trainers to review and for potential extension or education Volunteers to reference. Riddison-Wesley. Studies in Water Policy and Management, No. 8. Westview Press. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange Training Manual No. T-12. Washington, D.C. Selected Technical Fact Sheets from U. S. AID Water for the World. Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange. Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico. Handbook No. 2. Water Management Synthesis Project, University Services Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Some of the structures are more complicated, however, and are oversized for the type of small projects that Volunteers will use. Water Management Synthesis Project, University Services Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. It is extensively illustrated and is a must for the Volunteer. It is available through ICE. Pertinent sections have been included in Appendix G. The International Irrigation Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah. It has been used internationally for training irrigationists. It should be considered for all irrigation Volunteers and is used extensively as a reference in this manual. John Wiley and Son, Inc., New York, New York. While some of the material may not be applicable to irrigation, it can serve as a good reference to water conservation. The text contains information on a wide range of materials, although it does not go into great theoretical detail. Praeger Scientific, New York. Useful when writing project proposals for large agencies. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London, U.K., and International Irrigation Information Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. Contains good tables and graphs that give general values for specific subjects. A good handbook for irrigation Volunteers to have. It covers many subjects and gives brief descriptions and general design criteria. A good reference for irrigation Volunteers to have. North Central Regional Extension Publication No. 59. North Dakota Extension Service, North Dakota. Important ideas in Appendix B regarding community leaders. American Association for Vocational Instructional Materials, Athens, Georgia. The manual is easy to read and gives a good overview of irrigation practices. Colorado Irrigation Guide. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Denver, Colorado. One table from the guide was incorporated into this manual. Agricultural Handbook No. 387, Soil Conservation Service. Description of materials and methods used in pond construction, and conditions to consider, are excellent. Design procedures are largely applicable to bigger ponds, however, than the Volunteer will work with. USDA Handbook No. 60. There is no new material on this difficult subject that is as good. Energy Efficient Pumping Standards. Intermediate Technology Development, Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., London, U.K. Gives details of all the components so that this water lifting device could be constructed at a local mechanic's shop. A good manual for irrigation Volunteers to have. German Agency for Technical Cooperation. Reprinted by Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange, Washington, D.C. pp. 393-491. Water Management Research Project, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. It contains lesson plans and outlines the course of study in the training. This is a good reference manual that has a lot of good information on a wide range of subjects, including irrigation and drainage, rural sociology, farm management, agricultural extension, and soil sciences. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Colorado State University. These references may be hard to come by except through the authors or university library. Volvo v50 2 0d olio motore manuale Defender leaks manual Gpo westwood speaker manual Alarme original peugeot 207 manual campinas Bomba para dedetizar manual tramotina Rcd 510 manual download pdf Sintonizzare manualmente il canale 31 real time Manual window hard to operate Networl manual Bradford white rg250t6n manual. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.FAO 1985 This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software and careful manual recorrection. Even if the quality of digitalisation is high, the FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.The papers contain material that is intended to provide support for irrigation training courses and to facilitate their conduct. Thus, taken together, they do not present a complete course in themselves, but instructors may find it helpful to use those papers or sections that are relevant to the specific irrigation conditions under discussion. The material may also be useful to individual students who want to review a particular subject without a teacher. Following an introductory discussion of various aspects of irrigation in the first paper, subsequent subjects discussed will be: topographic surveying crop water needs irrigation scheduling irrigation methods irrigation system design land grading and levelling canals and structures drainage salinity irrigation management At this stage, all the papers are marked provisional because experience with the preparation of irrigation training material for use at the village level is limited. After a trial period of a few years, when there has been time to evaluate the information and the use of methods outlined in the draft papers, a definitive version can then be issued.This manual describes elementary surveying equipment and provides examples of their application. It thus guides field assistants and irrigation technicians in setting out straight lines, measuring distances, setting out right angles and perpendicular lines, calculating surface areas, setting out horizontal lines, slopes and contour lines and measuring differences in elevation.A chain (see Fig. 1) is made up of connected steel segments, or links, which each measure 20 cm. Sometimes a special joint or a tally marker is attached every 5 metres. Usually, a chain has a total length of 20 metres, including one handle at each end. Fig. 1 A chain Measuring tapes (see Fig. 2) are made of steel, coated linen, or synthetic material. They are available in lengths of 20, 30 and 50 m. Centimetres, decimetres and metres are usually indicated on the tape. Fig. 2 A measuring tape 1.2 Measuring Rod A measuring rod (see Fig. 3) is a straight lath with a length varying from 2 m to 5 m. The rod is usually marked in the same way as a measuring tape, indicating centimetres, decimetres and metres. Fig. 3 A measuring rod 1.3 Plumb Bob A plumb bob is used to check if objects are vertical.Within a carpenter level there are one or more curved glass tubes, called level tubes (see Fig. 5). Fig. 5 A carpenter level Each tube is sealed and partially filled with a liquid (water, oil or paraffin). The remaining space is air, visible as a bubble (see Fig. 6). On the glass tube there are two marks. Only when the carpenter level is horizontal (or vertical) is the air bubble exactly between these two marks (see Fig. 6). Fig. 6 Using a carpenter level 1.5 Ranging Poles Ranging poles (see Fig. 7) are used to mark areas and to set out straight lines on the field. They are also used to mark points which must be seen from a distance, in which case a flag may be attached to improve the visibility. Ranging poles are straight round stalks, 3 to 4 cm thick and about 2 m long.Ranging poles can also be home made from strong straight bamboo or tree branches. REMEMBER: Ranging poles may never be curved. Ranging poles are usually painted with alternate red-white or black-white bands.Pegs are generally made of wood; sometimes pieces of tree-branches, properly sharpened, are good enough. The size of the pegs (40 to 60 cm) depends on the type of survey work they are used for and the type of soil they have to be driven in.The sharp bottom point of the ranging pole leaves a mark on the soil exactly where the pole has to be placed.To measure distances in a field (for example the length and width of a field), a chain or a measuring tape is used. Two men are required, the back man, holding the zero point of the chain (or the tape), and the front man, holding the other end of the chain. 3.1 Measuring Short Distances The following procedure is used when measuring a distance which does not exceed the total length of the chain or the tape. Step 1 Pegs are placed to mark the beginning and the end of the distance to be measured. Step 2 The back man holds the zero point of the chain (or tape) at the centre of the starting peg. The front man drags his end of the chain (or tape) in the direction of the second peg. Before measuring, the chain (or tape) is pulled straight (see Fig. 15). Fig. 15 Measurement of a short distance Any knots in the tape or entangled links in the chain result in errors in the measurement, Step 3 When using a measuring tape, the distance between the two pegs can be read directly on the tape by the front man. When using a chain, the number of links between the two pegs is counted. The total distance is equal to the number of links multiplied by the length of one link (20 cm). The front man is then provided with short metal pins, called arrows. The arrows are held together by a carrying ring. These arrows are used to mark the position of the end of the chain (or tape) each time it is laid down. The procedure to follow when measuring long distances is: Step 1 Pegs are placed (A and B) to mark the beginning and the end of the distance to be measured, and ranging poles are set in line with A and B. Step 2 The back man holds the zero point at the centre of the starting peg (A). The front mar drags his end of the chain (or tape) in the direction of peg (B). Directed by the back man, he stretches the chain, in line with the ranging poles. Then he plants an arrow to mark the end of the chain (or tape) (see Fig. 16a). Step 3 Both men move forward with the chain (or tape) and the procedure is repeated, the back man starting this time from the arrow the front man has just planted (see Fig. 16b). Step 4 The procedure is repeated until the remaining distance between the last arrow and the peg (B) is less than one chain length (see Fig. 16c). Fig. 16a Measurement of a long distance Step 2 Fig. 16b Measurement of a long distance, Step 3 Fig. 16c Measurement of a long distance, Step 4 Step 5 The remaining distance is measured using the procedure as described in section 3.1. The number of arrows used during the procedure represents the number of times the full length of the chain (or tape) has been laid out. When reaching peg (B), the back man has used 7 arrows. 23 links have been counted between the last arrow and peg (B), What is the total distance between peg (A) and peg (B). The measuring tape (a chain would be too heavy) must then be stretched horizontally by the two men above the crop. When measuring distances it is important to keep the tape horizontal. Push two arrows or two pegs into the soil to mark the distance to be measured (see Fig. 17). Plumb bobs can be used to check if the measuring tape is indeed horizontal. If horizontal, the free hanging plumb bobs (immediately above the arrows) are perpendicular to the measuring tape. In other words, the measuring tape and the plumb bobs form right angles. Fig. 17 Measurement of a distance in a tall growing crop 3.4 Measuring Horizontal and Vertical Distances in Steep Sloping Areas When measuring distances in a field, reference is always made to horizontal distances. In flat areas, these (horizontal) distances can be measured directly. In steep sloping areas, however, it is Incorrect to assume that the distance measured over the ground surface is the horizontal distance. Thus the horizontal and vertical distances have to be measured separately. In this case, intermediate pegs are. In the sections that follow, a few practical methods indicate how this can be done. These methods include: - the method: used to set out a right angle from a certain point on the base line; - the rope method: used to set out a line perpendicular to the base line, starting from a point which is not on the base line; - the single prismatic square and the double prismatic square: used to set out both right angles and perpendicular lines. 4.1 Setting out Right Angles: the Method To set out right angles in the field, a measuring tape, two ranging poles, pegs and three persons are required. The first person holds together, between thumb and finger, the zero mark and the 12 metre mark of the tape. The second person holds between thumb and finger the 3 metre mark of the tape and the third person holds the 8 metre mark. When all sides of the tape are stretched, a triangle with lengths of 3 m, 4 m and 5 m is formed (see Fig. 20), and the angle near person 1 is a right angle. Peg (C) is on the base line. Fig. 21a Setting out a right angle, Step 1 Step 2 Three persons hold the tape the way it has been explained above. The first person holds the zero mark of the tape together with the 12 m mark on top of peg (C). The second person holds the 3 m mark in line with pole (A) and peg (C), on the base line. The third person holds the 8 m mark and, after stretching the tape, he places a peg at point (D). The angle between the line connecting peg (C) and peg (D) and the base line is a right angle (see Fig. 21b). Line CD can be extended by sighting ranging poles. Fig. 21b Setting out a right angle, Step 2 Instead of a measuring tape, a 12 m long rope with clear marks at 3 m and 8 m can be used. Peg (A) is not on the base line. A long rope with a loop at both ends and a measuring tape are used. The rope should be a few metres longer than the distance from peg (A) to the base line. Step 1 One loop of the rope is placed around peg (A). Put a peg through the other loop of the rope and make a circle on the ground while keeping the rope straight. This circle crosses the base line twice (see Fig. 22a). Pegs (B) and (C) are placed where the circle crosses the base line. Step 2 Peg (D) is placed exactly half way in between pegs (B) and (C). Use a measuring tape to determine the position of peg (D). There are two major types of prismatic squares: single prismatic squares and double prismatic squares; both will be dealt with in the sections which follow The single prismatic square Setting out right angles Setting out perpendicular lines The prism of the single prismatic square is fitted in a metal frame with a handle. Attached to the handle is a hook to which a plumb bob can be connected (see Fig. 23). The special construction of the prism enables to see at right angles when looking through the instrument. The single prismatic square or single prism can be used to set out right angles and perpendicular lines. Fig. 23 A single prismatic square Setting out right angles In Fig. 24, peg (C) is on the base line which is defined by poles (A) and (B). This can be achieved by using a plumb bob. At the indication of the operator, pole (D) is slightly moved so that pole (D) forms one line (when looking through the instrument) with the image of pole (A) (see Fig. 24c). The line connecting pole (D) and peg (C) forms a right angle with the base line. Step Setting out perpendicular lines In Fig. 25, the base line is defined by poles (A) and (B). A line perpendicular to the base line has to be set out from pole (C); pole (C) is not on the base line. Fig. 25 Setting out a perpendicular line The procedure to follow is: Step 1 The operator should stand with the instrument on the base line (connecting A and B). This is done under the guidance of the assistant standing behind pole (A). Fig. 25b Setting out a perpendicular line, Step 2 Step 3 When the correct position of the instrument is found, peg (D) is placed right under the plumb bob. The line connecting pole (C) and peg (D) is a line perpendicular to the base line (see Fig. 25c). Fig. 25c Setting out a perpendicular line, Step The double prismatic square Setting out right angles Setting out perpendicular lines The double prismatic square, also called double prism, has two prisms. The two prisms are placed in such a way that it is possible to look at the same time at a right angle to the left and to the right; in addition the observer can look straight ahead of the instrument through openings above and below the prisms (see Fig. 26). It is thus possible to see the base line and the perpendicular line at the same time; no assistant is needed to check if the operator is standing on the base line, as is the case with the single prismatic square. A right angle has to be set out from (C). Fig. 27 Setting out a right angle Step 1 The observer holds the instrument vertically above peg (C) on the base line. A line perpendicular to the base line has to be set out from pole (C) which is not on the base line. Fig. 28 Setting out a perpendicular line Step 1 Looking through the instrument the observer moves slowly trying to find a position on the base line. When the images of both poles (A) and (B) appear, the observer stops and rotates the instrument slowly until the images of poles (A) and (B) form one line (see Fig. 28a). The instrument is then in line with poles (A) and (B) of the base line. Fig. 28a Setting out a perpendicular line, Step 1 Step 2 The observer moves along the base line towards pole (A) or pole (B). The fields are often irregular which makes direct calculation of their areas difficult. In such case fields are divided into a number of regular areas (triangles, rectangles, etc.), of which the surfaces can be calculated with simple formulas. All areas are calculated separately and the sum of these areas gives the total area of the field. 5.1 Example 1 Figure 29 shows a field with an irregular shape of which the surface area must be determined. Fig. 29 A field of irregular shape The procedure to follow is: Step 1 Make a rough sketch of the field (see Fig. 29a) indicating the corners of the field (A, B, C, D and E) and the field borders (straight lines). In addition some major landmark. BB 1 can be set out and measured outside the cropped area. Major surveying works are done by engineers or qualified surveyors using sophisticated equipment such as the levelling instrument (see Fig. 33). This Section will only deal with elementary equipment. Most equipment can be home-made and be used by the farmers themselves after little training. Fig. 33 An example of a levelling instrument The various types of equipment and their use described in the sections that follow, are: - Boning rods: horizontal lines and slopes - N-frame level: slopes and contour lines - Flexible tube water level: countour lines and differences in elevation - Hand level: contour lines and differences in elevation. 6.1 Boning Rods Description Use of boning rods Description Boning rods are T-shaped and made of wood. Their height is normally 100 cm and the cross-lath is 50 cm x 10 cm. Usually a total of 3 or 4 boning rods is required Use of boning rods Setting out horizontal lines Setting out slopes Boning rods are used to set out horizontal lines or lines with a constant slope. In particular they are used for setting out canal excavation works, but also for roads and dyke construction. The procedure is: Step 1 Set out a straight line between A and B (see Chapter 2) and place intermediate pegs at regular intervals (see Fig. 35a; pegs C and D). Fig. 35a Setting out a horizontal line, Step 1 Step 2 Place boning rods on top of the two Bench Marks and on top of peg C. The observer, looking just over the top of boning rod A tries to bring the tops of the boning rods A, B and C in line. As can be seen from Fig. 35b, boning rod C and thus peg C is too high; the tops of the boning rods are not in line. Fig. 35b Setting out a horizontal line, Step 2 Step 3 Hammer peg C further into the soil. It may be necessary to excavate some of the soil surrounding peg C in order to be able to lower peg C sufficiently. The top of peg C is at the correct elevation when, looking over the top of boning rod A, the tops of the boning rods A, C and B are in line (see Fig. 35c). Fig. 35c Setting out a horizontal line, Step 3 Step 4 Place a boning rod on peg D. When looking over the tops of the boning rods A and B it is not possible to see the top of the boning rod on peg D, as peg D is too low (see Fig. 35d). Fig. 35d Setting out a horizontal line, Step 4 Step 5 Replace peg D by a longer peg or pull out peg D and add some soil in the immediate surroundings of D and hammer peg D again into the soil. Repeat this process until the correct elevation of peg D is found (see Fig. 35e). Fig. 35e Setting out a horizontal line, Step 5 Step 6 The two Bench Marks A and B and the pegs C and D all have the same elevation. Bench Mark A is either higher or lower than B. When the difference in elevation and the horizontal distance between A and B are known, the slope can be calculated (see Volume I, Chapter 3 and Volume 2 Chapter 3 and sections 6.3 and 6.4). 6.