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fanuc om pmc manualIt looks like your browser needs updating. For the best experience on Quizlet, please update your browser. Learn More. In congressional elections, ---- usually win casework activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get pork barrel federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local governments, businesses, colleges, and other institutions in a congressional district bicameral legislature a legislature divided into two houses. The U.S. Congress and all state legislatures except Nebraska's are ---- House Rules Committee the committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House filibuster a strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislature use their right to unlimited debate to prevent the Senate from ever voting on a bill. Sixty members present and voting can halt a ---- Speaker of the House an office mandated by the Constitution. This person is responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes on behalf of the party's legislature positions whips party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party minority leader the principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate standing committees separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas joint committees congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership draw from both houses conference committees congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms.http://www.esfpraktijk.nl/uploads/fbi-preparation-manual.xml
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Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill select committees congressional committees appointed for a particular purpose, such as the Watergate investigation legislative oversight Congress's monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings committee chairs the most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearing, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house seniority system a simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party control the chamber became chair, regardless of party loyalty, mental state, or competence caucus (congressional) a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Many are composed of members from both parties and from both houses bill a proposed law, drafted in legal language.Although they are not descriptively representative of Americans, they may engage in substantive representation. 11.2 Incumbents usually win reelection because they usually draw weak opponents, are usually better known and better funded than their opponents, typically represent constituencies where a clear majority share their party affiliation, and can claim credit for aiding their constituencies. However, incumbents can lose if they are involved in a scandal, if their policy positions are substantially out of line with their constituencies, or if the boundaries of their districts are redrawn to reduce the percentage of their constituents identifying with their party. 11.3 The House is much large than the Senate and is also characterized by greater centralization of power in the party leadership and by more party discipline.http://eagleeyebird.com.au/files/fbi-manuals.xml Senators are more equal in power and may exercise the option of the filibuster to stop a majority from passing a bill. Congressional leaders are elected by their party members and must remain responsive to them. They cannot always depend on the votes from the members of their party. Committees do most of the work in Congress, considering legislation and overseeing the administration of policy. Although committees are run more democratically than in past decades, chairs have considerable power to set their committees' agendas. Caucuses are part of the informal organization of Congress and are composed of representatives and senators who have a shared interest or characteristic. Personal, committee, and agency staff are crucial components of Congress, providing policy expertise and constituency service. 11.4 Congress is typically a cumbersome decision-making body, and the process for considering a bill has many stages. This complexity gives rise to unorthodox lawmaking, in which the congressional leadership bypasses traditional legislative stages. Presidents try to persuade Congress to support their policies, which usually earn space on the congressional agenda. Their ultimate influence on congressional decision making is at the margins, however. Parties have become more homogenous and more polarized in recent years and provide and important pull on their members on most issues. Constituencies have strong influence on congressional decision making on a few visible issues, while members' own ideologies exert more influence on less visible issues. Interest groups play a key role in informing Congress and sometimes the threat of their opposition influences vote outcomes. 11.5 Although Congress is an elite institution, it is responsive to the public when the public makes its wishes clear. It is open to influence, an openness that makes it responsive to many interests but also may reduce its ability to make good public policy.http://dev.pb-adcon.de/node/17142 Members of Congress often support expanding government to aid their constituencies, generally in response to public demands for policy, but many also fight to limit the scope of government. Joint Resolution A proposal for action that has the force of law when passed; usually deals with special circumstances or temporary matters. Concurrent Resolution A statement of position on an issue used by the House and Senate acting jointly; does not have the force of law and does not require the President's signature. Resolution A measure relating to the business of either house, or expressing an opinion; does not have the force of law and does not require the President's signature. Discharge Resolution A procedure enabling members to force a bill that has been pigeonholed in committee onto the floor for consideration. Subcommittee Division of existing committee that is formed to address specific issues. Committee of The Whole A committee that consists of an entire legislative body; used for a procedure in which a legislative body expedites its business by resolving itself into a committee of itself. Quorum Least number of members who must be present for a legislative body to conduct business; majority. Engrossed To print a bill in its final form. For more detail on the consideration of legislation, see Guide No. 16 —Consideration of legislation. The type of bill determines its layout and the terminology used to describe its parts. When passed, a bill becomes an Act and clauses are referred to as sections. The parts of a clause are: The normal hierarchy of groupings is as follows: A bill of this type may also have one or more Schedules at the end, containing material which will form part of the Act but which is convenient to present separately from the main body. Examples include the texts of treaties or other international agreements being incorporated into Australian law, proformas such as the ballot papers and nomination forms in Schedule 1 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 or self-contained rules relating to particular matters referred to in the main body, such as the conditions applying to the various types of broadcasting licences in Schedule 2 of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992. Confusingly, the parts of a Schedule are also usually called “clauses” and continue to be so called even after enactment. Some bills or Acts have their own numbering systems, particularly when the bill or Act is a large one, like the Corporations Law. However, the most common system uses the following conventions: In citing a particular “bit” of a bill or Act, it is normal to include only so much information as is necessary to distinguish that “bit” from others. Clause or section numbers are always unique (unless there has been an error!) and are referred to in isolation; for example, it is not necessary to say “section (or clause) 46 of Division 3 of Part 2” because section (or clause) 46 occurs only once. But it may be necessary to say “Division 3 of Part 2”, rather than “Division 3”, if other Parts in the bill or Act also contain a Division 3. Divisions are the most important guide to the different areas covered by the Act. They are numbered in a sequence from 1 to 995 throughout the whole Act. Subdivision and section numbers have two elements, the first being the Division number. So, for example, section 375-815 (about deductibility of film losses) is located in Subdivision 375-G, Division 375 of Part 3-45 of Chapter 3. It is preceded by section 375-810 and followed by section 375-820. There are gaps left in the Part, Division and section numbering sequences because it is expected that more and more “bits” will need to be inserted in the Act over time. For example: Spacing and indentation are also used to indicate the relationship between units of text. For example: These schedules are sometimes called amending schedules to distinguish them from the schedules referred to above which contain substantive parts of the bill or Act. The three clauses provide for: These latter items are sometimes called application, transitional and saving provisions, respectively. The headings of amending schedules, parts of amending schedules (if used) and items are always in Arial font, with the font size corresponding to the level of heading. For example: For example: In Schedule 1, item 4, above, for example, section 232A is referred to as a proposed section, not a clause. These conventions make it easy to read the amendments into the bill, in the same way that items in an amending bill are read into the parent Act. Using page and line numbers of the bill, amendments identify the point in the bill where the proposed action is to occur before describing the action and any proposed new text. The format differs slightly according to whether the bill is a stand-alone bill or an amending bill. For example: It is a guide to the subject matter of the amendment to assist the Senate and facilitate the preparation of running sheets (see Guide No. 16 —Consideration of Legislation). View Library For Educators Explore educational resources, programs, events and more. Learn More For Students Connect around topics like civics, public policy, economics and more. Learn More Upcoming Events Explore our upcoming webinars, events and programs. View All Events Invest In Our Future The most effective way to secure a freer America with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating, and empowering our youth. And the most effective way to achieve that is through investing in The Bill of Rights Institute. We contribute to teachers and students by providing valuable resources, tools, and experiences that promote civic engagement through a historical framework. You can be a part of this exciting work by making a donation to The Bill of Rights Institute today. Support now Make your investment into the leaders of tomorrow through the Bill of Rights Institute today. Make a Donation Ways to partner with BRI Learn more about the different ways you can partner with the Bill of Rights Institute. Learn More About BRI The Bill of Rights Institute is committed to providing the highest quality. Learn More Board and Staff FAQs Statement of Academic Integrity Join Our Team Request Professional Development Financials and Transparency Press Information Contact Us Close menu icon Resources Reveal menu tab icon Events Reveal menu tab icon Support BRI Reveal menu tab icon About BRI Reveal menu tab icon Resources Library Arrow icon Primary Sources Constitution of the United States of America (1787) Download PDF Preamble The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either, they shall not be questioned in any other place. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Why is every concurrence by the legislature next presented to the president? He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner chose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall chose from them by ballot the Vice President. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their Offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in Office. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, Johnson, Roger Sherman Paterson, Jona: Dayton Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris Jenifer, Danl Carroll Ratified February 7, 1795. Ratified June 15, 1804. Ratified December 6, 1865. Ratified July 9, 1868. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Ratified February 3, 1870. Ratified February 3, 1913. Ratified April 8, 1913. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21. Ratified August 18, 1920. Ratified January 23, 1933. In addition, a portion of the 12th amendment was superseded by section 3. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Ratified December 5, 1933. Ratified February 27, 1951. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. Ratified March 29, 1961. Ratified January 23, 1964. Ratified February 10, 1967. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. Ratified July 1, 1971. It created a federal system with a national government composed of 3 separated powers, and included both reserved and concurrent powers of states. The president of the Constitutional Convention, the body that framed the new government, was George Washington, though James Madison is known as the “Father of the Constitution” because of his great contributions to the formation of the new government. Gouverneur Morris wrote the Constitution’s final language.Nine of the 13 states would have to ratify it for the Constitution to become effective for those ratifying states. The future was not certain at all—a debate began among the states over ratification. Those who argued that the Constitution should be approved were called Federalists; those who argued against it were called Anti-Federalists. The debate raged for months. By June of 1788, 9 states had ratified the Constitution, ensuring it would go into effect for those 9 states. However, key states including Virginia and New York had not ratified. James Madison, the principal author of the Constitution, knew that grave doubts would be cast on the Constitution if those states (the home states of several of its chief architects, including Madison himself) did not adopt it. His promise reassured the convention and the Constitution was approved in that state by the narrowest margin. New York soon followed, but submitted proposed amendments. Two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, refused to ratify without a bill of rights. A year later in June of 1789, Madison proposed a series of amendments to be debated in the first Congress. James Madison saw one important difference between those documents and the Constitution, however: “In Europe, charters of liberty have been granted by power. America has set the example... of charters of power granted by liberty.” Why is every concurrence by the legislature next presented to the president. Lawmaking is no easy task. Only a small number of bills that are introduced, formally proposed by members of the House and Senate, become law.Jefferson’s Manual was adopted by the House and remains the authoritative statement of rules except where it has been superseded by provisions passed by members. In addition, there are fifteen volumes of parliamentary procedures and supplementary manuals of notes specifying current rules that pertain to lawmaking in the House.Committees decide whether or not a bill is recommended for floor action, where it will be debated and voted on. The House and Senate must pass identical versions of a bill before it can be sent to the president to be signed into law. Since the 1970s, “unorthodox lawmaking” has become the norm.Members may see a need to revise or repeal an existing law. They also can be motivated by personal experiences. This act created the Department of Homeland Security, a new government agency for emergency preparedness. These requests often follow the president’s State of the Union address. Presidents also can make their agendas known to Congress by making speeches that are publicized through the media. Executive communications are referred to appropriate congressional committees, which decide whether or not to act on them.Bills are drafted by members with the assistance of their staffs and experts in the House and Senate legislative counsel offices. The title can position the bill in the public debate, as it captures the ideas and images proponents wish to convey. Megan’s Law, which requires communities to publicize the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders, is named after Megan Kanka, a New Jersey girl who was murdered by a sex offender after his release from prison. Politically charged shorthand often is used to characterize bills. The health-care reform legislation passed by Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010 has been labeled “Obamacare” by opponents seeking to repeal the legislation. The member who introduces a bill is its sponsor. Other members can sign on as cosponsors, or supporters, of the bill. Having a large number of cosponsors or having congressional leaders sign onto a bill can boost its chances of success. Having a bill referred to a friendly committee is a key to its potential for success.When members seek media coverage of committee hearings, they sometimes will bring in celebrities as witnesses. In 2010, comedian Stephen Colbert testified in front of the House Judiciary Committee in order to bring attention to immigration reform and treatment of farm workers. The performance received mixed reviews from both members of Congress and political commentators. If the vote is successful, the committee holds a mark-up session to revise the bill. The committee prepares a report documenting why it supports the bill. The report is sent to the whole chamber, and the bill is placed on the calendar to await floor debate. The Rules Committee assigns a bill a rule that sets the procedures under which the bill will be considered on the floor. The rule establishes the parameters of debate and specifies if amendments, proposed changes to the bill, will be permitted or not. A bill can become stalled if the Rules Committee does not assign it a rule at all or in a timely manner. Rules must be approved by a majority of the members of the House before floor action can begin. There is no Rules Committee in the Senate, where the process of bringing a bill to the floor is simpler and less formal. The Senate majority leader makes a motion to proceed with floor debate. Major bills focusing on divisive issues, such as budgetary proposals, health care, and national security, will prompt lengthy debate and amendment proposals before coming to a vote. A bill dies if either chamber fails to pass it. The Speaker of the House chooses a chairperson to oversee floor action. Speakers for and against the bill have an equal amount of time. A general debate of the bill is followed by debate of amendments. A quorum of 218 members is required for a vote on the bill. Yeas and nays are recorded using a computerized system. Senators are free to speak as long as they like. Getting sixty senators to agree to close debate is not easy, especially on controversial issues. Senators vote on the bill using a traditional call of the roll, with each voice vote recorded manually. Conference committees consist of members of both houses. Major changes in the provisions and language of bills are negotiated in conference committees.Representatives of the executive branch work with conferees to devise a final bill that the president will be likely to sign.A president can veto, or reject, a bill by sending it back to Congress with a memorandum indicating his objections.House and Senate members, their staffs, and congressional committees in conjunction with the president and the executive branch are responsible for preparing the budget. The president submits a detailed budget proposal to Congress, which serves as a starting point. The House and Senate Budget Committees hold hearings on the budget to get advice about how funds should be spent. It reviews the president’s budget plan, projects the actual costs of budget items, and develops options for changes in taxing and spending.Congress must first pass laws authorizing or recommending that federal programs receive funding at a particular level. The appropriations process, where funds are actually allocated to programs for spending, is the second step. The House Appropriations Committee initiates all bills to fund programs, and its counterpart in the Senate must approve funding bills. The budget resolution that ultimately passes the House and Senate Budget Committees is usually markedly different from the president’s budget proposal. The process can stall, as was the case in 2011 when the inability of Congress to reach an agreement on the budget threatened to result in a government shutdown.