digestive and respiratory system study guide answers
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digestive and respiratory system study guide answersPhysical campuses are only open to students attending on-campus classes, those with an appointment, and MCC employees. Please email with any questions. Topics include endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems; and fluid and electrolyte balance. Prerequisites: A grade of C or better in BIO201 or BIO201XT. Lab kits are required. These can be purchased in the bookstore. Students are required to have access to a computer or mobile device, and Internet access, unless otherwise specified. Before enrolling in their first online class at MCC, students need to view the online orientation and complete the readiness survey on for additional information.Students are required to have access to a computer or mobile device, and Internet access, unless otherwise specified. Before enrolling in their first online class at MCC, students need to view the online orientation and complete the readiness survey on for additional information.Topics include cells, tissues, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, and nervous system. Prerequisites: C or better in (BIO156, or BIO156XT, or BIO181, or BIO181XT, or 1 yr of high school biology) and (RDG100, or RDG100LL, or higher, or eligibility for CRE101). CHM130 or higher or one year of high school chemistry suggested but not required. Students are required to have access to a computer or mobile device, and Internet access, unless otherwise specified. Before enrolling in their first online class at MCC, students need to view the online orientation and complete the readiness survey on for additional information. Lab content is available online. Students are required to have access to a computer or mobile device, and Internet access, unless otherwise specified. Before enrolling in their first online class at MCC, students need to view the online orientation and complete the readiness survey on for additional information.http://www.buildonhope.org/ex60-manual.xml
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The other part will be held online either without a set time to attend or a Live Online session. Students enrolling in a hybrid class acknowledge they already possess the skills described in the Minimum Computer and Technology Requirements at for additional information.The other part will be held online either without a set time to attend or a Live Online session. Students enrolling in a hybrid class acknowledge they already possess the skills described in the Minimum Computer and Technology Requirements at for additional information.Topics include endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems; and fluid and electrolyte balance. Lab content is available online and is supplemented by a supplied lab kit. Students are required to have access to a computer or mobile device, and Internet access, unless otherwise specified. Before enrolling in their first online class at MCC, students need to view the online orientation and complete the readiness survey on for additional information.MCC treats all student information as confidential. Download the MyInfo App on the Play Store. A lack of English language skills will not be a barrier to admission and participation in the career and technical education programs of the District. The Maricopa County Community College District does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability or age in its programs or activities. For additional information, as well as a listing of all coordinators within the Maricopa College system, visit. We cannot “do without oxygen” for even a little while, as we can without food or water. The olfactory receptors for the sense of smell are located in the mucosa in the slitlike superior part of the nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone. Air enters the superior portion, the nasopharynx, from the nasal cavity and then descends through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx to enter the larynx below.http://armgonline.com/userfiles/ex500-gdn1-manual.xml The pharyngotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear open into the nasopharynx. All other respiratory passages are conducting zone structures that serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone. Together, the alveolar and capillary walls, their fused basement membranes, and occasional elastic fibers construct the respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier), which has gas (air) flowing past on one side and blood flowing past on the other. Remarkably efficient alveolar macrophages sometimes called “dust cells”, wander in and out of the alveoli picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris. To do this, at least four distinct events, collectively called respiration, must occur. Air must move into and out of the lungs so that gasses in the air sacs are continuously refreshed, and this process is commonly called breathing. Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli must take place. Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream. At systemic capillaries, gas exchanges must be made between the blood and tissue cells. Intrapulmonary volume is the volume within the lungs. The normal pressure within the pleural space, the intrapleural pressure, is always negative, and this is the major factor preventing the collapse of the lungs. Nonrespiratory movements are a result of reflex activity, but some may be produced voluntarily such as cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawn. The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume is the inspiratory reserve volume, which is normally between 2100 ml to 3200 ml. The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration, the expiratory reserve volume, is approximately 1200 ml. Vesicular breathing sounds occur as air fills the alveoli, and they are soft and resemble a muffled breeze. External respiration or pulmonary gas exchange involves the oxygen being loaded and carbon dioxide being unloaded from the blood. In internal respiration or systemic capillary gas exchange, oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded into the blood. These two nerves regulate the activity of the respiratory muscles, the diaphragm, and external intercostals. Voluntary control of breathing is limited, and the respiratory centers will simply ignore messages from the cortex (our wishes) when the oxygen supply in the blood is getting low or blood pH is falling. Please visit our nursing test bank page for more NCLEX practice questions. Along with the epiglottis, the vestibular folds also prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx. A: The most inferior cartilage of the larynx is the unpaired cricoid cartilage, which forms the base of the larynx on which the other cartilages rest. B: The epiglottis differs from the other cartilages in that it consists of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. C: The larynx consists of an outer casing of nine cartilages that are connected to one another by muscles and ligaments. Three of the nine cartilages are unpaired, and six of them form three pairs. Within the lungs, the main airways (bronchi) branch off into smaller and smaller passageways. The conducting portion is made up of nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The trachea branches to give rise to two primary (main) bronchi. These then branch successively to give rise in turn to secondary and tertiary bronchi. These then branch to give rise to several orders of progressively smaller airways called bronchioles, the smallest of which are called terminal bronchioles. These are the last components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system. Terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory bronchioles, which ultimately lead to the alveoli. The left lung has two lobes called the superior and inferior lobes. Each lobe is divided into bronchopulmonary segments. There are 9 bronchopulmonary segments in the left lung and 10 in the right lung. A,B: The pleural cavity, between the parietal and visceral pleurae, is filled with a small volume of pleural fluid produced by the pleural membranes. D: The parietal pleura lines the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and mediastinum. The statement is: The muscles of inspiration include the diaphragm and muscles that elevate the ribs and sternum, such as the external intercostals. The statement is: Consequently, alveolar pressure increases above the air pressure outside the body, and air flows from the alveoli through the respiratory passage to the outside. At rest, quiet breathing results in a volume of about 500 milliliters (mL). At rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of about 500 milliliters (mL). B: Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the resting tidal volume (about 3000 mL). C: Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be expired forcefully after expiration of the resting tidal volume (about 1100 mL). D: Residual volume is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after a maximum expiration (about 1200 mL). It is located posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate, which is an incomplete muscle and connective tissue partition separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx. The oropharynx extends from the uvula to the epiglottis, and the oral cavity opens into the oropharynx. Thus, food, drink, and air all pass through the oropharynx. The laryngopharynx passes posterior to the larynx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus. Food and drink pass through the laryngopharynx to the esophagus. The maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses are named after the bones in which they are located. The paranasal sinuses open into the nasal cavity and are lined with a mucous membrane. They reduce the weight of the skull, produce mucus, and influence the quality of voice by acting as resonating chambers. A: The choane are the openings into the pharynx B: The nasal septum is a partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts. C: The hard palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. She is a registered nurse since 2015 and is currently working in a regional tertiary hospital and is finishing her Master's in Nursing this June. As an outpatient department nurse, she is a seasoned nurse in providing health teachings to her patients making her also an excellent study guide writer for student nurses. Marianne is also a mom of a toddler going through the terrible twos and her free time is spent on reading books! This web site is just what I need to study, learn, and understand the Human Body. Thank you so much. The information was comprehensive and comes as an easy resource. Violet. Since we started in 2010, Nurseslabs has become one of the most trusted nursing sites helping thousands of aspiring nurses achieve their goals. All organisms that require oxygen rely on gas exchange to bring the oxygen into the cells and remove waste products. Without the respiratory system, gas exchange would not occur. Without the digestive system, we wouldn’t be able to obtain the required nutrients. Without the circulatory system, these gases and nutrients couldn’t be transported to the cells where they are needed. Each system plays a role in the health of the organism, and the systems in our body are intimately interconnected, working to maintain homeostasis. (definition: The ability or tendency of a living organism, cell, or group to keep the conditions inside it the same despite any changes in the conditions around it, or this state of internal balance. ) One system simply cannot function without the others. Although you will focus on the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory system in this course, it is important to understand that all of the eleven systems in our body play an integral role in the functioning of the others. If you need a refresher, take a few minutes to look over this video that describes the main systems and how they are interconnected. Pay particular attention to the three systems we will explore in this activity to gain a better understanding of how they relate to one another. Without nutrients, the digestive system wouldn’t function. Without the energy generated using the food you eat, none of the other systems would function either. Unfortunately, we do not have the ability to manufacture our own food through photosynthesis like our autotrophic friends. Instead we need to consume our food to get the raw materials our body needs. First, let’s take a few minutes to think about how we obtain these nutrients. Take a few minutes to go through the process by clicking on the image below. You will see how these nutrients are used by your body in this activity. The digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems are amazing systems on their own, and even more amazing when you see them working in concert with each other. This activity will look at each of the systems, and then we will investigate how human interactions and choices have an impact on them. Before we look deeper into the anatomy and physiology (definition: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. ) of the digestive system, it is important to look at the main macronutrients that we need to survive. After all, our need for these nutrients is why we have a digestive system in the first place!Without these essential nutrients, we would not survive. We need to consume greater amounts of the first three - carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids - so they are called macronutrients. (definition: Nutrients needed in large quantities. ) Vitamins and minerals, on the other hand, are called micronutrients. (definition: Nutrients needed in small quantities. ) Water is in a category by itself. You will learn more about the role of water in Grade 12 Biology.Because different macronutrients are digested in different parts of the digestive system it is important to get to know the names of these monomers and polymers.You will then be able to follow carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from polymer to monomer as they go through the process of digestion. In addition, be sure to determine if the macronutrients are used for energy or growth. Some macronutrients are used for both. This information can then be included in the digestion organizer you will create in an upcoming task.Carbohydrate (definition: Biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in a ratio of 1:2:1. ) reduced diets are all around us, but carbs are the main source of energy for your body. So, although there may be a benefit of reducing certain forms of carbohydrates, they cannot be eliminated.They are a source of energy for most living things. Disaccharides such as sucrose, better known as table sugar, are made of two monomers linked together. Polysaccharides contain many monomers linked together to form large molecules. These include starch, the carbohydrate storage molecule in plants, and glycogen, the carbohydrate energy storage molecule in animals.They are involved in chemical reactions, transport, and defence. Therefore, they are an important structural molecule. Some proteins act as hormones, (definition: A chemical signal or messenger molecule that circulates through the body to coordinate cellular functions. ) which are chemical messengers within your body.There are 20 different amino acids. Most can be made by the body, but nine are essential and therefore need to be consumed.All the enzymes that control the various reactions within your body are proteins. In addition, proteins provide structure and support for cells and tissues.Not only are they a source of concentrated energy and a major form of energy storage, they are also the main component of cell membranes. In addition, some lipids act as a special form of hormones called steroids (definition: A lipid-based hormone. ).Although moderation is the key to all things we consume, lipids are an important part of our diet. Fats and oils are large molecules called triglycerides (definition: A lipid composed of three fatty acid chains and one glycerol molecule. ). They are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. Some fatty acids, such as the Omega-3 fatty acids, cannot be produced in the body and therefore must be consumed.The following image compares the two forms of fat.It emphasizes the importance of each in an entertaining way.These three components will be discussed below:Many chemical reactions that occur within your body require water. It is used to maintain your blood volume and also plays an important role in keeping your body cool in hotter weather.A prime example is Vitamin D, which is formed when you are exposed to sunlight. Vitamin K is produced by bacteria that live in your large intestine, and Vitamin A is produced from beta-carotene. Beta-carotene is a chemical found in foods such as carrots and liver.Most are only needed in trace amounts, such as zinc and copper, but other minerals play a larger role in the functioning of our systems. Sodium is involved in muscle contraction and nerve pulses, while calcium and phosphorus play an important role in bone formation.Iron is part of the compound hemoglobin, (definition: A protein of red blood cells that contains iron and carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs that is found in red blood cells. ) which is found in red blood cells. The O 2 from the gas exchange process binds to the iron component of hemoglobin and is then carried through the blood to the cells.This video will serve as an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system. Each aspect will be explored in detail later in this activity. While you watch, keep an eye out for the various macronutrients and how they are broken down into their subunits, or monomers, in the process.In the digestive process, the chemical reactions break down larger molecules into smaller subunits. This act of breaking down food is called catabolism. (definition: The metabolic reactions that break down large molecules into their subunits. ) For example, proteins will be catabolized into amino acids.These reactions are called anabolism. (definition: The metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits. ) First, she will take apart any earlier made structures in order to separate the individual bricks (catabolism). Using these individual bricks, she will then create new structures (anabolism). See how much fun digestion can be. Until you step on a Lego, that is.In this way, you will be able to trace the fate of each nutrient from polymer to monomer. Circling the vitamins, minerals, and water when they appear will help you keep visible track of all the nutrients throughout the digestive process.The physical aspect of digestion occurs through the mechanical action of your body such as chewing with your teeth and mixing and moving the food with your muscles. Chemical digestion uses chemicals such as enzymes (definition: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions. ) to break down the food.This ingestion of food may seem uneventful, but lots is going on in this stage. The process of digestion occurs mainly in the next stage, but digestion actually starts as soon as food enters your mouth. Your teeth break up the food into smaller pieces, which is physical or mechanical digestion. (definition: The physical process of preparing the food for chemical digestion. It involves chewing, mixing, and churning. ) Even thinking about eating stimulates the salivary glands to secrete saliva, which serves a number of purposes. Mucus in the saliva acts like a lubricant to help the food slide down your throat. The saliva also contains the enzyme amylase, (definition: A digestive enzyme produced largely by the pancreas and salivary glands that converts starches to sugars. ) which breaks down starch into its simple sugars, like monosaccharides. This is the true start of chemical digestion. (definition: Where food is broken down by the action of chemical agents and enzymes. ) In addition, the food mixes with the saliva and allows the taste buds of your tongue to do their job.Don’t swallow right away, but instead pay attention to the taste. At some point, you will start to detect a sweet taste. Starch in the cracker is not sweet, but once the enzyme amylase starts to break it down into simple sugars, you can taste the sweetness!Have you ever started to choke when you start to laugh while eating. This is because the act of laughing prevents the epiglottis from sealing the trachea while you swallow. So, don’t laugh while you eat!Although gravity plays some part in this, it is the rhythmic, wave-like motion of the muscles that make up the esophagus that actually pushes the food down. This peristalsis (definition: Involuntary wavelike contractions of the muscles in the esophagus. ) is why you can swallow food even if you are upside down!The bolus is pushed down the esophagus and then into the stomach. The cardiac sphincter is a muscular ring at the top of the stomach that prevents material from going back up the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter is located at the bottom of the stomach, and controls the release of material into the next section of the system.The innermost layer is called the mucosa, (definition: A lubricating membrane lining all body passages and cavities. ) and it secretes gastric juices. (definition: A secretion of the gastric glands in the stomach that includes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and mucus. ) The gastric juice contains the enzyme pepsinogen. (definition: A substance made by cells in the stomach. A precursor to pepsin. ) This enzyme is active only in low, or acid pH environments, so that is where the acid comes in. The acid produced is hydrochloric acid, which is very strong. This acid converts the pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin. (definition: An enzyme that breaks down protein. ) This enzyme breaks down the proteins in the food into their amino acid monomers. This acid is so strong, that it could actually burn through the stomach lining. The mucus in the gastric juice coats the stomach lining and protects it from the acid. This is one harsh environment. In fact, the amylase enzyme from the saliva that moves with the bolus is deactivated by the acidic conditions in the stomach.These muscular layers contract and help mix the food with the gastric juices. Once mixed with the gastric juices, the bolus is now called chyme. (definition: A semi-liquid mixture of the bolus and gastric juices. ) You will learn more about the small intestines soon.Remember, the chyme will be very acidic, and this acid can damage the lining of the duodenum.this is where the pancreas comes into play.These ions neutralize the acid secreted by the mucosa of the stomach and the pH level goes up. Just as when the amylase moved into the stomach, the change in pH now deactivates the pepsin from the stomach gastric juice. Although pepsin is now out of the picture, proteins will continue to be digested by an another enzyme called trypsin (definition: One of the enzymes used to digest proteins. ) that is also secreted by the pancreas. In addition, the pancreas will secrete additional amylase into the duodenum to replace the enzyme destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach. This means that carbohydrate digestion will continue once again.What about the lipids. Well, the pancreas has another trick up its sleeve. Along with the ions and the other enzymes, the pancreas secretes the enzyme lipase (definition: Enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in human digestive system. ) into the duodenum. The issue is that fats are in large insoluble globules, so the lipase cannot do its job properly. This is where the bile (definition: A greenish-yellow bodily fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, and discharge into the duodenum where it aids in the digestion of fats. ) helps out. The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder until needed. This bile then enters the duodenum and emulsifies (definition: Breaks down fats into tiny droplets allow them to mix with other liquids. ) the fat into tiny little droplets. These droplets increase the surface area of the fats, and allow the lipase to do its job of breaking down the fats into their monomers - glycerol and fatty acids.It is approximately 2.5m long. ) and ileum. (definition: The final section of the small intestine. It is approximately 3.5m long. ) Many minerals are absorbed by the duodenum. Macronutrients are absorbed in the jejunum, while some vitamins are absorbed in the ileum. Some water is absorbed by osmosis throughout the small intestine.The method of absorption depends on the molecules being absorbed. Some can cross membranes using simple passive transport such as diffusion that doesn’t require energy, while other, larger molecules may need energy and active transport to get them into the blood. No matter the process, the absorption will occur through the walls of the small intestine. The walls are highly folded to increase the total surface area of the intestine lining. The folds appear as little fingers called villi. (definition: Finger-like projections of the inner lining of the small intestine. Singular is villus. ) To increase the surface area even more, the villi have even smaller projections on them called microvilli. (definition: Tiny projections found on the surface of villi. Singular is microvillus. ) If you smoothed out all the villi and microvilli, the surface area of the small intestine would be about the size of a tennis court. All of this increased surface area allows the small intestine to absorb more nutrients in less time.You will remember from Unit 1 that capillaries are small blood vessels in the circulatory system. All nutrient monomers, except for the breakdown products of lipids that are absorbed through the villi, will enter the bloodstream for transport around the body. The molecules from the digestion of fats will instead be collected in the lacteal (definition: A projection into each villus that collects the digested fats after absorption. ) and then into the lymphatic system. (definition: A system similar to the circulatory system that transports a fluid called lymph around the body and to the bloodstream. ) Later, it will be transported into the bloodstream. From the end of the small intestine, the material moves into the large intestine.The large intestine connects to the small intestine a few centimetres before the end, creating a small pocket called the cecum. At the bottom of the cecum lies the appendix.The appendix is considered by many to be a vestigial structure, and was believed to help ancestral humans digest plant cellulose. Some scientists theorize that the appendix still has an association with the immune function and also serves as a reservoir for important intestinal bacteria.These sections are names based on their positioning and general structure.Most of the water is absorbed from the material that enters the colon through osmosis. More ions and vitamins are also absorbed into the body at this point. The remaining material is mostly indigestible wastes such as cellulose and some water to keep the material moving through the system. It is now called feces.At this point, all the nutrients and water have been absorbed from the food that was ingested. Once through the colon, these wastes are stored in the rectum, which is the last 20 cm of the GI tract. When enough wastes have collected in the rectum, the feces are eliminated through the anus.You were given an overview at the start of the digestion section, so a good way to end it is with a summary. In this video, the digestive systems of other animals is briefly discussed. The digestive system of animals is based upon the diet that they have, so there are some differences.There are a good number of structures and chemicals needed to make digestion efficient. Evolution has made modifications along the way, and the digestive system found in animals, including humans, has changed as the environment and the available resources have changed.This duty falls to the circulatory system. This system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood, itself.Less complex animals such as insects utilize an open circulatory system, where the blood bathes the tissues directly. More complex animals have closed circulatory systems, where the blood is contained in a series of vessels. Fish have a single closed system, where the blood travels in one loop throughout the body. Other more complex animals, such as humans and other mammals, use a double loop closed system. In this system, there are two loops, or circuits, and the blood travels through the heart twice as it travels through the body. It is this double closed circulatory system that you will look at in detail in this activity.