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aspire 7520 manual downloadPlease try your request again later. Why did this happen. This page appears when Google automatically detects requests coming from your computer network which appear to be in violation of the Terms of Service. The block will expire shortly after those requests stop. This traffic may have been sent by malicious software, a browser plug-in, or a script that sends automated requests. If you share your network connection, ask your administrator for help — a different computer using the same IP address may be responsible. Learn more Sometimes you may see this page if you are using advanced terms that robots are known to use, or sending requests very quickly. And those numbers don't include the many fish considered invasive or newly introduced to bodies of fresh water. When it comes to variety, Canada takes home top honours for its catalogue of freshwater fish. From sturgeons to minnows and Arctic char to rainbow trout, some freshwater fish are instantly recognizable by their colourful markings. Others are classified by the direction in which their eyes are pointing. You may have encountered some of these species on the end of your fishing line, at the aquarium, or snorkeling in Georgian Bay. Some of these fish may even be a part of your favourite meal. Learning about Canada's freshwater fish population is not only enjoyable, but it will also give you a better understanding of our country's fragile aquatic ecosystem. Grab your fishing pole or a guide to Canada's freshwater fish. You may find you need some help with some of the rarer species on the list (but maybe not if you're a whiz when it comes to freshwater fish!) What is it called? They're covered with silver scales marked by a stripe of pink or red. In the same family as salmon and Arctic char — which explains their similar taste — rainbow trout can weigh up to 2-3 kilograms (although they tend to be on the small side when they've lived in streams versus lakes.http://gemtown88.com/PicOther/electra-1000-washing-machine-manual.xml
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) Walleyes get their descriptive name because their eyes appear to be pointing forwards (get it. Like they're looking at a wall!) In addition to their unique placement, walleye eyes are coated with a reflective layer that allows them to see in the dark. What is its name? Long and powerful, northern pike (or pike as they're less formally known in the rest of the world) can weight up to 65 pounds. Despite their minuscule bodies, black crappie fish have gargantuan eyes in relation to the rest of their size. Hint: It's not a pike! They're also sometimes found in the St. Lawrence River. Do you know what it's called? Yellow, green, orange and blue are all common colourings for pumpkinseed fish. You may also know pumpkinseed fish by their other names: pond perch, punkie, sunfish, kivver and sunnies. Female bowfins are bigger than their male counterparts and can reach up to 10-12 kilograms. With their giant mouths and greenish grey colouring, largemouth bass can grow to be over 60 centimetres long and can weigh up to 9 kilograms. Channel catfish continue to grow as they age, although fish caught in Canada tend to be smaller and weigh in at 1-5 kilograms or less (with 2-3 kilograms being the most common weight.) Which fish meets this description? These environments are perfect for hiding from nearby hunters — a necessity when you weigh less than a kilo! Can you name the legendary fish shown in the photo? The only places lacking in lake trout are James Bay and the Hudson Bay Lowlands; everywhere else is fair game for trout fishing. The effort was successful and chinook salmon have upheld healthy numbers ever since the co-effort between countries. Shortjaw cisco are on the smaller side — adult fish only grow to be about 30 centimetres — and have silver and green scales. What is this fish called? What do fathead minnows like to eat. These resourceful fish root through the dirt to find insects, tiny crustaceans, zooplankton and algae.http://profcareer.ru/UserFiles/electr-o-matic-food-slicer-1101e-manual.xml You can find lake whitefish in many inland lakes across Canada where they are fished commercially and for sport. Their bellies are marked with red dots surrounded by blue circles and when spawning season hits, the bellies of male brook trout turn bright red or orange. They're the only minnows that have been found so far north. Lake chubs love to eat algae, zooplankton, phytoplankton and insect larvae — the bigger fish (those that are 10 centimetres or larger, like to eat other small fish). What is its name? Due to their size, redside shiners are regularly eaten by other fish and birds. They enjoy eating zooplankton and black fly larvae but only in small amounts. Their tiny mouths won't allow for any greedy eating habits! What are they called? In Montana, the westslope cutthroat trout holds a special place as the official state fish! Bright yellow with dark stripes, yellow perch are a common sight when fishing in the Great Lakes. In British Columbia — particularly on Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands — yellow perch are considered an invasive species. Do you know its name? The largest common carp caught in Manitoba was a record-breaking 107 centimetres! Kokanee are modest in size when compared to ocean-dwelling salmon because they have evolved to eat smaller and smaller prey over a long period of time. What is it? Largescale suckers have a mouth on the bottom of the front of their body, which they use to eat tiny plant life. Speaking of eating, largescale suckers are a favourite source of food for bigger fish, otters and eagles! In the same family as salmon and trout, Arctic char is especially prevalent in Nunuvat, where it is considered a major component of the Inuit diet. What is the name? The alewife fish was able to thrive in the Great Lakes because lamprey, another invasive species, decimated predator fish who would otherwise prey on alefish. Lawrence River.https://labroclub.ru/blog/canon-xeed-sx6-user-manual Freshwater American eels live by estuaries, so the females can make the long trip to the Sargasso Sea to lay their eggs (the baby eels then swim back to freshwater rivers where they reach full maturity). According to the stories of the Ojibwe people, the brown bullhead is one of six figures that came from the sea to form their clan. Beginning with an appetite for smaller fish, the chain pickerel will eventually begin hunting frogs, worms, crayfish and even mice. They can also be seen jumping out of the water to capture low-flying insects! What is it? When small fish aren't available, rainbow smelt snack on zooplankton and other super-tiny sources of food. Lawrence River, in particular). An impressive 50 to 90 centimetres in length and up to 10 kilograms in weight, striped bass can live up to 30 years! What kind of fish is it? They can only be found in bodies of freshwater located in the province of Alberta and are considered a self-sustaining species. What is its name? Because of their relatively small population, Arctic graylings have been introduced to the protected lake areas in the Canadian Rockies (as well as in Wyoming and Utah). Burbot love cold waters, the colder the better. In fact, burbot fish prefer to live under sheets of ice for a substantial part of the year (and can only mate when water temperatures are extremely low). While sauger are often mistaken for walleye fish, the two types of fish share one common feature. They're both members of the largest vertebrae order of fish! What is it? Goldeye fish are tiny and weigh less than a kilogram, but they'll still go after larger prey, such as crustaceans, frogs and other fish. They usually only reach half this length), the ruffe is aggressive in its hunting habits as well being a very problematic invasive species in the Great Lakes. Despite being native to Europe and parts of Asia, marine biologists believe the ruffe's eating habits haven't changed despite the change in environment. You'll have to travel to Saskatchewan — specifically, the Red Deer, North and South Saskatchewan river systems. Catch and release laws are in effect for lake sturgeon (and considering they've been known to live for 100 years, the average sturgeon may experience this several times throughout its long life.) These elusive fish prefer to live in freshwater systems — such as creeks and rivers — where they live on even smaller fish, insects and crustaceans. What is an octane rating. And how do you use a proper noun. Lucky for you, HowStuffWorks Play is here to help. Our award-winning website offers reliable, easy-to-understand explanations about how the world works. From fun quizzes that bring joy to your day, to compelling photography and fascinating lists, HowStuffWorks Play offers something for everyone. Sometimes we explain how stuff works, other times, we ask you, but we’re always exploring in the name of fun. Because learning is fun, so stick with us! We send trivia questions and personality tests every week to your inbox. The efficiency of the method hinges on the degree of sequence divergence among species and species-level identifications are relatively straightforward when the average genetic distance among individuals within a species does not exceed the average genetic distance between sister species. Fishes constitute a highly diverse group of vertebrates that exhibit deep phenotypic changes during development. In this context, the identification of fish species is challenging and DNA barcoding provide new perspectives in ecology and systematics of fishes. Here we examined the degree to which DNA barcoding discriminate freshwater fish species from the well-known Canadian fauna, which currently encompasses nearly 200 species, some which are of high economic value like salmons and sturgeons. Most species were represented by multiple individuals (7.6 on average), the majority of which were retained as voucher specimens. The average genetic distance was 27 fold higher between species than within species, as K2P distance estimates averaged 8.3 among congeners and only 0.3 among concpecifics. However, shared polymorphism between sister-species was detected in 15 species (8 of the cases). The distribution of K2P distance between individuals and species overlapped and identifications were only possible to species group using DNA barcodes in these cases. Conversely, deep hidden genetic divergence was revealed within two species, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. The present study evidenced that freshwater fish species can be efficiently identified through the use of DNA barcoding, especially the species complex of small-sized species, and that the present COI library can be used for subsequent applications in ecology and systematics. Identifying Canadian Freshwater Fishes through DNA Ba rcodes.pdf Content available from CC BY 4.0: pone.0002490.pdf Identifying Canadian Freshwater Fishes through DNA Barcodes.pdf Available via license: CC BY 4.0 Content may be subject to copyright. The efficiency of the method hinges on the degree of sequence divergence among species and species-level identifications are relatively straightforward when the average genetic distance among individuals within a species does not exceed the average genetic distance between sister species. Citation: Hubert N, Hanner R, Holm E, Mandrak NE, Taylor E, et al. (2008) Identifying Canadian Freshwater Fishes through DNA Barcodes. Funding: This research was supported through funding to the Canadian Barcode of Life Network from NSERC, Genome Canada (through the Ontario Genomics Institute). The primary goals of DNA barcoding focus on the assembly of reference libraries of barcode sequences for known species in order to develop reliable, molecular tools for species identification in nature.First, this genome is present in a large number of copies yielding substanti al amounts of genomic D NA from a va riety of extraction methods. Fo r a barcoding approach to species identification to succeed, however, wi thin-sp ecies DNA se quences nee d to be more si milar to one another than to sequences in different species. The economic importance and identification challenges associ- ated with fishes prompted the launch of an international Fish Barcoding of Life (FISH-BOL) initiative ( ) with the aim of barcoding all fishes. In the context of FISH-BOL and for the first time, we examine whether barcoding captures species boundaries and allows species identification among some of the major orders of primary freshwater fishes. Thus, this fauna provides an excellent opportunity to test the efficacy of barcoded-based species delimitation and identification of freshwater fishes over a broad geographic range. Moreover, a large number of species from highly endangered and economically important groups such as salmon and sturgeon are found in Canada. Given their high diversity and dramatic phenotypic changes during development, fish species identification is no easy task. Hence, the development of reliable and universal molecular tags constitutes a major requirement for forensic engineering and conservation strategies involving such emblematic species. Materials and Methods BARCODE data standard and data management on BOLD DNA Barcoding has greatly influenced the pace of sequence data acquisition. This approach prompted the development of new protocols and databases to manage the constitution of COI libraries for molecular identification. Access to these pages is possible through direct link in the project console (1 in Figure 1) that includes a comprehensive list of all specimens included in the project. The specimen page (2 in Figure 1) assembles varied data about source of each specimen including the specimen’s donor and identifier, taxonomy, collection data (including geospatial coordinates and digital images), the repository and catalog number of the voucher specimen. Each specimen page is coupled to a sequence page (3 in Figure 1) that records the barcode sequence (FASTA format), PCR primers and trace files, amino acid translation, and ultimately the GenBank accession number as well. Information from both the specimen and sequence pages can be incorporated into taxon ID trees that can be used in the identification system, while onboard mapping functions support investigations into spatial molecular ecology. After preparing the barcode records in BOLD, data were uploaded into GenBank. Appendix S1 provides the voucher specimen ID, BOLD specimen record number, and GenBank accession number for each record. All of the GenBank records created by this project and listed in Appendix S1 carry the BARCODE keyword because they include the following data: 1. Bi-directional sequences of at least 500 base-pairs from the approved barcode region of COI, containing no ambiguous sites 2. Links to electropherogram trace files available in the NCBI Trace Archive 3. Sequences for the forward and reverse PCR amplification primers 4. Species names that refer to documented names in a taxonomic publication or other documentation of the species concept used 5. Links to voucher specimens using the approved format of institutional acronym:collection code:catalog ID number Taken together, the data required under the BARCODE data standard give researchers and other users with unprecedented access to data and metadata associated with the DNA sequence in GenBank.For each specimens, detailed geographic information and where possible, reference specimens were deposited as vouchers in publicly accessible collections. However, some tissues collected before the beginning of FISH-BOL were obtained through the support of fish taxonomists, particularly for species exhibiting remote geographic distribution. In that case, sequences were generated from tissues lacking proper morphological vouchers. Of the 1360 specimens analysed (190 species), 861 (127 species) sequences were obtained from specimens with vouchers housed in the collection of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Appendix S1). Hence, samples with specimens housed in museum collections represented 65 of the sequences and 70 of the species analysed in this study. Hence, we aimed, where possible, to sample three to five individuals per site for at least two sites from different watersheds for widely distributed species to capture a representative part of the molecular diversity. The PCR conditio ns consisted of 94 u Cf o r2m i n,3 5c y c l e so f9 4 u C for 30 s, 52 u C4 0s, and 72 u C for 1 min, wit h a final exte nsion at 72 u Cf o r1 0 m i n. Thus, a total of 1360 COI barcodes of 652-bp have been obtained for 190 species distributed among 85 genera and 28 families (Appendix S1; BCF abd BCFB projects in BOLD). The mean K2P distance of individual within species was 0.302 compared with 8.286 for species within genera (Table 1). Hence, overall, there was a 27-fold more pronounced difference among congeneric species than among conspecific individuals. Distribu- tions of mean K2P distances among conspecific individuals and among congeneric species, however, partially overlapped as K2P distances ranged from 0 to 7.416 among conspecifics and 0 to 19.326 among congeneric species (Table 1). A steady increase of genetic variation through increasing taxonomic levels was observed, supporting a marked change of genetic divergence at the species boundaries (Figure 2A). The analysis of the distribution of the nearest-neighbour distance (NND), namely the minimum genetic distance between a species and its closest congeneric relative revealed that only 20 of the NND was lower than 1 (Figure 2B) and only 7 of the NND (14 cases) were lower than 0.1 (Table 2). By contrast, the divergence between conspecific individuals was lower than 1 in 96 of cases. NND averaged 7.5, which was 30-fold higher than the mean within species distance of around 0.3 and 13-fold higher than the mean maximum intraspecific distance of around 0.6. Overlap in the distribution of the genetic distances between conspecifics individuals and congeneric species may originate from deep intraspecific divergences and low sister-species divergence. Table 1. Summary of genetic divergences (K2P model used for computing distances) for increasing taxonomic levels. Data are from 1360 sequences from 190 species and 85 genera.Two linea ges, one in the Laurentian Gr eat Lakes area and anoth er one in the St Lawrence River and diverg ing from 1 to 2 from eac h other were obser ved in five species incl uding the common sh iner ( Luxilus co rnutus ), fath ead minnow ( Pimephales prom elas ), fine scale dace ( Ph oxinus neogae us ), golden shiner ( Note migonus cryso leucas ) and fa ntail darter, Etheostom a flabellar e (Appendix S2). Th e same pattern was found am ong samples from the brook stickl eback Culaea in constans and the re dfin pickere l, Esox americanus, where the div ergence was e ven greater as it re ached 7 and 3, respecti vely. This result su pports a genetic diff erentiati on of the two Esox amer icanus subspe cies E. american us american us from the St Lawrence Rive r and E. americanus ve rmiculatus fr om the Laurent ian Great Lakes ar ea to the west. Although a single hap lotype was fo und for each subspec ies, more genet ic divergence was ob served betwe en these two subsp ecies than with Eso x niger since E. amer icanus was paraphyle tic with its geneal ogy encompas sing that of Esox ni ger. Likewise, a li neage found in the Pa cific coast and di verging by 1.5 from the east ern samples wa s observed in t he mottled scul pin, Cottus bairdii. More over, the Pacific li neage of C. bairdii was mo re closely related to the sl imy sculpin, Co ttus cognatus, t han other cons pecific samples. This su ggests that a carefu l reappraisal o f the current taxonomy for the se groups could pro ve informat ive. Cases of shared ba rcode haploty pes were detec ted in 13 (7) of the species ana lysed includin g the following pa irs: between th e lampreys Icht hyomyzon foss or and I. unicuspi s, between the sh iners Notropis volu cellus and N. buch anani,b e t w e e nt h es h a d Alos a aestivalis an d A. pseudohar engus, betw een the putativ e species in t he cisco speci es flock, Core gonus artedi, C. hoyi, C. kiyi, C. ni gripinnis and C. ze nithicus;a n d, between the dart ers Etheostoma ni grum and E. olmste di. Neverth eless, we only found ev idence of int rogressive hy bridisatio n between two diverging sp ecies in the c ase of the darter s Etheostoma ni grum and E. olmstedi wit h two clades divergi ng by nearly 6, each on e more closely asso ciated with one of the tw o species. In all the oth er cases, COI sequence s of the mixed species we re tightly clust ered and differed by less tha n 0.1 divergen ce (Table 2). Discussion This study has shown the efficacy of COI barcodes for diagnosing North American freshwater fishes since most species examined here corresponded to a single, cohesive array of barcode sequences that are distinct from those of any other species.The present study confirms that, in the vast majority of the taxa examined here (93), the barcoding gap was observed and the mean genetic distance between conspecifics was generally much smaller than the average distance between individual from distinct species, even if only the sister species were considered. The average distance between conspe- cific individuals was around 0.3 while average NND and average distance between congeneric species were 7.5 and 8.3, respectively. When screening for species splits using a threshold of 1 (3 fold higher than the average intraspecific variability), nine species exhibited lineages falling out of the average divergence between conspecific individuals. Among the set of 190 species, however, 13 species (7) exhibited barcode sequences that were shared or overlapped with those of other species. Second, the taxa may share polymorphism due to introgressive hybridisation. If hybridisation is due to secondary contact after a stage of isolation and genetic drift, introgressive hybridisation may be detected due to the presence of two divergent clusters, each one being found predominantly in one species or the other. Finally, the barcoding approach first examines species delineation through COI barcodes for species established generally through a traditional approach of taxonomy using phenotypes. Some of the pairs with overlapping barcodes, however, may be a single species. Alternatively, the use Table 2. Summary of the Canadian freshwater fish diversity and distribution of the genetic distance of each of the 190 species analysed to the nearest-neighbour at COI (K2P model used for computing distances).Providing that seven species share polymorphism or harbour mixed genealogy, 24 species with monophyletic COI lineages would have been overlooked with a 1 threshold. The present stud y is the first to ass ess the resolut ion of barcoding for freshwat er fish speci es from a vari ety of prima ry freshwate r groups. How ever, the avera ge distance betw een conspec ifics and congeneri c species rea ched 0.3 and 8.3 , respect ively, for freshwater fi shes in this study, a pa ttern strikin gly similar to that of marine fishe s. Although g eographic st ructure was of ten detected h ere among populat ions, the prese nt survey sugge sts that the higher geographic st ructure of fres hwater fishes is not necessari ly reflected in deeper intrasp ecific and inte rspecific div ergence than ma rine species. Although, we fa iled to captur e a substantial am ount of popula tion diversity th rough the presen t sampling, it re mains unlikely th at sampling art efacts alone ca n account for simi lar intraspec ific divergence s found among fres hwater and mari ne species. In summary, mo st of the North A merican fre shwater fish sp ecies analysed here ex hibit a similar patt ern of genetic diver sity at COI, each being a single cl uster of tightl y related mtDNA sequ ences distinct from al l other species. Ther efore, the pres ent survey suppor ts the view that th e use of COI ba rcodes is a pow erful tool fo r species identifica tion. Using this me thod would clea rly allow the identi fica- tion of individu ally isolated fr eshwater fish egg s, larvae, fill ets and fins, hence pr oviding ma ny news tools us eful for the pr actice of conservati on and forensics ge netic in these fresh water fishes. Fr om a systemati c perspective, COI barcodes pro vide a new and fast approach for sc reening the real nu mber of species char acterised by private sets of di agnostic char acters. The pr esent data set coupled wit h the functio nality in BOL D provides a too l that is already oper ational for mole cular assist ed identifica tion of the Canadian spec ies. The entire ca taloguing o f the North America n freshwater fi sh fauna, which is cu rrently being und ertaken by FISH - BOL, will resu lt in a signif icant impro vement of our kn owledge concernin g the systematic of th e freshwater fish es of the region and also facilita te monitoring ch anges in the geogra phic distribu tion of species that will p robably occur in th e future. Supporting Information Appendix S1 Details of species and specimens. Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) specimen numbers given, along with GenBank accession numbers, geographic locality and voucher details. We acknowledge the support of Richard Winterbottom from the Royal Ontario Museum for providing facilities at the Ichthyology collection and Miranda Elliot for specimen cataloguing there; Tyler Zemlak and Christa Maitland University of Guelph, and Vicky Albert and Lucie Papillon in the Universite. Laval for the help during the laboratory work. We also thank Paul Hebert for his support and interest throughout the present study. Finally, we thank David Schindel, the academic editor and the anonymous referees for their constructive insights and comments. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: LB RH NH. Performed the experiments: LB NH JA. Analyzed the data: ET LB RH NH EH NM DW JA. Wrote the paper: ET LB RH NH NM. References 1. Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.Nature 434: 697. 15. Pfenninger M, Cordellier M, Streit B (2006) Comparing the efficacy of morphologic and DNA-based taxonomy in the freshwater gastropod genus Radix (Basommatophora, Pulmonata). BMC Evolutionary Biology 6: 100. 16. Caterino MS, Tishechkin AK (2006) DNA identification and morphologic al description of the first confirmed larvae of Hetaeriinae (Coleoptera: Histeridae). Forensic Science International in press. 22. Nelson LA, Wallman JF, Dowton M (2007) Using COI barcodes to identify forensically and medically important blowflies. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board Canada, 173. 34. Mandrak NE, Crossman EJ (1992) A checklist of Ontario freshwater fishes. Toronto, Canada: Royal Ontario Museum Publications. 35. Nelson JS, Paetz MJ (1992) The fishes of Alberta. Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta Press. 36. Scott WB, Crossman EJ (1998) Freshwater fishes of Canada. Oakville, Canada: Galt House Publications. 37. Stewart KW, Watkinson DA (2004) The freshwater fishes of Manitoba. Winnipeg, Canada: The University of Manitoba Press. 38. Ward RD, Woodwark M, Skininski DOF (1994) A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater and anadromous fish. Ottawa, Ontario: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada. 40. Hajibabaei M, deWaard JR, Ivanova NV, Ratnasingham S, Dooh RT, et al. (2005) Critical factors for assembling a high volume of DNA barcodes. Los AngelesCA: Statistical Graphics Corporation. 46. Meyer CP, Paulay G (2005) DNA barcoding: error rates based on comprehensive sampling.Here, we investigated the mullet species diversity from Pakistan, a biogeographic area where nearly no mullet species were genetically characterized. Morphological examination of 40 mullets reveals 6 known species (Planiliza macrolepis, P. klunzingeri, P. subviridis, Crenimugil seheli, Ellochelon vaigiensis, and Mugil cephalus). Using a references DNA barcode library, the DNA barcode-based species identification flagged eight molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) belonging to five genera (Crenimugil, Ellochelon, Mugil, Osteomugil, and Planiliza). Among these MOTUs, only one was already present in Barcode of Life Data system, all other representing new Barcode Index Numbers (BIN). These results emphasize the importance of the recognition of cryptic species and the necessity to re-evaluate the overall diversity by the genetic characterization of different species of this family. DNA barcoding is an effective tool to reveal cryptic species that need to be considered in conservation and management measures of fisheries in Pakistan. View Show abstract. Cyanophyta microalgae or Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms also known as bluegreen algae. In this study, we carried out a molecular characterization and identification of strains isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador using a dual barcode method.