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american standard programmable thermostat user manualReport this Document Download now Save Save BHEL turbine manual For Later 100 (2) 100 found this document useful (2 votes) 2K views 58 pages BHEL Turbine Manual Original Title: BHEL turbine manual Uploaded by nivasssv Description: technical information about 220MW turbine Full description Save Save BHEL turbine manual For Later 100 100 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 58 Search inside document Cancel anytime. Share this document Share or Embed Document Sharing Options Share on Facebook, opens a new window Share on Twitter, opens a new window Share on LinkedIn, opens a new window Share with Email, opens mail client Copy Text Related Interests Turbine Applied And Interdisciplinary Physics Mechanical Engineering Vehicle Technology Energy Technology Footer menu Back to top About About Scribd Press Our blog Join our team. Quick navigation Home Books Audiobooks Documents, active. IMPROVED BLADE PROFILEREDUCTION IN THE AERODYNAMIC FLOW LOSSES e.g.PROFILE LOSSSECONDARY FLOW LOSSTIP LEAKAGE LOSSMORE UNIFORM FLOW DISTRIBUTIONCONTD. IMPROVEMENT IN STEAM TURBINE PERFORMANCEPOSSIBLE BY.contd.2. OPTIMISED FLOWPATH3.Bharat Om Manual for 500 Mw Gen-bhel Lmw turbine oprn. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy.If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details.You can change your ad preferences anytime. Did you know SlideShare now comes with Scribd Your destination for professional development Activate your free 60 day trial Cancel anytimeThis manual laysemphasis on site optimisation techniques which aims at uniformerection practices, improvement in quality, reduction in time cycleand saving in cost.http://chromowane.com/userfiles/eela-audio-srm-manual.xml
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I am sure, this manual will form the basis for site erection activitiesso that the organisation can derive full benefit out of this.This document is generated as astandard Erection Manual for 500 MW fixed pedestal type steamturbine with spring loaded foundation.The work done by TASK FORCE is commendable.XX X - XX XX XX X Alpha Numeric Numeric Numeric Numeric Alpha Type of Instruction System Instruction No System Designation Rating of Main Equipment Type of Manual Product Code1.1 PRODUCT CODE B Boiler BA Boiler Aux. T Turbine TA Turbine Aux.MFLUSHING FLUID QUANTITY (ESTIMATED): 10 Cu. A strict adherence to these instructions is necessary to avoid damages during handling and storage at site.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 16 The loads must not be lifted unless the crane operator can see clearly the signals given by the rigger.The positions where the slings are to be put, are marked on the packages and on the drawings. The angle between the two arms of the sling at the crane hook should be small (depending upon the dia of the sling) so as to have proper loading of the sling.The turbine rotors and cylinder covers (in assembled condition are lifted by the use of special lifting devices supplied by BHEL. The use of these lifting devices facilitates correct slinging and maintain horizontal position of the components. These devices, after use, should be properly stored and conserved so as to ensure that they do not get damaged during storage. Before using them, they should be thoroughly inspected.The work related to handling of the loads (packages or equipment) by crane or by other hoisting mechanism should be entrusted to trained riggers only. Dragging of the load by slanting ropes is not allowed. The center of gravity of the load should be aligned with the vertical axis of the crane hook.The eye bolts, D shackles, turn buckles, and wire ropes of suitable sizes should only be used for handling of the equipment.http://diversecityuk.com/userfiles/eela-s120-manual.xml Before using, they should be thoroughly inspected to their full threads, so as to avoid any chance of slipping then the load comes on them.Before giving a signal to lift the load, the rigger must check and ensure that there are no loose parts or tools on the load, which might fall during lifting. Then the load must be lifted 100 or 200 mm high for checking the uniformity of sling tensioning and reliability of lashing. If it is necessary to rearrange the sling lengths, the load must be lowered and then the slings rearranged.Before horizontal conveyance of the load the rigger must see that the load has been lifted to a height at least 0.5 M above the tallest object, on the path of the load. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801G Rev 00, 7-98 Page No. 17 Prior to lowering the load the rigger should examine the ground on which the load will be, lowered and make sure that these is no risk of falling or slipping of the load.If any one of the personnel present during lifting or lowering of the load detects some defect of the crane or sling of notices some conditions jeopardizing the lifting or lowering operation, he must give a signal for emergency grounding of the package or components.Smooth lifting and transportation of equipment must be ensured. Shocks and jerks should be avoided.All lifting devices, slings must be properly conserved after use and periodically inspected and tested.In the turbines having diaphragms, it is prohibited to handle diaphragms by putting slings in between the blades. For handling the welded diaphragms, special lifting devices is supplied by BHEL and the cast diaphragms are handled by putting the eye bolts, for which the provision of threads holes have been made in the diaphragms.While handling the bearings, it is prohibited to put the sling across the rabbit surface of the bearings. Threaded holes have been provided; in which the eye bolts have to be put for handling of the bearings.While handling the cylinders, it must be ensured that the slings or any other material does not get rubbed at their horizontal and vertical parting planes or at any other machined surface.The handling of the long components such as longitudinal girder, endwall etc.When they are placed on the floor, in addition to the end supports, few extra supports at the intermediate positions must be provided. While handling LP rotor with free standing blades, care must be taken to ensure that no force is exerted on the free standing blades to avoid collapsing of clamping pieces under blade root.MARKINGS ON PACKING CASESVarious symbols are marked on the packing cases as per 0456.001 to facilitate storage and handling of the crates and protection of equipment inside.INSPECTIONBefore storing the equipment it should be opened for visual examination or the internal packing, protective coating and condition of the equipment. Any damage to packing and conservation should be immediately rectified.It is necessary to carryout first inspection within three weeks of arrival of the consignment. Thereafter, all the equipment should be inspected once in every three months to insure that the conservation is intact. During rainy season, the inspection should be done once in a month. At any time, if any original Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801G Rev 00, 7-98 Page No. 18 In case of slightest sign of pitting on the journals and thrust collar, immediate steps for rectification should be taken and equipment reconserved as per relevant conservation instructions.STORAGEAll steam turbine equipment should be accommodated in the designated place of storage immediately after arrival at destination. This is very essential particularly during the rainy season.Store houses fall into the following categories TYPE OF CONDITIONS STORE TEMP.The water should not be allowed to stand or get accumulated in these areas, especially where the material has been stored.Store house should be provided with proper ventilation facilities.Level should be maintained for all the packages and equipment and should be uniformly supported to avoid distortion. The long packages should be supported at intermediate places also, so as to avoid sagging during storage.Store houses should preferably be equipped with proper lifting devices to ensure normal handling of equipment.Small and medium size parts can be kept on shelves with proper identification tags.Packages upto 5 tones can be placed on upon the other upto 2.5m in height using required number of wooden spacers 50 mm thick. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801G Rev 00, 7-98 Page No. 20 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801G Rev 00, 7-98 Page No. 28 NOTE: In case of spring loaded TG deck refer Installation Instruction No.This point is to be preserved with proper protection. For making reference point a one side ground plate of about 200 x300 x20 mm may be used. This may be welded on a I-beam near Generator. The ground position of the plate is to be kept on top side and all elevation are to be transferred from this point with the help of water level jar. A correct elevation reading is to be punched on this plate.Check centering of individual bearing w.r.t. pedestal seal bores by fixing pianowire on individual pedestal.Ensure cleanliness of all pedestal oil lines. Close opening of oil lines of pedestal to avoid any foreign material entering in these pipe lines during erection at site.Weld MOP suction and discharge pipe lines in HP front pedestal as per the drawing before placement.Assemble protection sheet in the foundation bolt holes of pedestals.Assemble anchor bolts along with anchor plate of the pedestals. Ensure that there is good contact available to the backing plate with the foundation.The elevation reference is to be taken from the already positioned plate for this purpose.Align and level LP rear pedestal and set the elevation as per machine center line.Use piano wire arrangement with micrometer for centering of pedestal bore and use water level jar for setting of elevation. Use measuring tape to maintain pitching of the bearing from one pedestal to another. Pedestals are to be set in level condition on both longitudinal and transverse direction. Align and level HP front, HP rear and LP front pedestals. Elevation of the pedestals are to be set as per catenary of the machine considering the half bore error of the pedestal if any.Align and level, LP base plates. Elevation of LP base plate is to be kept higher than the rear pair of LP base plate in line with catenary of rotor.After alignment of LP rear pedestal weld the locating rings as mentioned in the drawing.During welding of locating ring, ensure that there is no movement in the pedestal in any of the direction.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 35 These gravel are necessary to give damping effect to the anchor bolts during operation of the machine.Seal anchor bolts holes after filling of gravel to avoid any entry of grout metal. Medical tape may be used for sealing of these anchor bolt holes.Clean foundation with compressed air.Make shuttering of all the pedestal and LP base plates. Use thick polythene sheet inside the shuttering to give better finish and avoid moisture absorption by shuttering.Shuttering should be made with maximum care to avoid any leakage of grout concrete. All sides of the shuttering are to be sealed either with some sealing compound or with thick mixture of grout material to avoid leakage of grout material.Foundation are to be kept wet for about 6 hrs.Use temporary packers for placement of module in position and additionally support the module with jacking screws.Ensure load on all four packers with the help of some additional shims if required.Provisionally align the casing on front and rear pedestal bore. Install temporary radial and axial keys of the casing with some shims.Prepare IP rotor for alignment (Ref.Necessary pipe along with two sq.A template equivalent to pin dia has to be made for this purpose with about 20 mm thick plate and a welded pipe for using as an handle. Ensure that the template is fitted with minimum clearance and hole center are perfect as per marking.Drill hole of about 10 mm dia on one of square plate of LP front and on one plate of LP rear for air venting to avoid cracks during welding.Insert both the pins and carry out the welding as per laid down procedure. Before welding set correct axial position of the pins.Insert key block on both the pins and weld their locking ring also. Ensure proper clearances in key block before welding of its locking ring.Preheating of 200 degree Celsius or more to be achieved before any welding. Dye penetrate test on root run and after final welding is to be carried out.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 39 Before welding make a V groove with the help of a chisel and allow the projection of material on surface. Do not make the groove by grinding.Do colour matching with a surface plate on all four corner where argon welding have been carried out.ASSEMBLY OF LP INNER INNER AND LP INNER OUTER CASING LOWER HALF The LP inner inner casing lower half is received from factory in assembled condition with LP inner outer casing lower half.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 40 Loading of each packer is to be ensured.Lower the casing by about 2 mm on all the eight packers with the help of shims for placement of LP rotor to avoid any fauling during placement of rotor.Fit and weld all gusset plate stiffener pipes except pipe between LP inner outer casing and condenser. Do not make any weld connection between condenser and any of these stiffeners till neck welding of the condenser is over.PLACEMENT OF LP ROTORMeasure journal dia, spigot dia and coupling hole sizes.Ensure centering of temporary bearing support in the LP front pedestal for placement of LP rotor.Place LP rear bearing in position.Prepare shaft seal compensator along with gaskets (Gasket to be installed in fully ring shape only ) and position them on LP rotor with the help of supplied supports of compensator.Lift LP rotor with the supplied lifting beam in perfectly level condition and place it in position. During lowering of rotor ensure radial clearance with the help of long feeler gauges in the LP casing.WELDING OF LP OUTER CASING The welding of LP outer cover is to be carried out before placement of LP Rotor in position to avoid damage to the rotor.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 42 Do not over tighten parting plane bolts.Ensure matching of parted diffuser face on both side of LP casing. The dimension are to be recorded in such a way that there is no clearance after fitting of center flanges in position on both side with the LP front and rear cover. The cleats may be welded at an interval of about one meter distance.Carry out the welding as per the following welding procedure.WELDING PROCEDURETack weld the crowned seam joint.Remove HP front upper half transportation device.Lift module by 0.20 mm on front side by putting additional shims in front packers.Insert HP front bearing in position.Reduce 0.20 mm shims gradually and ensure about 0.10 mm load on the rotor. If required further lower the front side of the module to achieve the loading on bearing by about 0.10 mm.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 45 If necessary adjust shims of HP casing front packers.During loading of bearing always ensure that the rotor is not fouling inside the casing with the shaft seals. This may be ensured by checking with feeler gauge also.Check axial position of HP rotor in front side on left; right and top position from the rotor reference point to the HPC as given in the shop protocol.Insert and load the bearing in HP rear end in similar way as carried out in case of HP front end and record axial position of rotor as per shop protocol.Lock axially HP rotor with some fixture along with the arrangement of jacking screw for movement of rotor. This fixture may be mounted on rear pedestal. Before locking of rotor ensure axial position of the shaft.Center HP shaft with reference to HP casing front and rear spigot. If necessary, move the casing readily to achieve the centering. A fixture can be fabricated at site for mounting the dial gauge on both the end of the rotor to check the centering of the shaft.Use thick oil during rotation of shaft on the bearing.Protect bearing from any of the dust particles. It is recommended to place upper half of bearing in position to avoid dust and any other damage to the shaft journal.Realign the rotor shaft with respect to pedestal seal bore and if necessary adjust the shims below spherical support of the bearing.Care should be taken during alignment that radial and axial clearances between rotor and casings does not get bridged.Check HP rotor radial run out on journal and coupling.Check axial run out on thrust collar and both the coupling faces of HP rotor.Check axial float of the rotor. Compare values with shop protocol values. (Ref. T1- 08-0802G). Deviations to be reported to Manufacturing Unit.PREPARATION OF IP ROTOR FOR ALIGNMENT The IP module is also to be prepared in line with the HP module. However as IP rotor is provided with one side bearing and opposite side is coupled with the HP rotor without a bearing, extra care is necessary during alignment of rotor in IP casing. The additional point which are to be taken care are explained below:Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 46 Compare values with the shop protocol values. (Ref. T1-08-0802G). During checking of float ensure HP casing is not fouling with HP rotor. If required HP casing may be moved axially for this purpose.Check facial runout on IP rear coupling face and radial runout on journals and couplings.PREPARATION OF LP ROTOR FOR ALIGNMENTProvisionally align LP rotor in pedestal seal bore placing the front end of shaft on auxiliary bearing and rear end on bearing.Align LP inner outer casing radially with the help of long feeler gauges and install temporary radial keys in the gusset plate.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 47 Parting plane bolts of LP inner-inner casing are to be heat tightened.ALIGNMENT OF HP, IP AND LP ROTORSEnsure radial and axial runout of all the three rotors are individually in order. If necessary individual rotor module can be taken out for correction of coupling face runout. Any variation on radial runout of rotor is to be referred to the factory.Match coupling faces of two rotor as per the axial face reading of the rotor. Ensure that the higher point of the rotor coupling face and lower point of another rotor coupling face are matched together.Ensure that the coupling, bolts and pins remain free while recording the gap of the coupling for the alignment purposes.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 48 The above value must be within the prescribed limit only otherwise a correction must be carried out at site in consultation with designer.Ensure free movement of rotor on their bearing. Do not rotate the rotor if it is tight during its rotation.Ensue that the coupling holes are properly aligned to avoid unnecessary enlargement of holes.Ensure HP-IP-LP rotor radial run out after tightening with alternate clearance bolts.The amount of excess weight must be equivalent to the excess enlargement of hole at site. If a particular hole of excess dia. Following points are to be taken care during colour matching.Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited T1-08-0801GRev 00, 7-98 Page No. 50 The one of the joint of extraction piping may be left free till completion of roll check of the casing.The welding of steam inlet pipes between LP inner casing and LP girders are to be taken up after completion of roll check of the casing.HP, IP and LP casing are to be fitted with final packers and axial key immediately after the roll check.Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Report this Document Download now Save Save BHEL Erection Manual For Later BHEL Erection Manual Uploaded by sv 100 (2) 100 found this document useful (2 votes) 424 views 127 pages BHEL More Save Save BHEL Erection Manual For Later 100 100 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 127 Search inside document This manual lays emphasis on site optimisation techniques which aims at uniform erection practices, improvement in quality, reduction in time cycle and saving in cost. I am s ure, this manual will form the basis f or site erection activities so that the organ isation can derive full ben efit out of this.The Erection Manual provides broad based guide line for erection of steam turbine. Project specific doc ument will be generated by region concerned. This document is generated as a standard Erection Manual for 500 MW fixed pedestal type steam turbine with spring loaded foundation. The wor k done by TAS K FORCE is commend able. Feed-back and suggestions are w elcome for the improvement of this Erection Manual to bringing down the cycle time with quality. BHEL reserv es the right to suggest alternativ e procedure if necessity arises at site due to local site conditions. Report this Document Download now Save Save 500 MW Turbine Erection Manual Full For Later 500 MW Turbine Erection Manual Full Uploaded by Amar N. Maurya 0 ratings 0 found this document useful (0 votes) 759 views 164 pages 500 MW Turbine Erection Manual Full More Save Save 500 MW Turbine Erection Manual Full For Later 0 0 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 164 Search inside document. TS-T1-08 Bharat Heavy Electricals LimitedPOWER SECTOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (HQ)NOIDA STEAM TURBINE 500 MW ERECTION ERECTION MANUALSTEAM TURBINE 500 MW (KWU DESIGN) DOCUMENT NO. TS-T1-08 Bharat Heavy Electricals LimitedPOWER SECTOR TECHNICAL SERVICES (HQ)NOIDA Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Rev 00, 7-98 STEAM TURBINE ERECTION MANUAL500 MW (KWU DESIGN)Document No. TS-T1-08 Prepared by Copy No Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Approved By Issued By Issued to Date of Issue Controlled Information Copy SK Gupta, DGM, PS-WR, Nagpur RK Mathur, Sr. This manual lays emphasis on site optimisation techniques which aims at uniform erection practices, improvement in quality, reduction in time cycle and saving in cost. I am sure, this manual will form the basis for site erection activities so that the organisation can derive full benefit out of this. It is needless to emphasize that upgrading of technology is a continuous process and we have to review our methods of working and make suitable changes, wherever required. The manual carries general description of steam turbine, erection procedure, special instruction, general instructions, and various other technical instructions with an intention to establish an uniform approach for erection of steam turbine. The Erection Manual provides broad based guide line for erection of steam turbine. Project specific document will be generated by region concerned. The work done by TASK FORCE is commendable. Feed-back and suggestions are welcome for the improvement of this Erection Manual to bringing down the cycle time with quality. BHEL reserves the right to suggest alternative necessity arises at site due to local site conditions. XX Alpha X Numeric XX Numeric XX Numeric XX X Numeric Alpha Type of Instruction System Instruction No System Designation Rating of Main Equipment Type of Manual Product Code 1.1 PRODUCT CODEB BA T TA G GA P CI Boiler Boiler Aux. Turbine Turbine Aux.Design of a 2.0 MW wind turbine planetary gearbox Documents Electricity Power Development in 198 MW Sulawesi Hydro 220 MW Geothermal 60 MW Steam-turbine 100 MW Documents (Erection Jobs Executed) 2015-10-21. STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR (Erection Jobs Executed) Sr. No. Name Documents Turbine Operation Manual 600 MW Dongfang Documents Skoda Supercritical Steam Turbine 660 MW Documents The DTU 10-MW Reference Wind Turbine The DTU 10-MW Reference Wind Turbine. Our search algorithmHe has also been a Visiting Fellow at Imperial College, London, as well as University of Cambridge, UK Prof Yahya has extensive teaching and research experience in turbomachinery and power generation technology, and has supervised several PhD and MTech dissertations.Here are a few things that are new to this edition: - Set-up of turbomachinery laboratory - List of materials used in turbomachinery - Presentation of specifications of additional types of large wind turbines - Addition of recent publications to bibliography The book would prove immensely useful for practising engineers in the areas of power generation, aerospace, IC engines as well as industrial fans, blowers and compressors. Researchers as well as advanced level mechanical and aerospace engineering students, specialising in turbomachines, fluid machinery, steam and gas turbines, and aircraft propulsion, would find the book equally helpful. Introduction 1.1. Turbomachines 1.2. Turbines 1.3. Pumps and Compressors 1.4. Fans and Blowers 1.5. Compressible Flow Machines 1.6. Incompressible Flow Machines 1.7. Turbine, Compressor and Fan Stages 1.8. Extended Turbomachines 1.9. Axial Stages 1.10. Radial Stages 1.11. Mixed Flow Stages 1.12. Impulse Stages 1.13. Reaction Stages 1.14. Variable Reaction Stages 1.15. Multi-stage Machines 1.16. Stage Velocity Triangles 1.17. Design Conditions 1.18. Off-design Conditions 1.19. Applications 1.20. Notation for Chapter 1 1.21. Questions Thermodynamics 2.1. Basic Definitions and Laws 2.2. Energy Equation 2.3. Adiabatic Flow Through Nozzles 2.4. Adiabatic Flow Through Diffusers 2.5. Work and Efficiencies in Turbine Stages 2.6. Work and Efficiencies in Compressor Stages 2.7. Notation for Chapter 2 2.8. Solved Examples 2.9. Questions and Problems Gas Turbine Plants 3.1. Open and Closed Circuit Plants 3.2. Gas Turbine Power Cycles 3.3. Improvements in the Constant Pressure Cycle 3.4. Aircraft Gas Turbine Plants 3.5. Gas Turbines for Surface Vehicles 3.6. Gas Turbines for Electric Power Generation 3.7. Gas Turbines in Petro-chemical Industries 3.8. Gas Turbines in Cryogenics 3.9. Miscellaneous Applications of Gas Turbines 3.10. Notation for Chapter 3 3.11. Solved Examples 3.12. Questions and Problems Steam Turbine Plants 4.1. Types of Steam Turbines 4.2. Steam Power Cycle 4.3. Improvements in Plant Efficiency 4.4. Heat Rate 4.5. Industrial Steam Turbines 4.6. Combined Steam and Gas Turbine Plants 4.7. Nuclear Steam Power Plants 4.8. Notation for Chapter 4 4.9. Solved Examples 4.10. Questions and Problems Combined Cycle Plants 5.1. The Basic Combined Cycle 5.2. Steam Generators 5.3. Thermal Efficiencies and Power Output 5.4. Fuels for Combined Cycle Plants 5.5. Variable Load Operation 5.6. Advantages and Disadvantages 5.7. Notation for Chapter 5 5.8. Solved Examples 5.9. Question and Problems Fluid Dynamics 6.1. Basic Definitions 6.2. Equations of Motion—Cartesian Coordinate System 6.3. Equations of Motion—Cylindrical Coordinate System 6.4. Equations of Motion—Natural Coordinate System 6.5. Further Notes on Energy Equation 6.6. Isentropic Flow through Blade Passages 6.7. High-speed Flows 6.8. Aerofoil Blades 6.9. Energy Transfer in Turbomachines 6.10. Notation for Chapter 6 6.11. Solved Examples 6.12. Questions and Problems Dimensional Analysis and Performance Parameters 7.1. Units and Dimensions 7.2. Buckingham's ? -theorem 7.3. Principle of Similarity 7.4. Incompressible Flow Machines 7.5. Compressible Flow Machines 7.6. Performance of Turbines 7.7. Performance of Compressors 7.8. Performance of Fans and Blowers 7.9. Performance of Cascades 7.10. Notation for Chapter 7 7.11. Solved Examples 7.12. Questions and Problems Flow Through Cascades 8.1. Two-dimensional Flow 8.2. Cascade of Blades 8.3. Cascade Tunnel 8.4. Axial Turbine Cascade 8.5. Axial Compressor Cascades 8.6. Annular Cascades 8.7. Radial Cascades 8.8. Notation for Chapter 8 8.9. Solved Examples 8.10. Questions and Problems Axial Turbine Stages 9.1. Stage Velocity Triangles 9.2. Single Impulse Stage 9.3. Multi-stage Velocity-compounded Impulse 9.4. Multi-stage Pressure-compounded Impulse 9.5. Reaction Stages 9.6. Blade-to-gas Speed Ratio 9.7. Losses and Efficiencies 9.8. Performance Charts 9.9. Low Hub-tip Ratio Stages 9.10. Partial Admission Turbine Stages 9.11. Supersonic Flow 9.12. Notation for Chapter 9 9.13. Solved Examples 9.14. Questions and Problems High Temperature (Cooled) Turbine Stages 10.1. Effects of High Gas Temperature 10.2. Methods of Cooling 10.3. High Temperature Materials 10.4. Heat Exchange in a Cooled Blade 10.5. Ideal Cooled Stage 10.6. Actual Cooled Stage 10.7. Notation for Chapter 10 10.8. Questions and Problems Axial Compressor Stages 11.1. Stage Velocity Triangles 11.2. Flow Through Blade Rows 11.4. Stage Losses and Efficiency 11.5. Work Done Factor 11.6. Low Hub-Tip Ratio Stages 11.7. Supersonic and Transonic Stages 11.8. Performance Characteristics 11.9. Notation for Chapter 11 11.10. Solved Examples 11.11. Questions and Problems Centrifugal Compressor Stage 12.1. Elements of a Centrifugal Compressor Stage 12.2. Stage Velocity Triangles 12.3. Enthalpy-entropy Diagram 12.4.