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1999 eclipse owners manualMWG Mestmaker Insurance Application is available here. PONY waives all late fees for 2021. By continuing to use our Services you agree to all terms. BRACKET The 2015 Mustang League World Series Champion is Corpus Christi, TX from the South Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET The 2015 Bronco-11 League World Series Champion is Murrieta, CA (B15XCA09020667) from the West Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET The 2015 Bronco League World Series Champion is Los Alamitos, CA from the West Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET The 2015 Pony-13 League World Series Champion is Chula Vista, CA (BB15XCA13025152) from the West Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET The 2015 DICK's Sporting Goods Pony League World Series Champion is Chinese Taipei from the Asia-Pacific Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET The 2015 Colt League World Series Champion is Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico from the Caribbean Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET The 2015 Palomino League World Series Champion is San Jose, CA from the West Zone of PONY Baseball and Softball. BRACKET By continuing to use our Services you agree to all terms. The goal is to point you in directions that you can take to further your education and training as an umpire. This is a strong site with a lot of general information and a good umpire forum. Perhaps the best online resource center for Little League umpires. The site is operated by Kevin Hunter, whose rules knowledge and explanations are exceptional. Site owned and maintained by Little League, Inc. Oriented toward officiating softball. The initial label, shown in boldface, is the citation's abbreviation that I use in articles on this site. Carl Childress, 31st edition, 2014. Collegiate Commissioners Association, 2013. Thirteenth edition, 2010. Little League Baseball, Inc., 2017. Office of the Commissioner of Baseball, 2012. Major League Baseball. Triumph Books, 1996. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2014.http://topukrainianhotels.com/userfiles/dr4200gp1-manual.xml
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Minor League Baseball Umpire Development, 2014. (Formerly called the PBUC Umpire Manual.) Wendelstedt Umpire School Staff. No edition. 2014. The Wendelstedt school runs a five-week program in January each year that is designed primarily to train umpires for professional baseball (minor leagues). That said, many umpires of amateur baseball (the serious umpires) attend the school for its high quality training. The school is located in Ormond Beach, Florida. Begun in 2012, the MiLB Umpire Training Academy offers an extended four-week course on par with the Wendelstedt and Evans academies. Similar to the Wendelstedt school, the Jim Evans Academy is a highly regarded, professional caliber umpire school. Evans runs a five-week school each year in January. (Note: The Evans school is presently under a sanction by Major League Baseball. This prevents Evans graduates from being offered a contract to umpire professional baseball. However, those not aspiring to work in professional baseball are well served by Evans Academy's outstanding quality.) They offer five-day camps, one devoted to two-man crews and another for three-man crews. The latter focuses on umpiring NCAA baseball. The Amateur Softball Association (ASA) conducts three-day softball umpire training schools at various locations around the U.S. Visit their site for information and schedules. A well regarded facility near Atlanta, Georgia. They run four-day umpire training camps for both U.S. and International students. Little League runs a large number of umpire schools and outreach clinics around the country. Your best bet is to visit the Little League regional web sites (for example, the Western Region ) and consult their schedules. A series of clinics offering introductory and advanced clinics for both two-man and three-man crews. The clinics are offered at various mid-west locations. Located in Rocky Point, New York, offers advanced training each winter.http://www.zulassungsservice4you.de/bilder/dr420-toshiba-manual.xml An excellent forum for discussing rules and tricky situations. While not the busiest, this is one of the best. Moderated by two of the most knowledgeable baseball umpires out there. Low key and very little bluster. You want the box score for the Reds vs. Indians game on October 13th, 1910. Well, you've come to the right place. If you're a SaberMetrics guy, you already know about this site. If not, you should explore the site. They have awesome baseball research facilities, although much of it is reserved for members. Try a membership. One of the best online magazines covering day-to-day issues and news pertaining to major league baseball. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. For information on indoor baseball venues, see Baseball park. For other uses, see Soft ball (disambiguation). There is less time for the base runner to get to first while the opponent fields the ball; yet, the fielder has less time to field the ball while the opponent is running down to first base.The Amateur Softball Association (ASA) of America (founded 1933) is one of the largest governing bodies for the game in the United States and sponsors annual sectional and World Series championships. Other national and regional governing bodies also exist, including the USSSA. The World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) regulates rules of play in more than 110 countries, including the United States and Canada; before the WBSC was formed in 2013, the International Softball Federation filled this role. Women's fast pitch softball became a Summer Olympic sport in 1996, but it and baseball were dropped from the 2012 program; they were to be reinstated in 2020 but the 2020 Olympics were delayed due to the COVID-19 international pandemic.Softball rules vary somewhat from those of baseball. It is about 12 in (about 30 cm) in circumference (11 or 12 in for slow-pitch), which is 3 in (8 cm) larger than a baseball. Softball recreational leagues for children use 11-inch balls until around age 13. The infield in softball is smaller than on an adult or high school baseball diamond but identical to that used by Little League Baseball; each base is 60 ft (18 m) from the next, as opposed to baseball's 90 ft (27 m). In fast pitch softball the entire infield is dirt, whereas the infield in baseball is grass except at the bases and on the pitcher's mound which are dirt. Softball mounds are also flat, while baseball mounds are a small hill. Softballs are pitched underhand, but baseballs are pitched overhand. This changes the arc of the ball when approaching the plate. For example, if the pitcher pitches a fastball, in softball the ball would most likely rise while in baseball because the pitcher is on a hill, the ball would drop.The Farragut Club soon set rules for the game, which spread quickly to outsiders.Rober may not have been familiar with the Farragut Club rules. Defensive players are not allowed to wear fielding gloves.Although slow pitch was present at the 1933 World's Fair, the main course of action taken was to lengthen the pitching distance.The IOC funded a landmark biomechanical study on pitching during the games.Slow-pitch softball is played with ten fielders but can be played with nine if needed. However, the field can consist of other solid and dry surfaces such as artificial turf or asphalt. There are four bases on the infield: First base, second base, third base, and home plate. The bases are arranged in a square and are typically 60 feet (18 m) apart. The rubber can be 40 or 43 feet away in fast pitch, or 43, 46 or 50 feet in slow pitch, from home plate, depending on age level and the league one is playing in.The ball is a sphere of light material, covered with leather or synthetic material. The game is officiated by one or more neutral umpires. Players and umpires are generally free to ask for a brief stoppage at any time when the ball is not in play (called a time out), or immediately following a play once its outcome is clear.http://perogoic.com/images/contour-blood-glucose-meter-user-manual.pdfEach inning is divided into a top half, in which the away team bats and tries to score runs, while the home team occupies the field and tries to record three outs; then a bottom half, when the teams' roles are reversed. Some leagues play with a reduced number of innings or with a time limit, rather than the traditional seven innings.The batting order must be fixed at the start of the game, and players may not bat out of turn. The defense's pitcher stands atop the rubber and pitches the ball towards home plate using an underhand motion. In fast pitch, the pitcher is allowed to take one step back prior to releasing the ball during the forward movement. The batter attempts to hit the pitched ball with a bat, a long, round, smooth stick made of wood, metal or composite. If the pitcher throws three strikes against a batter, then the batter is out and the next batter in the order comes up to bat. A strike is recorded any time a batter swings at and misses a pitch or when a batter hits a ball foul (out of play). A strike is also recorded any time the batter does not swing at a pitch that crosses home plate within an area known as the strike zone. In fast pitch, to be within the strike zone, the pitch must cross over home plate, and as it crosses it must be above the knees and slightly below the shoulders (roughly the armpit or the shirt logo). The strike zone therefore varies from batter to batter. In slow pitch, the ball must land on a carpet or marked area behind the plate, therefore standardizing the strike zone. A pitch outside the strike zone is a ball. The umpire behind home plate is the sole arbiter of balls and strikes. A foul ball may or may not result in a strikeout dependent upon what association and local league rules. However, bunting a foul ball does result in a strikeout. In some associations and leagues, bunting is not allowed and results in an out. Also, if a player has two strikes, swinging and partially hitting the ball can result in an out if the catcher manages to catch the tipped ball.After a successful hit the batter becomes a base runner (or runner ) and must run to first base. The defense attempts to field the ball and may throw the ball freely between players, so one player can field the ball while another moves to a position to put out the runner. The defense can tag the runner, by touching the runner with the ball while the runner is not on a base. The defense can also touch first base while in possession of the ball; in this case it is sufficient to beat the batter to first base and an actual tag of the batter is unnecessary. Runners generally cannot be put out when touching a base, but only one runner may occupy a base at any time and runners may not pass each other. When a ball is batted into play, runners generally must attempt to advance if there are no open bases behind them; for example, a runner on first base must run to second base if the batter puts the ball in play. In such a situation, the defense can throw to the base that the lead runner is attempting to take (a force out ), and the defense can then also throw to the previous base. This can result in a multiple-out play: a double play is two outs, while a triple play, a very rare occurrence, is three outs. Runners with an open base behind them are not forced to advance and do so at their own risk; the defense must tag such runners directly to put them out rather than tagging the base.A fly ball is a ball hit high and deep, a pop fly is a ball hit high but short, and a line drive is a ball hit close to the horizontal. After the catch, runners must return to their original bases; if the defense throws the ball to that base before the runner returns, the runner is out as well, resulting in a double play. A runner who remains on the base until the ball is touched, or returns to the base ( tags up ) after the catch, may try to advance to the next base, at the risk of being tagged out between bases. As in baseball, the infield fly rule applies in some game situations to prevent the defense from recording multiple force outs by deliberately dropping an easy catch.The count of balls and strikes indicates how aggressive the batter should be. The offense may try to sacrifice, with the batter deliberately making an out in order to advance runners. Defensive strategy is more complex, as particular situations (number of outs and positions of base-runners) and particular batters call for different positioning of fielders and different tactical decisions. The defense may decide to allow a run if it can achieve one or multiple outs.Fair territory is further divided into the 'infield', and the 'outfield', and the territory beyond the outfield fence.The minimum length of the baselines varies classification of play (see below for official measurements). A fence running between the baselines defines the limits of the field; distance from home plate to the fence varies by field.It must be between 25 and 30 feet (7.62 and 9.14 meters) behind home plate depending on the type of division that is playing.The bases other than home plate are 15 in (38 cm) square, of canvas or a similar material, and not more than 5 in (13 cm) thick. The bases are usually securely fastened to the ground. The bases are numbered counter clockwise as first base, second base, and third base. It is intended to prevent collisions between the first baseman and the runner. The runner runs for the foul portion of the double base after hitting the ball while the fielding team tries to throw the ball to the regular first base before the runner reaches the safety base. However, not all softball diamonds have these safety bases and they are much more common in women's softball than in men's. The double base is required in ISF championships.The outfield is the remaining space between the baselines and between the outfield fence and the infield.However, if the game is being played on a field larger than required, no warning track is required before the temporary outfield fencing.Each box is behind a line 15 feet (5 meters) long located 12 feet (3 meters) from each baseline.For example, helmets for the offensive team and a helmet, shin guards, and chest protector for the defensive catcher. Also cleats, sliding shorts, face masks and knee sliders may be worn for softball.Some balls have a raised seam, and others do not. The ball is most often covered in white or yellow leather in two pieces roughly the shape of a figure-8 and sewn together with red thread, although other coverings are permitted. Yellow is the color of official NCAA and NAIA softballs. Yellow softballs are fast becoming the standard for all levels of play for girls' and women's play in particular. White balls are also allowed, but are very uncommon in slow pitch and fast pitch.A 16-inch ball is also used for wheelchair softball.Although there are a variety of bats used, there are several that are banned due to performance enhancement. These bats are determined to be illegal by the Amateur Softball Association of America. For example, with a thinner wall, the ball recoils faster off the bat, allowing it to travel further. Major League Softball, played at Recreational Parks, include a variety of teams; Men's, Women's, Co-Ed. Each League has its own specific regulations with bats, but most must be approved by the Amateur Softball Association. End loading of a cap refers to the addition of weight manually placed at the end of the barrel to distribute more weight at the tip.Gloves used in softball are larger than the ones used in baseball. No glove larger than 14 in (36 cm) can be used in ASA (American Softball Association) sanctioned play.Catchers and 1st baseman have what is called a mitt, whose pockets are larger than other gloves.Caps are mandatory for male players. These can be outfitted with a pouch for fitting a protective cup for male players. These are somewhat padded shinguards that extend usually from the ankle to the knee of the wearer and wrap all the way around the leg(s). They protect the shin, calf, etc.Some male players use long, baseball-style pants. However, some female players now wear a shorter version of baseball pants.Numbers such as 02 and 2 are considered identical.They may have cleats or spikes. The spikes must extend less than 0.75 in (19 mm) away from the sole. Rounded metal spikes are illegal, as are ones made from hard plastic or other synthetic materials.At all youth (under 15) levels, in co-ed (the official terminology for mixed teams) slow pitch, and in modified pitch, metal spikes are usually not allowed.Helmets and cages that are damaged or altered are forbidden. Helmets must be worn by batters and runners. In NCAA fastpitch softball, players have the option to wear a helmet with or without a face mask. Most female travel ball teams for fastpitch softball require the batter to wear a helmet with a face mask. In male fastpitch masks are generally only used for medical reasons. In fastpitch, the catcher must wear a protective helmet with a face-mask and throat protector, shin guards and body protector.At adult levels, there is no formal requirement for the catcher to wear a mask, although the official rules recommend it.It is recommended in lower age groups.The number of umpires on a given game can range from a minimum of one to a maximum of seven. Most fastpitch games use a crew of two umpires (one plate umpire, one base umpire). Some umpires wear a variant of the uniform: some umpires in ASA wear heather gray slacks and may also wear a navy blue shirt; umpires from the USSSA wear red shirts with grey slacks; National Softball Association (NSA) umpires wear an official NSA white-colored umpire shirt with black pants or black shorts; NSA fastpitch umpires wear the white NSA umpires shirt and heather gray slacks.Balls are only called verbally, with no hand gesture. The umpire also has the option of not saying anything on a ball. It is understood that when he stands up, the pitch was not a strike. No signal is given for balls that are obviously foul and for closer calls that are not borderline; a mere acknowledgement signal is given.Only decisions where a rule might have been misinterpreted are considered to be protestable. At some tournaments there might be a rules interpreter or Tournament Chief Umpire (TCU) (also known as the Umpire In Chief, or UIC) available to pass judgment on such protests, but it is usually up to the league or association involved to decide if the protest would be upheld.Many softball players prefer to bat second because they feel they have more control in the last inning, since they have the last at-bat.If the home team is leading and the road team has just finished its half of the seventh inning, the game ends because it is not necessary for the home team to bat again. In all forms of softball, the defensive team is the fielding team; the offensive team is at bat or batting and is trying to score runs.The throw, or pitch, must be made with an underhand motion. However, in advanced play pitcher and catcher play a psychological game trying to get the batter to guess where the next pitch is going and if it will be a strike. In other instances, such as when an extremely powerful hitter comes up to bat and they are followed by a weaker hitter, a pitcher may deliberately walk the first batter based on the calculation that the next batter will be an easy out. The strike zone is slightly different in different forms of softball. A pitch at which the batter swings is also a strike, as is any hit ball that lands in foul territory that is not caught out. The number of balls is always given first, as 2 and 1, 2 and 2, and so on.In some forms of slow pitch, the pitched ball must hit the black carpet behind the base to count as a strike In 16-inch softball, as well as a number of varieties of slow pitch, the pitch is lobbed so that the ball rises above the batter's head and lands on a small rectangular area on the ground behind the plate. These restrictions make it much easier to put the ball into play and extremely difficult to use pitching as a defensive strategy, as the physics of projectile motion limit how fast a ball can be thrown under such conditions and still be called a strike to a speed much slower than a traditionally thrown ball. Umpires will make calls based on where the ball lands behind the plate. Strength acquired in the underhand windmill motion is based on the open to close hip motion. Without correct form and hip movement, pitches can be inaccurate and can lose strength and speed. In girls' fastpitch, 12U up to 18U level can throw between 30 mph and 65 mph, or more. Pitchers can throw balls that curve inwards (screwball) and outwards (curveball) on right-handed batters. Curves may be thrown on the outside or off of the plate or inside off the plate moving into the strike zone. There are also riseballs that break upwards frequently starting in the strike zone and ending above it. Riseballs may be thrown low in the zone and move higher in the zone or even below the zone and move into it. Drop balls and drop curves (to cause the batter to miss or hit groundballs; this is important at the higher levels where strikeouts occur less often). The other common pitches are change-up and fastballs. A change of pace (off-speed) is also very important, good pitchers will be able to throw all their pitches at varying speeds and possibly even different pitching motions. Pitchers use deception as a primary tactic for getting batters out as the reaction times are approximately half a second or less. This often involves jumping from the pitching plate and replanting somewhere in front of the pitching plate. For an illegal pitch, the umpire extends his left arm straight out to the side and clenches his fist. This results in a ball being awarded to the batter, and any runners on base advancing to the next base. If the batter swings at the pitch that is deemed illegal and puts the ball in play, the offense is given the option to accept the results of the play or accept the penalty listed previously (exception: if the play results in the batter and any runners all advancing at least one base, the play stands and no option is given). The image to the right demonstrates a legal pitch as the push-off foot has not left the ground. The ball must be released simultaneously with the lead leg step.Pitchers also vary the location of the pitch by height to make hitting the ball even harder for the individual up at-bat. Similarly, both the dropball and the riseball are pitches that change heights. To the batter, the dropball appears to be coming in level but then as the ball reaches the plate, the pitch drops, trying to force the batter to hit the top of the ball. This should result in the batter missing or hitting a groundball. When pitchers throw riseballs, batters see the ball coming in straight, but as the ball approaches the plate, it rises. Frequently the purpose of the riseball is to have the batter attempt to chase a ball which ends up out of the strike zone and is either missed entirely or hit as an easy pop-fly. Another pitch that breaks at the last minute is the curveball. When pitchers throw curveballs they snap their wrist and follow their arm across their body, making the ball curve to the outside of the plate. There is also something called the inside curve where ball start off the plate on the inside and curves into the strike zone. The inside curve is frequently thrown at the batter's hands so as to jam them forcing a foul hit. Pitchers can also make the ball curve or screw to the inside of the plate. The one pitch that drastically changes speed is the changeup, disrupting the batter's timing. Pitchers also throw knuckleballs which are generally slower and move erratically.Some are the fastball, changeup, dropball, riseball, screwball, curveball, dropcurve, dropchange.Substitutes and replacements must bat in the same position as the player they are replacing. In co-ed, male and female batters must alternate. The bat is held with both hands, over the shoulder, and away from the pitcher (90-degree angle). The ball is usually hit with a full swinging motion in which the bat may move through more than 360 degrees. The batter usually steps forward with the front foot, the body weight shifts forward, as the batter simultaneously swings the bat. A bunt is another form of batting. There are different types, including a sacrifice bunt, or slap bunt. There is also regular slapping in which a batter takes position on the left side of the plate and usually stands in the back of the box, but it is possible form anywhere. The batter takes a step back with their leading foot as the pitcher is in the middle of the windup, crosses over with their back foot and runs toward first base while they swing. There are many different types of slapping and they all vary depending on the batter and their strengths. There are half swing slaps, fake slaps, and full swing slaps. Each type of slap has a different purpose or goal. No matter what way the batter hits the ball, they must be inside the batter's box when the bat makes contact with the ball. If the batter steps out of the box while swinging, the batter is out.If a batted ball hits a player or a base, it is considered to have hit the ground.If a batter is hit by the pitch it is a dead ball and she is rewarded first base. She must make an attempt to get out of the way and it is the umpire's judgmental call whether the batter attempted to move. If he feels the batter could have moved and avoided getting hit he or she will not reward the batter first base and the pitch will be recorded as a ball.There is also a not so common occurrence when the batter has 2 strikes and swings at strike three. If the catcher doesn't catch the ball, the batter has the chance to run to first base and the catcher can throw the batter out at first base.The bases must be reached in order counterclockwise, starting with first base. After hitting the ball the batter may advance as many bases as possible. Home runs are usually scored by hitting the ball over the outfield fence, but may be scored on a hit which does not go over the fence. A home run includes any ball that bounces off a fielder and goes over the fence in fair-territory (depending upon association and local league rules) or that hits the foul pole.For example, if a player hits the ball and there is a runner on first, the runner on first must try to advance to second because the batter-runner is entitled to first base. If the batter reaches first base without being put out, then that player can then be forced to run towards second base the next time a ball is driven into fair territory. The rule now states that as long as any part of the batter's foot is in the box the ball will stay live. It is not until the batter's entire foot is out of the box, that the play will be declared dead and the batter called out. The SEC (college ball), however, claims that if any part of the batter's foot is out of the box when she makes contact, she is out and the play is dead.If a fielder intentionally carries a ball out of play, two bases are awarded from the time the ball leaves the field of play. If this is unintentional (fielder's momentum), the award is one base.The point at which a runner can steal a base varies. As a result of rule changes initiated by the Independent Softball Association which later made its way to the Amateur Softball Association and the International Softball Federation in the 21st century, most levels of slow pitch permit stealing bases, provided the runner starts when the ball either touches the ground or crosses the plate. The catcher must then attempt to throw the ball to first base ahead of the runner. If he or she cannot, the runner is safe.Stealing in 16-inch softball is severely restricted, as a runner may only steal the base in front of them if it is open, and if they are thrown at, a la pickoff move or snap throw.The last (bottom) half of the seventh inning or any remaining part of the seventh inning is not played if the team batting second is leading.Starting in the top of the last inning, the batting team starts with a base-runner on second base, which is the player who is the last available to bat (in other words, the batter who last took their position in the batter's box; regardless whether they were the last out or another runner was put out).The mercy rule takes effect at the end of an inning. Thus, if the team batting first is ahead by enough runs for the rule to come into effect, the team batting second has their half of the inning to narrow the margin.