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14 study guide wave behavior answerThe current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. Projectile Motion What Can Teachers Do. If energy is transmitted along a medium from the east end to the west end, then particles of the medium would vibrate eastward and westward In this case, that would be parallel to the line AD. If the particles only moved north and not back south, then the particles would be permanently displaced from their rest position; this is not wavelike. If the medium is uniform or unchanging, then the speed is constant. If the speed increases, then the wavelength must increase as well in order to maintain the same frequency. Thus, the distance from point b to point d is the wavelength - 0.08 m The frequency of the wave could be expressed as After point E, the wave begins to repeat itself, but only for one-half of a cycle. Thus, there are 1.5 waves shown in the diagram. Yet, one wave property is independent of all other wave properties. Which one of the following properties of a wave is independent of all the others? If the pendulum takes 20 seconds for exactly 40 vibrational cycles, then it must take 0.500 second for one cycle. Yet doubling the frequency only halves the wavelength; wave speed remains the same. To change the wave speed, the medium would have to be changed. So doubling the frequency must halve the wavelength in order for wave speed to remain the same. A pulse is introduced into one end of the rop and approaches the boundary as shown at the right. At the boundary, a portion of the energy is transmitted into the new medium and a portion is reflected. Which one of the diagrams below depicts the possible location and orientation of the pulse shortly after the incident pulse reaches the boundary? In A and E, the speed is shown as fastest on the right, which makes the transmitted medium the less dense.http://sooam.com/files/fckeditor/3550079035f6a55f510b45.xml
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Rule out A and E since a reflected pulse should not invert when moving from more dense to less dens. Rule out B for just the opposite reasons; the wave is moving from less to more dense and should invert upon reflection. Rule out D because the transmitted pulse never inverts. That leaves C as the answer. Which of the diagrams (A, B, C, D, or E) below depicts the ropes at the instant that the reflected pulse again passes through its original position marked X? Consider such features as amplitude and relative speed (i.e., the relative distance of the transmitted and reflected pulses from boundary). An incident pulse would give up some of its energy to the transmitted pulse at the boundary, thus making the amplitude of the reflected pulse less than that of the incident pulse. Rule out D since it shows the reflected pulse moving faster than the transmitted pulse. This would not happen unless moving from less dense to more dense. This leaves E as the answer. The frequency of the incident and transmitted waves are always the same.If this disturbance meets a similar disturbance moving to the left, then which one of the diagrams below depict a pattern which could NEVER appear in the rope? Then visually move the wave to the left. Visualize in your mind the shape of the resultant as interference occurs. It will never look like D. If you still don't get it, take a break and watch some TV. A single pulse is observed to travel to the end of the rope in 0.50 s. What frequency should be used by the vibrator to maintain three whole waves in the rope? The standing wave pattern shown below is established in the rope. The rope makes exactly 90 complete vibrational cycles in one minute.A wave generated at the left end of the medium undergoes reflection at the fixed end on the right side of the medium.Count the number of these points - there are 6 - but do not count them twice. The point is not displaced because destructive interference occurs at this point.http://ivelinabozilova.com/userfiles/dodge-3500-diesel-manual-transmission-for-sale.xml Which diagram below best depicts the appearance of the medium when each pulse meets in the middle? Complete cancellation takes place if they have the same shape and are completely overlapped. All sounds have a vibrating object of some kind as their source. For this reason, sound cannot move through a vacuum. If that is what you're looking for, then you might also like the following: Each problem is accompanied by a pop-up answer and an audio file that explains the details of how to approach and solve the problem. It's a perfect resource for those wishing to improve their problem-solving skills. Each module of the series covers a different topic and is further broken down into sub-topics. It is available for phones, tablets, Chromebooks, and Macintosh computers. It's a perfect resource for those wishing to refine their conceptual reasoning abilities. Part 5 of the series includes topics on Wave Motion.We use cookies to provide you with a great experience and to help our website run effectively. The current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. The current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. The current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. The current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. The current custom error settings for this application prevent the details of the application error from being viewed remotely (for security reasons). It could, however, be viewed by browsers running on the local server machine. The wave nature and particle nature of light are compared. We also examine how the wave velocity equation is applied to light. The wave nature and particle nature of light are compared. We also examine how the wave velocity equation is applied to light. GPB offers the teacher toolkit at no cost to Georgia educators.To order your teacher toolkit, complete and submit this form to request the teacher toolkit. You only need to submit this form one time to get materials for all seven units. If you need an account, please register here The participants were science and engineering majors in introductory calculus-based physics. We document several conceptual and reasoning difficulties and describe the refinement and assessment of our instructional materials. The results show significant improvements in student learning of some aspects of superposition and reflection, but some reasoning patterns that yield incorrect predictions persist. Among these difficulties is the tendency to employ simple rule-based approaches in cases in which a systematic application of the superposition principle is necessary to predict the motion of points in the medium over an interval of time. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors appreciate the substantive contributions made by colleagues in the University of Washington Physics Education Group, especially Peter S. Shaffer and Lillian C. McDermott. The authors would also like to acknowledge the ongoing support by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. DUE 0088840 and DUE 0618185. Google Scholar 4. Lillian C. McDermott and Peter S. Shaffer, and the Physics Education Group at the University of Washington, Tutorials in Introductory Physics ( Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2002).https://javisintlmedia.com/images/computer-manual-book.pdf In this case, as in others in our experience, we did not observe any systematic variation in student responses to pretests or post-tests that could be attributed to the textbook. Google Scholar 6. The shapes of the pulses were exaggerated for clarity. Although pulses on springs do not have straight edges and kinks, this simplification served multiple goals: students could more clearly follow the procedure of point by point addition of the overlapping pulses, and TAs and researchers could more easily analyze student drawings and unambiguously identify errors. Google Scholar 7. The model for linear superposition taught in the tutorial is consistent with the typical treatment in introductory textbooks. Google Scholar 8. This result does not hold generally for wave motion. However, the goal of the instruction is to develop a model for pulse propagation for situations in which this result is valid to a good approximation. Students observe that there is no significant difference in the propagation speed as transverse pulses of various widths and amplitudes travel along a spring during a short period of time. The difference in the speed becomes apparent only after the spring is changed (for example, stretched more). Google Scholar 11. The circumstances under which pretests and post-tests are administered differ. For example, students gain participation credit for attempting the pretest, whether or not their answers are correct. Also, on web-based pretests, students can, in principle, consult websites, textbooks, or each other. However, our experience is that student performance is not significantly affected. Although no group of students took more than one post-test, we have found that there is typically no variation from class to class. Therefore, provided the post-test is at least as difficult as the pretest, and that the post-test cannot be answered by memorization, it is possible to determine whether student understanding has improved by comparing percentages of correct answers. Google Scholar 12. The modified assignment was designed such that the amount of time students were expected to spend on the homework is roughly the same as what they would have spent on the original assignment that focused on simple pulses only.Article views prior to December 2016 are not included. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.Most familiar are surface waves that travel on water, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all exhibit wavelike properties. In the simplest waves, the disturbance oscillates periodically ( see periodic motion ) with a fixed frequency and wavelength. Mechanical waves, such as sound, require a medium through which to travel, while electromagnetic waves ( see electromagnetic radiation ) do not require a medium and can be propagated through a vacuum. Propagation of a wave through a medium depends on the medium’s properties. See also seismic wave.Transverse waves are like those on water, with the surface going up and down, and longitudinal waves are like of those of sound, consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions in a medium. The high point of a transverse wave is a called the crest, and the low point is called the trough. For longitudinal waves, the compressions and rarefactions are analogous to the crests and troughs of transverse waves. The distance between successive crests or troughs is called the wavelength. The height of a wave is the amplitude. How many crests or troughs pass a specific point during a unit of time is called the frequency. The velocity of a wave can be expressed as the wavelength multiplied by the frequency. For example, a thunderclap can be heard kilometres away, yet the sound carried manifests itself at any point only as minute compressions and rarefactions of the air. In reflection, a wave encounters an obstacle and is reflected back. In refraction, a wave bends when it enters a medium through which it has a different speed. In diffraction, waves bend when they pass around small obstacles and spread out when they pass through small openings. In interference, when two waves meet, they can interfere constructively, creating a wave with larger amplitude than the original waves, or destructively, creating a wave with a smaller (or even zero) amplitude. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The angle of incidence is the angle between the direction of motion of the wave and a line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting boundary. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article The speed of a wave depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels. For example, sound travels much faster through water than through air. When a wave enters at an angle a medium through which its speed would be slower, the wave is bent toward the perpendicular. When a wave enters at an angle a medium in which its speed would be increased, the opposite effect happens. With light, this change can be expressed by using Snell’s law of refraction. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article When a wave encounters a small obstacle or a small opening (that is, small compared with the wavelength of the wave), the wave can bend around the obstacle or pass through the opening and then spread out. This bending or spreading out is called diffraction. This phenomenon is called the interference of waves. It is easy to see how this may happen. Consider two sources producing waves of the same wavelength and in phase; that is, at their origin the crests of the waves occur at the same time. If a point P is equidistant from both sources, the crests arrive at P simultaneously and reinforce each other. Similarly, the troughs arrive simultaneously and become deeper. The same situation occurs if the distances to point P are unequal but differ by one or more full wavelengths. If, however, the distances differ by half a wavelength or by an odd number of half wavelengths, then the crests of one wave will coincide with the troughs of the other and the intensity of the resultant wave is decreased. When two such waves are of equal intensity, they will cancel each other completely. Intermediate situations arise in those directions in which the distances traveled by the two waves differ by some other fraction of a wavelength, the waves tending either to reinforce or to cancel each other.When two waves are of completely opposite phase, they either form a new wave of reduced amplitude (partial destructive interference) or cancel each other out (complete destructive interference). Much more complicated constructive and destructive interference patterns emerge when waves with different wavelengths interact. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. This change is called the Doppler effect, after its discoverer, Austrian physicist Christian Doppler. Doppler shift Doppler shift. Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. The frequency of the wave will appear to the observer slightly lower than it would if the source were at rest. If the source is approaching, the frequency will be higher. The Doppler effect for light waves is evident in spectroscopy. A shift to higher frequencies is called a blueshift, and a shift to lower frequencies is called a redshift. The redshifted light from other galaxies is evidence of the expansion of the universe. For example, consider a tube of length l. A disturbance anywhere in the air in the tube will be reflected from both ends and produce in general a series of waves traveling in both directions along the tube. From the geometry of the situation and the finite constant value of acoustic velocity, these must be periodic waves with frequencies fixed by the boundary conditions at the end of the tube. These are the frequencies of harmonic waves that can exist in the tube and still satisfy the boundary conditions at the ends. They are called the characteristic frequencies or normal modes of vibration of the air column.Approximately the same set of characteristic frequencies hold for a cylindrical tube open at both ends, though the boundary conditions are different. This cannot take place in a progressive wave; thus, the wave disturbance corresponding to a normal mode is known as a standing wave. The positions of continuous zero displacement are known as nodes, while the positions for which there is maximum displacement are called antinodes. The distance between successive nodes is equal to a half wavelength of the particular mode. The fact that samples of a continually varying wave may be used to represent that wave relies on the assumption that the wave is constrained in its rate of variation.It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances. Examples of stored or potential energy include batteries and water behind a dam. Objects in motion are examples of kinetic energy. Charged particles—such as electrons and protons—create electromagnetic fields when they move, and these fields transport the type of energy we call electromagnetic radiation, or light. Waves in water and sound waves in air are two examples of mechanical waves. Mechanical waves are caused by a disturbance or vibration in matter, whether solid, gas, liquid, or plasma. Matter that waves are traveling through is called a medium. Water waves are formed by vibrations in a liquid and sound waves are formed by vibrations in a gas (air). These mechanical waves travel through a medium by causing the molecules to bump into each other, like falling dominoes transferring energy from one to the next. Sound waves cannot travel in the vacuum of space because there is no medium to transmit these mechanical waves. Waves in a pond do not carry the water molecules from place to place; rather the wave's energy travels through the water, leaving the water molecules in place, much like a bug bobbing on top of ripples in water. Credit: Ginger Butcher Magnetism can also be static, as it is in a refrigerator magnet. A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa—the two are linked. These changing fields form electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in that they do not require a medium to propagate. This means that electromagnetic waves can travel not only through air and solid materials, but also through the vacuum of space. He noticed that electrical fields and magnetic fields can couple together to form electromagnetic waves.The unit of frequency of a radio wave -- one cycle per second -- is named the hertz, in honor of Heinrich Hertz. This proved that radio waves were a form of light. Second, Hertz found out how to make the electric and magnetic fields detach themselves from wires and go free as Maxwell's waves — electromagnetic waves. Photons carry momentum, have no mass, and travel at the speed of light. All light has both particle-like and wave-like properties. How an instrument is designed to sense the light influences which of these properties are observed. An instrument that diffracts light into a spectrum for analysis is an example of observing the wave-like property of light. The particle-like nature of light is observed by detectors used in digital cameras—individual photons liberate electrons that are used for the detection and storage of the image data. Polarization is a measurement of the electromagnetic field's alignment. In the figure above, the electric field (in red) is vertically polarized. Think of a throwing a Frisbee at a picket fence. In one orientation it will pass through, in another it will be rejected. This is similar to how sunglasses are able to eliminate glare by absorbing the polarized portion of the light. This energy can be described by frequency, wavelength, or energy. All three are related mathematically such that if you know one, you can calculate the other two. Radio and microwaves are usually described in terms of frequency (Hertz), infrared and visible light in terms of wavelength (meters), and x-rays and gamma rays in terms of energy (electron volts). This is a scientific convention that allows the convenient use of units that have numbers that are neither too large nor too small. One wave—or cycle—per second is called a Hertz (Hz), after Heinrich Hertz who established the existence of radio waves. A wave with two cycles that pass a point in one second has a frequency of 2 Hz. The distance between crests is the wavelength. The shortest wavelengths are just fractions of the size of an atom, while the longest wavelengths scientists currently study can be larger than the diameter of our planet! An electron volt is the amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron through one volt potential. Moving along the spectrum from long to short wavelengths, energy increases as the wavelength shortens. Consider a jump rope with its ends being pulled up and down. More energy is needed to make the rope have more waves. How did we get here. How did the solar system evolve. How did the sun's family originate. National Space Science Data Center Planetary Data System Regional Planetary Image Facilities What are the characteristics of the Solar System. Documents Planetary Data Solar System Sun Overview Heliophysics Leadership Helio Org Charts SMD Organization Chart Program Officers List What We Study Programs Heliophysics Research Balloons CubeSats Solar Terrestrial Probes Living with a Star Sounding Rockets Working Groups Citizen Science Missions Space Weather Space Weather Strategy Informational Briefs Heliophysics 2024 Decadal Survey 2050 Workshop Strategic Mission Programs Science Questions What causes the sun to vary. How do Earth, the planets, and the heliosphere respond. What are the impacts on humanity. The student knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. The student is expected to:However, it is helpful to word the definitions in a more specific way that applies directly to waves: The wavelength The wave velocity The wavelength can also be thought of as the distance a wave has traveled after one complete cycle—or one period. The time for one complete up-and-down motion is the simple water wave’s period T. In the figure, the wave itself moves to the right with a wave velocity v w. Its amplitude X is the distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement—either the crest or the trough—of the wave. It is important to note that this movement of the wave is actually the disturbance moving to the right, not the water itself; otherwise, the bird would move to the right. Instead, the seagull bobs up and down in place as waves pass underneath, traveling a total distance of 2 X in one cycle. However, as mentioned in the text feature on surfing, actual ocean waves are more complex than this simplified example. The up-and-down disturbance of the surface propagates parallel to the surface at a speed v w. It discusses the properties of a periodic wave: amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and wave velocity. We can see from this relationship that a higher frequency means a shorter period. Recall that the unit for frequency is hertz (Hz), and that 1 Hz is one cycle—or one wave—per second. In equation form, it is written as See Figure 13.8. Here, the lower-frequency sounds are emitted by the large speaker, called a woofer, while the higher-frequency sounds are emitted by the small speaker, called a tweeter. Amplitude corresponds to the loudness of the sound. However, high frequencies have shorter wavelengths and are hence best reproduced by a speaker with a small, hard, and tight cone (tweeter), whereas lower frequencies are best reproduced by a large and soft cone (woofer). As an example, for water waves, v w is the speed of a surface wave; for sound, v w is the speed of sound; and for visible light, v w is the speed of light. The amplitude X is completely independent of the speed of propagation v w and depends only on the amount of energy in the wave. The cork initially has some potential energy when it is held above the water—the greater the height, the higher the potential energy. When it is dropped, such potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the cork falls. When the cork hits the water, that energy travels through the water in waves. You can estimate the period by counting the number of ripples from the center to the edge of the bowl while your partner times it. This information, combined with the bowl measurement, will give you the wavelength when the correct formula is used. Does the wavelength depend upon the height above the water from which the cork is dropped? The Richter scale rating of earthquakes is related to both their amplitude and the energy they carry. (Petty Officer 2nd Class Candice Villarreal, U.S. Navy) Surface earthquake waves are similar to surface waves on water. The waves under Earth’s surface have both longitudinal and transverse components. The longitudinal waves in an earthquake are called pressure waves (P-waves) and the transverse waves are called shear waves (S-waves). These two types of waves propagate at different speeds, and the speed at which they travel depends on the rigidity of the medium through which they are traveling. During earthquakes, the speed of P-waves in granite is significantly higher than the speed of S-waves. Both components of earthquakes travel more slowly in less rigid materials, such as sediments. The P-wave gets progressively farther ahead of the S-wave as they travel through Earth’s crust. For that reason, the time difference between the P- and S-waves is used to determine the distance to their source, the epicenter of the earthquake. Shear or transverse waves cannot travel through a liquid and are not transmitted through Earth’s core. In contrast, compression or longitudinal waves can pass through a liquid and they do go through the core. Earthquakes can shake whole cities to the ground, performing the work of thousands of wrecking balls. The amount of energy in a wave is related to its amplitude. Large-amplitude earthquakes produce large ground displacements and greater damage. As earthquake waves spread out, their amplitude decreases, so there is less damage the farther they get from the source. Select the No End and Manual options, and wiggle the end of the string to make waves yourself. Then switch to the Oscillate setting to generate waves automatically. Adjust the frequency and the amplitude of the oscillations to see what happens. Then experiment with adjusting the damping and the tension. What does it do to the amplitude? Note that in the figure, the wave moves to the right at this speed, which is different from the varying speed at which the seagull bobs up and down. Strategy FOR (A) Therefore, we can use What is its period? If students are struggling with a specific objective, these questions will help identify such objective and direct them to the relevant content. This book isThe original material is available at: We recommend using aExcept where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site. There are two ways the Advanced Camera Tools help you specify which type of camera you’ll be using: 1) You can select from a list of cameras 2) Or, you can create your own custom camera, specifying the Focal Length, Aspect Ratio and Image Width Once you’ve selected your camera, you have access to traditional camera moves such as Pan, Roll, Tilt, Dolly, Truck and Pedestal. JUMP BACK UP TO FEATURE LIST SketchUp Free SketchUp Shop SketchUp Pro Build a 3D Model from a Photo When you’re designing something new, or remodeling an existing space, it can be really helpful to show what your design will look like in the real-world. That’s where SketchUp’s Match Photo feature comes into play: You can take a photo of the existing condition and then use it to help you overlay your 3D model into the context of the environment. This is a huge win for someone who’s an Interior Decorator looking to help a client visualize how furniture will look in an existing space. And it’s also awesome for a Builder who wants to show how a new building will fit into the existing neighborhood. And the fun doesn’t stop there: Match Photo allows you to take the opposite approach and use a photo as the basis for creating a 3D model of something in it. For example: Let’s say you’re a Set Designer and you want to create a 3D model of a real-world building so you can re-design it as part of your film set. You take a picture of the building, then use Match Photo to set-up the photo so you can quickly build a 3D replica. And then design-in your set elements. MESSAGE Hey SketchUp, check out my model. Can you tell what it is. We use SketchUp to create geometry that represents real-world stuff. And naturally, we desperately want SketchUp to understand what our 3D models represent. But out of the box, SketchUp doesn’t know anything about what we’ve created. It thinks the dresser is just a bunch of geometry. Fortunately, SketchUp’s Classification and Reporting features can help us bridge the communication gap.