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electronics study guideI decided that the best way to learn is by sharing what I just learned; it gives me a chance to really understand the subject if I have to explain it to someone else. I am in no way a subject matter expert in this area, I am merely a beginner. Every time I cover a chapter on my book (Foundations of Electronics, 5TH Edition by Russel Meade), I will post a corresponding link so others can study along with me, post suggestions, ask questions, and post answers. Because I am using a book and posting a corresponding link, this will be a structured study guide for those who want to learn electronics outside of the classroom. Chapter 2 is now finished. Here is the link to Chapter 2. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 1: The Atom Electronics is concerned with manipulating the movement of electrons, therefore, It is important to begin our study with investigating the atom. All matters (anything you can see, feel, taste, hear, smell, and even things that are invisible to human senses) are made up of atoms. The Atom has sub particles that is particularly of interest to electronic technicians and engineers. This is because one of the sub particles of an atom is the electron, which as stated above is the basis of electronics. The other sub particles of an atom are, protons and neutrons, which are located in the nucleus. It is important to understand these sub particles and how they interact in order to manipulate them. Click on the yellow square to find out more about the atom. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 2: Atomic Charge Each atomic sub-particle has a specific charge. The electron has a negative charge, the proton has a positive charge, and the neutron is neutral or has no charge. Click on the yellow square to find out more about the atom. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 3: Atomic Shells The atom consist of shells, and each shell can only be occupied with a specific number of electrons.http://anfauglir.com/images/factory-five-mk4-manual-pdf.xml
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The first shell is called Shell 1 because its closest to the nucleus. Because 2 is the maximum, shell one can have just 1 electron on it or no electrons at all. This applies to the other shells as well. Remember that an atom can have an infinite number of shells. However the last or the outermost shell can only contain up to 8 electrons. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 4: Ions and Isotopes Click on the picture to see the other. In the process of intermingling with other atoms, some atoms loose their electrons, and some gain more electrons. To determine that an atom is of the same element (for example carbon) they must have the same number protons. Carbon has 6 protons. Accordingly, an atom with 6 protons and 6 or more neutrons is also carbon, more specifically a carbon isotope, or in other words variation of the base carbon atom (with just 6 protons). An isotope therefore is an atom that is a variation of another atom with the same protons. Consider Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 on the images. Carbon 12, has 6 protons Carbon 14 has 6 protons ------the difference between these 2 isotopes can be seen in their number of neutrons. Carbon 12 has 6 neutrons Carbon 14 has 8 neutrons. Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are isotopes of Carbon. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 5: Conductors, Semi-conductors, and Insulators For the purpose of the ease of moving electrons, matters are categorized as conductors, semi-conductors, and insulators. Conductors are materials like silver, copper and gold, among many things. Semi-conductors are materials like silicone and germanium. Insulators are materials like glass and ceramic. It is important to know these materials because they are often used to make electronic components. Conductors have atoms that only have 3 or less electrons in its outer shell. This makes it easier for electrons to flow. Semi-conductors have atoms that have 4 electrons in its outer shell. This creates resistance against electron flow.http://www.cruxworld.com/admin/uploads/factory-ford-remote-start-manual.xml Insulators have atoms that have 5 or more electrons in its outer shell. This does not allow electrons to flow. Click on the images, to see examples of conductors, semi-conductors and insulators. More is to come, may the fur be with you. More specifically, the Basic Law of Electrical Charges holds that Opposite charges attract and like charges repel. Now, what does this mean to you.Congratulations, you have just discovered telekinesis (:p not). Accordingly, two materials with different charges (1 positive and 1 negative), when placed in proximity with each other, will naturally move towards each other. Now, how about thinking of practical applications for this specific discovery.Don't get fuzzy with me, answers come later. No, I'm not suggesting that you kidnap the kid, I mean beat the kid in a game of rock, paper, scissors to win the balloon. After you've acquired and fulfilled all of the pre-requisites, you are now ready to follow these steps. Step 1. Pump air into the 2 air balloons. I don't care how you get air in there, as long as it is legal. Step 2. Acquire your target. If you're a loner like me, that will be yourself. Step 3. Aim for the head. Step 4. Rub 1 balloon furiously on the targets head for 4 seconds, or if it pleases you, keep on it until your arm hurts. Now, what do you observe. Does your hair stick to the balloon. If it does not, it's the balloon's fault, repeat Step 4. If it still does not stick to your hair, then you're probably bald. If your hair does stick to the balloon, congratulations, you just won yourself an explanation; Remember when I said generally materials are balanced or neutrally charged (has the same amount of protons as electrons). Well, it just so happens that your hair and the balloon are neutrally charged prior to you rubbing them with each other. When you started rubbing the balloon with your hair, your hair lost the electrons to the balloons with the aid of friction. Now, this means that your hair is no longer neutrally charged, because now its electrons and protons are no longer the same quantity. The balloon stole the electrons from your hair, which means now you have more protons than electrons on your hair, and this makes you positively charged. Remember in math when the positive number is bigger than the negative number, if you combine them together, the answer would be positive. Well, the same principle applies to your hair, now that the number of protons (positive) is bigger than the number of electrons (negative), when combined, the result (your hair) becomes ultimately positively charged. Okay, so we got that down, your hair is now positively charged. Okay, my explanation is only half way there, so bare with me. Here's the second half. Well, because the balloon acquired the electrons from your hair, now the balloon has added more electrons to itself. This means, that the balloon now has more electrons than protons. This means that the balloon is no longer neutrally charged, because remember what neutrally charged means. You're right, neutrally charged means, that the material has to have the same amount of electrons as protons. Well, obviously the balloon fails to meet that criteria. And because the balloon has more electrons (negative) than protons (positive), it is now considered negatively charged. It behooves you to remember, that in math, when combining a bigger negative number with a smaller positive number, the answer becomes negative. The same principle applies to the balloon, now that the number of its electrons are bigger than the number of its protons, when combined, the balloon becomes ultimately negative. Okay, now, so we got that one down too, the balloon is now negatively charged. Okay, so let me get this right, the hair is positive and the balloon is negative. Goodness gracious, that's why your hair is attracted to that balloon.Okay, now, now, calm yous a44 down. We've only proven part of that rule, we still have to prove the other part, which is like charges repel. To prove that like charges repel, you have to repeat Steps 1 through 4. And then follow the steps below; Step 5. Tie each balloon with a string, then tie their strings together as demonstrated in the image provided. Step 6. Hold the balloons in front of you while making sure that they're not touching any surface. Now, assuming you did not pump the balloons with helium, the balloons should be hanging down towards the floor. Now, what do you observe.Well, here's the explanation for that. Remember, that the balloons after going through steps 1-4 became negatively charged. Well, now what you've got in your hand are two balloons that are both negative, that is why they are avoiding each other like a plague. Because remember the other rule. Correct! Like charges repel. Now go on your merry way and have a soda can race with that balloon. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 9: Polarity and Reference Points To identify whether a certain point is negative or positive, you must have a reference point for it. Going back to our previous lecture, when we call something positively charged, it means there are more protons. Another true statement would be, that it is positively charged because it has more protons and less electrons. Well, we want to focus on the fact that it has less electrons, as the reason for its positive polarity. An accurate definition would be that an object (or a point in an object) can be considered positive if it has less electrons than another object (or point in an object). Correspondingly, an object (or a point in an object) can be considered negative if it has more electrons that the other object (or point in an object). To understand this better, look at the image provided in this lecture. In the image, what point do you think is positive. What point do you think is negative. If you answered Point A for the first question, then you are correct. If you answered Point B for the second question, then you are correct again. Here are the important points; 1. When an object has more electrons than another object, it is negative. 2. When an object has less electrons than another object, it is positive. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 10: Sources of Electrical Energy Electrical energy is produced when there is a change in the electrical balance of atoms. That is to take neutrally charged atoms and add or take away its electrons in order to render it unbalanced or no longer neutrally charged. There, so if you were wondering how electricity is produced, it is through manipulation of electrons and inducing an electrical imbalance in atoms. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 11: Reflections With a Young Jedi Okay, so far so good, we're almost done with Chapter One, hazaaaa. So far we've covered additional topics; 1. Basic Law of Electrical Charges 2. Experiment 3. Polarity and Reference Points 4. Sources of Electrical Energy Important things to remember; 1. Opposites Attract, Likes Repel 2. You can do that experiment too 3. Negative has more electrons (in comparison to) 4. Positive has less electrons (in comparison to) 5. Electrical Energy can be produced from inducing an electrical imbalance in atoms. Another day, another bacon. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 12: The Force of Attraction and Repulsion Opposite charges attract and like charges repel. When two objects of like charges are placed in proximity of each other, how far do they repel each other. When they are of opposite charges, how close do they move towards each other. What determines how much force of attraction or repulsion is between two charged bodies?. Allow me to introduce a friend of mine, Charles Coulomb. My dearest friend Mr. Coulomb found out that the force (F) of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is: directly related to the product of their charges and inversely related to the square of distance between them. Unit of charge: Q (coulomb) How many electrons are in 1 coulomb you say. Well, when the two charges are higher, the force to which they can attract or repel each other is also higher. That is what is meant by directly proportional. F is higher when Q1 and Q2 is higher. It is because we multiply the two charges, when we multiply things, the result becomes bigger. And notice that in the equation, F is directly across Q1 and Q2. This means that whatever happens to Q1 and Q2, the same exact thing happens to F. So if Q1 and Q2 goes up, well you guessed it right, F also goes up. Also, when the distance is longer between the two charged objects, the force to which they can attract or repulse each other decreases. Which is what is meant by inversely proportional. F is decreased when distance is increased. It is because we divide by distance, so of course when we divided something, the result becomes smaller. Notice that in the equation, the distance is below F? This means that when distance changes, the opposite of that change happens to F. So if distance goes up, F goes down. It becomes actual movement only when a path is provided, i.e. a copper wire. So, when you purchased a brand new battery, the positive is one side of the battery, and the negative is on the other. What makes the positive side of the battery more positive than the other side, is because it has fewer electrons in comparison. Accordingly, what makes the negative side of the battery negative more than the other side, is because it has more electrons in comparison. Now, when we connect one side of a wire to the positive terminal, and the other side of the wire to the negative terminal, what happens is, we provide a path for the electrons to travel. This movement of electrons will continue until the amount of electrons on each side of the terminals are equal. This is when your battery is considered out of charge. Want to recharge your battery out in the desert. Let it soak in the sun all day. Okay, now it wont fully recharge, but it will recharge some. How does this happen you say. Assuming that the casing of your battery is a conductor (example: some sort of metal) this method should work on most AA, AAA cells and 9V batteries. The sun supplies the additional electrons to recharge your batteries. But there is no wire from the sun to the battery, so how do the electrons travel to battery. We forget that, although the air is a poor conductor, it is still a conductor. The air provides the path for electrons to travel from the sun to the battery. Now, that I think about, the space where the sun is has no air. So how do the electrons travel from the sun to earth. Maybe in this case the electrons didn't need air to travel, maybe it just needed space. Sounds to me like you have some researching to do. How is the sun burning without air. I thought in order to create fire, there has to be air. Ever lit up a candle and covered it entirely with a jar. Doesn't it die afterwards. If space has no air, then where is the sun getting the air to burn. Did it suck all the air out of space in our solar system. Is this why there is no air in outer space. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 14: Electrical Quantities and Electron Flow The Three Important Electrical Quantities involved in Ohm's Law: 1. Voltage - which is measured in volts 2. Current - which is measured in ampere 3. Resistance - which is measured in ohms Now, we have mentioned earlier that: Voltage is the ability of electrons to move based on polarity. And to be electrically accurate, it is the potential difference between two points (the positive and negative terminals). Then what is current. In that voltage is the ability, Current is the actual movement of electrons. In simple terms, voltage is the doer and current is the action. Current is simply the electron flow. How about resistance. Another important question in the scheme of things is, which way do electrons flow. Electrons flow from negative to positive. In the case of a circuit or battery, that is from the negative side of the terminal to the positive side of the terminal. To understand this better, look at the image provided for this lecture. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 15: Ohm's Law There are three important people involved with the creation of Units of Measurement; Alessandro Volta - the unit measurement of voltage, which is VOLT, is named after him Andre Marie Ampere - the unit measurement of current, which is AMPERE, is named after him. Georg Simon Ohm - the unit measurement of resistance, which is OHM, is named after him. Symbols of the Three Units of Measurement; The symbol for volt is V. So when we say five volts, we can write 5V. You must capitalize. It is V and not v. The symbol for ampere is A. So when we say five amperes, we can write 5A. You must capitalize. It is A and not a. The symbol for ohm is ?. So when we say five ohms, we can write 5?. The Ohm's Law Georg Simon Ohm, through his work, observed that there is a predictable result in the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Drawing the ohm's law in a triangle is the easiest way to remember all of the three laws. In the image, the triangle has three parts. The top half belongs to V or voltage. The second half is parted in to two. The left side belongs to I or current and the right side belongs to R or resistance. Now, if you want to find voltage, then cover V with your finger, which is the top half of the triangle. Now you are left with I and R. And because I and R are in the same level, you have to multiple them, (I x R). If you want to find current, then cover I with your finger. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 16: Basic Electrical Circuit A basic electrical circuit has several components; 1. Source 2. Load 3. Path Although not necessary, it may have a control element, such as a switch. An example of this would be a circuit that contains a 9V battery as a source, a resistor or LED as the load, a copper wire as the conductor path, and a switch as a control element. There are two terms you must familiarize yourself when it comes to circuits. 1. Open Circuit 2. Closed Circuit An open circuit is when there is a break in the path of current. For example, a break in the electrical wire. This means that there is no complete path for the current to travel from the negative side of the circuit to the positive side of the circuit. When current cant travel, well, there is simply no current or more frankly, there will be no electricity. A closed circuit means that there is no break in the path of current. This means that there is a complete path for the current to travel from the negative side of the circuit to the positive side of the circuit. Furthermore, when current can travel, there is bound to be electricity. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 17: This Is the End of Chapter 1 This is the end of Chapter 1. Give yourself a path on the back and grab an apple. Chapter is completed. Hope you remembered:P Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 18: Helpful Video in Understanding Electricity I Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 19: The Learning Process Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 20: Smart Way to Set Up a Circuit Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 21: Cost Effective and Smart Way to Learn or Teach Circuit 101 Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Share it with us! I Made It! Recommendations Homemade CNC Machine From DC Servo Motors and Wooden Wine Boxes Atoms of the same element (same number of protons) are called isotopes, if they have different number of neutrons (compared against each other - not against the number of protons), they are called isotopes. Example: - Hydrogen: 1 proton, no neutrons - Deuterium: 1 proton, 1 neutron - Tritium: 1 proton, 2 neutrons All of them are isotopes of hydrogen. Btw: Hiding information behind the yellow squares makes a nice game of hide and show, but makes it hard to use your i'ble on devices with small screens and impossible to print or export it to PDF to read later or file it. But I fail to find the conflict you mentioned.Plainly speaking, when the neutron is not the same number as the proton, then that atom is an isotope. They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 0 verence elektrobot No! The relation between the number protons and neutrons has nothing to do with isotopes. For carbon-12, the number of protons is the same as the number of neutrons, but is IS an isotope of carbon. 0 elektrobot verence This would also mean that all elements are isotopes. Why are all elements isotopes. Yes two atoms are compared, but ultimately what is being compared inside them are the number of protons and neutrons. So the differences between the number of protons and neutrons does help identify the isotope. I understand that you're saying that the relationship between the sub particles of those two atoms is what defines an isotope. However it is apparent that an atom alone can be found an isotope based on its sub atomic information. 0 verence elektrobot An isotope is a special manifestation of an element. An atom with a certain nucleus (core) - a certain combination of protons and neutrons - is an isotope of one special element. Which element is defined by the number of protons and nothing else. Any two atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei (cores) are isotopes of the same element (e.g. both are Carbon). If they have the same number of neutrons too, they are the same isotope (e.g. C-12). If the have different numbers of neutrons, the are different isotopes of the same element (e.g. C-12 and C-14). Any two atoms with different numbers of protons are also isotopes - not of each other but just of their respective elements. E.g. N-14 and C-14 are isotopes of Nitrogen and Carbon resp.At no point in all this is the number of protons compared against the number of neutrons. Look at the number of protons to find the element, then look at the number of neutrons to find the isotope of the element. The ratio, equality or non-equality of protons and neutrons is completely meaningless. Yes, for some elements like carbon, oxygen, sodium.I will make the necessary adjustment to my definition of the isotope. 0 Matlockization. elektrobot His explanation is precise and exact, where as with elektrobot, your explanation is generalised, vague and more vague. 0 salmanrf However, this proved difficult to enforce, as the national government could not prevent the state of Georgia from pursuing its own independent policy regarding Spanish Florida, attempting to occupy disputed territories and threatening war if Spanish officials did not work to curb Indian attacks or refrain from harboring escaped slaves. Nor could the Confederation government prevent the landing of convicts that the British Government continued to export to its former colonies. 0 Basit Annsari Thank you!! 0 Datcer Although, when configuring or calculating a schematic, one must follow convention while formulating a schematic or electrical diagram. This was due to electrical formulations being created to design electronic components before fully understanding how electrical current flows. 0 TahirB2. But we cannot do it without your support. To study for this portion of the test, study basic electronic information such as how wires function, the function of different electrical currents and conductors, and Ohm’s law. Learn more information about each of these areas below. When studying ASVAB concepts, focus on the basic definitions of electrical words and concepts, including the aforementioned concepts and appliance-specific words, such as voltage and frequency. When studying for the vocabulary portion, focus on the bare bones of concept definitions to recognize what a certain word or phrase means. Negatively charged electrons in a circuit flow from the negative terminal (or anode) to the positive terminal (or cathode). Electrons flow in this manner in response to the attractive and repulsive forces between charged particles. They are composed of smaller particles called protons, electrons, and neutrons. A single proton is the element known as hydrogen. The addition of another proton results in a new element known as helium. If instead there is a different number of neutrons inside of the nucleus (the protons and neutrons in an atom), then it is known as an isotope. These energy orbitals surround the nucleus depending upon the number of electrons and their distance from the atomic nucleus. These electrons farthest from the nucleus are the most reactive. Metals are good conductors because electrons flow easily through them without much resistance. Materials exhibiting very low conductivity are called insulators. Insulators possess high resistivity. Unlike conductors, which experience increased resistance when heated, semiconductors increase in conductivity when heated. It is measured in Coulombs per second, or Amperes. Current, voltage, and resistance are related to each other through Ohm’s Law: Because it is a difference in potential, voltage is only meaningful when considering one point in relation to another. It is measured in Volts. It can be likened to a difference in pressure because there is a higher concentration of charge at one point than another. This difference in charge concentration results in a voltage. Resistance and conductance are inversely related; a very conductive material has little resistance, and a very resistance material has little conductance. Resistance is measured in Ohms. Resistance is also linked to the cross-sectional area and length of the material used; the larger the area, the lesser resistance, and the longer the conductor, the greater the resistance. This circuit would of course do nothing but heat the conducting wires. These loads can be connected to the circuit in series, in parallel, or in series-parallel. If any of these connections are broken, the circuit is said to be open and will not function properly. A closed circuit can work; an open circuit cannot. Light bulbs, refrigerators, and computers all act as loads when part of a closed circuit. Loads only dissipate power from a circuit; they do not generate power. The current that runs through a series circuit passes through each component in series. There is only a single path for the current to take through the circuit. In cases where there are different components along these separate paths, the strength of the current will vary. The voltage drop across each branch, however, is the same. The formulas that can be used to calculate the electric power generated or dissipated are: Union Test Prep is brought to you by. You will 9 minutes to answer 20 questions on the pencil and paper version of the ASVAB test. You’ll also need to know various types of conductors and insulators and how effective they are. And that’s not all, you’ll also need to know different ways electricity can be used, the different types of electrical current and more. Here’s an explanation of a very simple circuit: a battery is connected by a wire conductor to a lamp which is then connected back to the other side of the battery. When the switch is flipped on, the space is closed and the current can flow down to the lamp and light the light bulb. Without resistance regulating the flow, the motors being powered by the electrical current would quickly overheat. A semiconductor by definition is something that conducts electricity poorly at low temperatures. They also can amplify a signal, hence transistor radios. Let’s move on to some other things that are usually covered by questions on this subtest: For example, you should know the meanings of words like voltage, frequency, amperage, amperes, ohms, resistance and more. This law is a basic fundamental of the study of electricity and by having any two elements of the above equation a student can solve for the third. The equation is used in a number of electrical measurements and thus those providing electrical services must have a good understanding of it. One word of caution: when using the Internet be sure to only get information from reputable sources. Needless to say, it’s not going to help you perform better on this subtest if you learn incorrect information. Take our test a few times and you’ll be able to walk into the real ASVAB feeling more confident and relaxed. Study GuideElectrons occupy various energy levels called shells and how well an element enables the flow of electrons depends on how many electrons occupy its outer ( valence ) electron shell. Their valence shell is less than half full of electrons that are able to move easily from one atom to another. This property makes them useful for the control of electrical current. A coulomb (C) is the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by a current of one ampere. Electrons will flow as current from areas of high potential (concentration of electrons) to areas of low potential. Voltage and current are directly proportional in that the higher the voltage applied to a conductor the higher the current that will result.