career sourcebook 2 a guide to living and working in the 21st century
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Published online by Cambridge University Press: Brian TomlinsonIt reports the origins and development of the field and then reviews the literature on the evaluation, adaptation, production and exploitation of learning materials. It also reviews the literature, first, on a number of controversial issues in the field, next, on electronic delivery of materials and, third, on research in materials development. It identifies gaps in the literature and makes proposals for future progress in materials development and in the research within the field. Much of the literature focuses on materials for learning English but the same principles apply to materials for learning any L2, as has been acknowledged by some of the authors whose publications focus on materials for learning other languages. TypeInformationReferences CrossRef Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Google Scholar Washington, DC: Georgetown Press. Google Scholar London: Palgrave. 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Google Scholar Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Singapore: RELC. Google Scholar A study of the textbook evaluation schemes of three decades.Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar. Paper presented at a colloquium on materials development and research, TESOL Convention, San Antonio, March 2005. Google Scholar. Alexandria, VA: TESOL. Google Scholar Peaslake: Delta Publishing. Google Scholar Chicago: Chicago University Press. Google Scholar In Johnson, K. (ed.), Expertise in second language learning and teaching. CrossRef Google Scholar. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossRef Google Scholar ELT documents 126. London: Modern English Publications and the British Council. Google Scholar Bangkok: IELE Press. Google Scholar Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Google Scholar London: Continuum. Google Scholar London: Continuum. Google Scholar Google Scholar London: Continuum. Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Singapore: RELC Portfolio Series. Google Scholar. London: Continuum. Google Scholar. London: Continuum. Google Scholar New York: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef Google Scholar Harlow, UK: Longman. Google Scholar Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Google Scholar Google Scholar PubMed In Coleman, H. (ed.), Dreams and realities: Developing countries and the English language. Google Scholar Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar Address to Joint Council of Languages Association Conference, n.p. Google Scholar Harlow, UK: Longman Pearson. Google Scholar Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar London: Icon Books. Google Scholar This list is generated based on data provided byThe Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. Vol. 22. Issue. 3,Johnston, BillThe Modern Language Journal. Vol. 97. Issue. 3,Masuhara, H.ELT Journal. Vol. 67. Issue. 2,International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Vol. 17. Issue. 3,TESOL Journal. Vol. 5. Issue. 2,Graves, KathleenThe Modern Language Journal. Vol. 98. Issue. 2,Uguz, SevdaProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 158. Issue.,Graves, KathleenThe Modern Language Journal. Vol. 98. Issue. 2,Vol. 45. Issue.,Canning, Nick. Faulhaber, David. Lingle, WillRedgrave, AndrewLanguage, Culture and Curriculum. Vol. 27. Issue. 2,Sifakis, Nicos C.System. Vol. 45. Issue.,Hu, GuangweiXiang, YuRELC Journal. Vol. 46. Issue. 3,Aurstad, Lisa M. G. Kvitnes, Ingrid E. N.Eshuis, HendrikFrontiers in Psychology. Vol. 5. Issue.,Tavakoli, MansoorKetabi, SaeedCurrent Psychology. Vol. 34. Issue. 2,ELT Journal. Vol. 69. Issue. 2,English21. Vol. 28. Issue. 4,Ikala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura. Vol. 19. Issue. 3,Language Teaching. Vol. 48. Issue. 4. Early on in the disease, probably before the patient or relatives know that dementia is developing, the patient may say unreasonable things and make wild claims. And that is their reality. And this is a lose-lose situation in many cases. They cannot be convinced, and the caregiver therefore cannot win. It is hard to do, especially for certain personality types, but the best thing one can do in these instances is to try to comfort them about whatever it is they fear or are otherwise imagining, and then redirect them to another topic that is pleasant and unthreatening. People with Alzheimer’s and related dementias are doing the best they can with a brain that no longer function the way it used to, yet the core person remains. If you things get out of balance and they’re running you ragged, everyone’s in trouble. Step back and set realistic limits. Be determined that your head as well as your heart will be used to make decisions about what you can and cannot do. Everything’s a bit of a compromise. Enjoy what you can do; don’t feel guilty over what you cannot do. Try to keep a balance. You will often have to change the way you think and react in order to allow the elder to get what they want or at least have the illusion of getting what they want, and not upsetting them. You turn away for a few moments to tend to something else and when you again look at Mom, you see she has put all her fruit and half her sandwich into her glass of milk and has made a mess on the table. She has a big smile on her face and even though you feel frustration and sadness at seeing this, you must respond to her in a positive way to maintain her happiness. If you cannot do that, and you allow your frustration to show, she will become upset because she has no idea she has done anything wrong, and you will then have to deal with her negative mood. You cannot change her, she cannot change, and so the optimal outcome would be to try to let the little things slide off you and even inject some humor into the situation. You might say some thing like “Well Mom, it looks like you’ve made a new dessert!” You haven’t scolded her, or become upset, and she will likely maintain her happiness as long as you are also happy. There will always be time for tears of sadness and frustration when you are not in sight of your Mom, and you will both benefit if you can maintain that happy face in her presence. If you can redirect his mind to an activity while he’s waiting for you, chances are he will forget all about driving home. You can say these things as long as you know he will forget the conversation in a short time. We call them “therapeutic fibs” and it helps them maintain dignity and hope, and it keeps you from arguing with and upsetting him. Before every interaction with a person with dementia the caregiver should focus on 3 simple things: It is no longer about correcting them or getting them to stop. It’s about are the safe, happy and pain-free. It’s about their comfort and realizing they don’t mean to irritate or upset you. Using this tool allows a person to let what used to upset them roll off their back so they can address the important things in life. The reality being, all the above answers, and more, are correct. But in my opinion, the worst mistake a caregiver will make is not asking for help. A caregiver needs to learn to inquire where they can attain help right from the beginning of the diagnosis. Further down the road it will become obvious that, as the primary person in charge, you will barely have time to breathe. My simple practical tip is to visit the Alzheimer’s Association website and ask to speak with an advisor. I found that nothing helped me conquer these emotions more effectively, and quickly, than putting myself in my mother’s place. They are confused because of the disease process, which causes brain damage. No amount of talking will “set them straight”. Instead you want to reassure and give comfort. However, the care of a dementia patient is more art than science. Behavioral strategies work better than any pill. Seize the day. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias can be so challenging and so devastating, for those with the diseases as well as for those who care about them, that it can be tough to see beyond the daily grind. This does not mean that there won’t be dark days, but it allows for the possibility of joy in the face of tragedy. Dementia isn’t always due to Alzheimer’s. Before you conclude that a Loved One’s memory loss and confusion stem from an irreversible disease process, get a thorough medical evaluation at a Memory Disorder Clinic (MDC). These clinics are found all across the United States at medical schools, teaching hospitals, and hospitals. These special clinics assess patients and their caregivers with thorough physical, neurological, psychiatric, lab work, MRI’s, CT scans, and neuro-psychological testing. They will also follow-up with the family and discuss an appropriate future care plan. It will be in everyone’s best interest to see if medications need changing, new research advances could help, and to make sure all of their health needs are addressed. You may also want to explore research opportunities such as: Alzheimer’s patients are notorious for poor hygiene because taking a bath and or shower is uncomfortable and scary to them. Some useful tips to help with this task: Throw towels or shower robe in the dryer so the client can get warm quickly with a warm towel upon exiting the water when they are likely to get cold and chilled. Alzheimer’s will affect everyone differently and people will transition through stages differently and knowing why something is happening and how this disease affects the daily life skills and our personalities can make acceptance and understanding as well as caregiving so much better. Education goes for those caring really for anyone. The more you know, the better can you can provide. Continue to communicate with them, recognize their human emotions and needs, right until their natural death. Long after they lose their ability to respond verbally, learn to read non-verbal communication. Emotional needs are heightened when our love one lose their ability to verbally communicate their needs. To encourage engagement, conversation and reminiscence, we ask caregivers to put something meaningful in a person’s hand. This meaningful object can be something they once loved ( for example, a baseball mitt or a violin) or something from the natural world (flowers, herbs, a cup of snow). This simple act of putting a meaningful object into a person’s hands can be so helpful in starting conversations and creating connections. It’s instinctive to make things easier for a struggling loved one by jumping in and doing everything ourselves. This can be admirable, but it can also take away any feeling of power that the struggling person has. Help when needed, but do what you can to ask the person with the disease for help as well. Let them do what they can for themselves and find ways to ask for their assistance, especially during the early and middle stages of dementia. Remember that part of human dignity is feeling useful. Preserve that dignity for your loved one in any way you can. Classical music can be very soothing, too. Often people come alive in surprising ways when listening to familiar music. People who can’t speak in complete sentences may sing all the words to a song from their childhood. Being with other people activates the listening, thinking, and language areas of the brain. It also gives them a purpose and reason for getting up in the morning. When memory loss is creating chaos and confusion for the elder and frustration and stress for the caregiver, the little Memo is practical, convenient, and cost effective. It can’t stop the progression of the disease, but it can make management of it much easier in the early stages. Rationalizing doesn’t work since persons with Alzheimer’s disease experience lack of judgment, loss of verbal skills and diminished memory. Therefore, the better alternative is to redirect the conversation or activity in order to distract the person from what may be bothersome. This technique includes bringing up a pleasant topic, looking through photo albums, or offering a favorite food. You are probably already aware of how difficult it can be to get your loved one to eat when they don’t want to. One elderly woman in the dementia dedicated Assisted Living facility I used to work in, stopped being able to feed herself with the utensils—she just couldn’t manage the fork or spoon any longer and she absolutely refused to be fed by another person. We discovered that if we “sandwiched” foods and handed her the sandwich, she would eat anything. From then on, she received delightful meals such as spaghetti sandwiches, broccoli sandwiches, mashed corn and pea sandwiches—whatever was being served, she received in a sandwich. She happily continued to feed herself in this manner and she stopped losing weight. A shifting of our perceptions as they relate to our relationships. We need to develop an appreciation for our personal connections and to let go of control. But what is “BETTER” to the person with dementia. Is it having their caregiver obsessed with tasks and things focusing on loss, or is it continuing to have an engaging relationship with conversation, laughter and appreciation. Don’t let the disease win. Learn how to live with dementia not as dementia. I recommend looking at the relationship. What is has been in the past. What do you want it to look like in the future. Then make it happen. You might have to modify how you do some things as the disease progresses, so expand your options and look at alternative ways. Be flexible! Music and the arts are one of the last portions of the brain to be affected by the disease. Music is simple, low costs and has amazing effects on multiple levels for both the person living with dementia and those around them. Use it to everyone advantage. Here are a couple of music videos I have of my own mother who is in her end stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Her ability to communicate is very limited, but you will see how music pulls her out and brings her joy.Knowing just when confusion is beginning to snowball straight into delusion, and using simply phrased words, you can create a u-turn in their thought patterns. These are important skills for any caregiver to master. Also, ice cream fixes everything! When speaking with someone who has dementia, focus on the feelings, rather than the facts.They valued my mother and looked past her dementia and physical disabilities to her inner self. Several often reminded her that she was their role model for handling adversity with humor, grace and courage. They asked her advice on many issues related to managing daily life, including relationships with family and friends. They told her how much she helped them and it gave her great pleasure. One of her favorite caregivers told me, “Anyone who thinks Leila (my mother) isn’t smart just because she has trouble remembering things doesn’t know what they are talking about.” But our guiding principle certainly speaks to a core belief regarding how to treat people with dementia: “Every person, regardless of their losses, has a core of self that can be reached.” We are more than the sum of our memories or the fluency of our speech. Connection can and does happen on a feeling level. They see the same person on the outside and do not comprehend how different their Loved One has become on the inside. Try these ideas: Be in their world of reality, not your own. Orient your world to their reality, do not orient the Alzheimer’s patient to your world of reality. We all seek validation in our daily lives but we instinctively what our loved ones to think how we do and we might re-orient somebody which could lead to an argument. Individuals with a dementia might not be able to reason anymore so re-orientation doesn’t always work but validation does. If we validate the reality, validate the concern, it helps us provide dignified care that keeps our loved one safe and content. Progression of the disease and approaches to care can be different. Learn as much as you can. If not try to find and connect with other families in the same situation for support. It is critical your loved one is not isolated What can we do so that we are prepared for changes necessary as the symptoms of the dementia progress, i.e. driving, financial etc? Take care of yourself, first and foremost. Recognized your own limitations and need for respite. Caregivers should also try and find the most effective strategies for staying connected to the people for whom they care. Both professional and family caregivers can look for classes and local seminars in memory support and Alzheimer’s care at their local Alzheimer’s Association chapter or an adult extension program at a nearby college.Everyone should have these documents in order, because accidents happen quickly, but when someone has been diagnosed with dementia, it’s known that cognitive abilities will decline. This makes it essential to get legal situations covered early on. Would they like a combination of in-home care and adult day care for awhile until their needs make a nursing home the only safe option. Or would they like to move into assisted living while they are still doing quite well and can make friends and take part in activities. Tell your loved one that you’ll do your very best for their health and safety. You will follow their directions to the best of your ability, but there may be a time where you simply must call the shots. We can never forecast life events, so at some point we must trust the people we have asked to be our voice when we’ve lost our ability to speak for ourselves. How long can I reasonably expect medication to be effective? Are there lawyers locally who specialize in elder care issues? I want to find those people who are walking in my shoes (past or present) and who have found ways to live a great life. I want to know that I’m not alone. I’m also looking for HOPE and steps to help me when I’m feeling overwhelming sadness, anger or frustration. The sooner you accustom your loved one to adult day care, home health aides, a Memo, rotating family members on duty, and other resources, the easier it will be for them to adjust, and for you to maintain your energy and composure for the long haul.So often, we get so consumed with the medical condition we forget to talk to the person with the disease and what is important to them. These are questions I would ask in no practical order: They say this becomes extremely helpful later in the disease and could really be fun to do together now. Trying to find out how far along they are into the disease. That is the number one question to ask. Testing by a physician skilled in geriatric medicine led to an accurate and life-changing diagnosis. We found that her vascular dementia was treatable with anti-coagulant medications. Her memory loss and confusion were not reversed but they were slowed dramatically.What kind of expectations do they have. What are important things that others should know about them. Engage them in planning advanced directives. Ask how you can be a support to them. Ask questions of those potential partners that explore their empathic abilities, their creativity, their level of patience, and their level of knowledge and experience with person-centered care. Place a mirror near the door. The reflection of a person’s own face will often stop him or her from exiting the door. Was your loved one a veteran. Do they have “hidden” assets. Do they have a pre-need burial account. Have they updated all of their documents (i.e.: Durable Power of Attorney; Health Care Surrogate; Living Will; Will; insurance beneficiary(s); etc.)? We reduce risk of a crisis situation if we have a plan. Alzheimer’s specifically is a slow progressing dementia but other health issues can exacerbate circumstances. If we know where to turn to get information or where to go when we’re stressed and needing support, we can reduce the risk of a crisis situation or make reacting to a crisis just a little easier. Get to know the resources in your community, join a support group and get involved with an organization that can get to know you and your family so that in any circumstance, you have a place to go when needed. Simply copy the code beneath a badge and paste it onto your Website! 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These are some of the common challenges encountered by individuals and families who are caring for a parent, spouse or close relative with dementia. This easy-to-use, practical guide is designed to help at-home caregivers navigate these daily challenges. Although there is no cure for dementia or its many behavioral symptoms, there are clear and proven strategies that can be used to enhance the quality of life for persons diagnosed with dementia--strategies that can make a real difference for their families. A Caregiver s Guide to Dementia explores the use of activities and other techniques to prevent, reduce and manage the behavioral symptoms of dementia. Separate sections cover daily activities, effective communication, especially difficult behaviors, and explicit strategies to deal with agitation, repetitive questions, acting-out, wandering, restlessness, hoarding, resistance to care, incontinence, destructiveness, sexually and socially inappropriate acts at home and in public, aggressiveness, depression, sleep disturbances and home safety. Worksheets are provided to help caregivers customize the strategies that work best for them. The strategies featured in this guide have been used by the authors in their research studies and reflect approaches and techniques that families have found to be most helpful. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Sections cover daily activities, effective communication with patients, especially difficult behaviors, strategies to deal with agitation, repetitive questions, acting out, wandering, restlessness, hoarding, resistance to care, incontinence, destructiveness, sexually and socially inappropriate acts, aggressions, depression, sleep disturbances and home safety.Catherine Verrier Piersol, Ph.D.