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10th master guideIntroduction Types of compliant structure Concept selection Design principles and practice Regulations Project strategy Analysis Worldwide floating production platforms API recommended practices The UK regulatory regime. Summary Introduction Hydrostatics basic principles Cross curves of stability Destabalising and stabilising effects Down flooding Calculation methods Causes of heeling Wind overturning moment Special cases Three simple approaches to large angle stability evaluation of rolling vessels Typical stability characteristics of floating bodies Hydrostatic stiffness: isolated floating vessels Hydrostatics in structural analyses Stability requirements Damage control Safety case Inclining tests Mobile offshore drilling units, continuous monitoring of GM Influence of stability criteria on the design Limitations of existing criteria and possible future developments Typical values and approximations for ships Sample data for ship-shaped floating production units Sample data for typical semi-submersibles Hydrodynamic properties of a typical semi-submersible Rules for numerical integration Hydrostatic stiffness: facet calculation method. Introduction Load and mass application Types of analysis Finite element method Analysis of floating structures Calculation of ship hull properties Calculation of stiffener properties. Tether systems and their functional requirements Tether make-up Single tether analysis Tether-hull interaction Tether strength properties Installation methods and equipment Prototyping and testing Inspection options Design spiral TLP tether experience Tension beams Effective tension Hydrodynamic loading Modal analysis TLP hydrostatic and weight roll stiffness. 12. Rigid risers. Introduction Riser systems make up Riser analysis Installation and recovery Inspection and maintenance Materials selection. We always emphasize finalizing drawings with construction procedures in mind.http://www.sbsinsure.co.in/userfiles/dod-manual-1400_20.xml
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First, we explain the overall procedure of a hull of FPSO unit from detailed design to construction and lessons learned from the hull of FPSO, contributing to successful design and construction of future FPSO units. Then, we describe some problems and their solutions of the detailed design and construction of the hull of FPSO. Through this study, readers will be able to learn the detailed design and construction of FPSO.First, w e explain the overall procedure of a hull of FPSO unit from detailed design to construction and lessons learned from the hull of FPSO, contributing to successful design and construction of future FPSO units. Through this study, readers will be able to learn the detailed design and construction of FPSO. Keywor ds: ?oating, production, storage and off-loading unit (FPSO); offshore production system; oil ?eld development; front end engineering design (FEED); design; construction 1. Overview of FPSO and oil ?eld de velopment 1.1. Introduction to FPSO FPSO, which stands for ?oating, production, storage and off-loading unit, is a ?oating vessel that is able to produce crude oil and gas. It is made up of two parts: the topside and the hull. The topside, like chemical plants, produces and off-loads crude oil and gas, and the hull, like a big tank, stores the produced oil. The FPSO unit produces and processes crude oil and gas on the topside, and stores the stabilised oil in cargo tanks of the hull. It is subdivided into two parts: topside and hull. An FPSO unit has many subsystems, such as the ?are tow er, living quarters, lay-down area, mooring fairleads and a helicopter deck. ? Corresponding author. The water depth where this oil ?eld is located is 1275 ? 1470 m. The Nigeria ?eld development project refers to the project that produces oil and gas in this ?eld. The Nigeria ?http://www.novvit.ru/upload/file/dod-manual-3025_1-m.xmleld development project consists of sev eral major oil companies, namely Nigerian National Petroleum Com- pany (NNPC), South Atlantic Petroleum, Nigerian Com- pany (Sapetro), Brasilian Oil Company (P etrobras) and Nigerian Subsidiary of Total (T upni). The share of each company for this project is 50, 10, 16 and 24, re- spectively. From the perspective of ?eld de velopment, this project is largely made up of the FPSO, SPS, UFR and offshore loading terminal (OLT), as sho wn in Figure 1. The FPSO of this project is made by the consor- tium members. Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (HHI;.hhi.co.kr) is charged with the hull, T echnip Co., Ltd. (.technip.com) with the topside, Cameron with the SPS and Saibos with the UFR.SPS are also called wellheads or X-mas trees. In this project, SPS consist of 48 wells, as sho wn below.In general, the crude oil of oil producer wells is separated into oil, gas and water through the high- and low er-pressure separators. Then, the remaining gas is transferred to Amenam AMP2 Platform. In case of the Nigeria ?eld development, FEED was performed by Doris Engineering Co., Ltd. (www.doris- engineering.com) in a 10 ? 12-month period. After FEED, the detailed design of the topside of FPSO was performed by T echnip and the detailed design of the hull was performed by HHI in a 12 ? 14-month period. Then, the construc- tion and installation of the topside was performed by HHI and the construction of the hull was performed by HSHI. Figure 5 shows the o verall procedure of the FPSO ?eld development of this study (Barltrop 1998a, 1998b).After that, the design of the systems, including hydraulic calculations, has been performed based on the updated utility balance. The design should be performed con- sidering safety factors, such as the ?re zone and hazardous area. The hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) study, which is very important for safety in offshore design, has been performed twice in this project in order to remove po- tential risks during the site operation of FPSO. All probable loads during the life of the hull are considered for the basic scantling and strength analysis. These loads are applicable in strength formulae and calculation methods where a sat- isfactory strength level is represented by allo wable stresses. Figure 7 shows the detailed design procedure of the hull structure and appurtenance supports of the FPSO and main activities of the detailed design.The computer calculation programs can be used with various input data and usage factors in order to opti- mise the longitudinal scantling. Before and after this pro- cedure, UFR and topside engineering coordinators should communicate frequently with one another and share their engineering ideas, including the interface data and loads, in order to achieve a successful design without delay.At critical locations, shell elements of size 2 xw ? 2 xw, where xw is length of the weld toe, w ere used in struc- tural details to determine the hot spot stresses for fatigue assessment. The wav e-induced loads and motions in regular waves were determined by using a hydrodynamic pro gram based on linear potential ?ow theory. The non-linear, non- harmonic processes at the mean water-line was modelled so that the additional pressure due to the presence of the wav e crest above the mean water-line w as included. The effect of wa ve trough was also included, such that if the combination of hydrostatic and dynamic pressure at a point Figure 11. Concept and FEM model for seawater lift pump cais- son for towing and onsite.Bracket toe of a crane pedestal.Most positions tried in previous lessons, were rein- forced by thicker plates and soft shapes in prior. Howev er, several positions of the w elding around the toes could not meet the allowab le stress level.http://www.multicom-media.de/images/computer-arithmetic-parhami-solution-manual.pdf Thus, the welding beads were modi?ed into soft type and counter grindings were provided onto the plates, which w ere recommended by In- ternational Institute of W elding (IIW). These drawings ha ve been separated according to the character- istic of the structures and updated with out?tting system. The convenience utilisation of the yard’ s facilities and safe working of fabrication and maintenance were considered with reference to the category plan, arrangement of out?t- ting on the hull deck, machinery arrangement for the ma- chinery space, block division, detailed assembly procedure and so on.Then, the steel is cut after arrival in the yard. In the dry dock stage, completed blocks are loaded after turnover tasks and block inspection is performed af- ter welding tasks before launching. The ?rst steel or- der includes bottom blocks, longitudinal bulkhead blocks, plates of transverse bulkhead bocks and built-up materials, which can be worked on in adv ance. More details about this are as follows: 1. Activities related to hull blocks Activities related to the hull blocks are the tasks for steel cutting, assembly, panel unit, pre-out?tting, pre-painting, pre-erection and erection.In addition, interface work between instruments is also per- formed. Moreover, connection work between the topside and the hull is performed after the topside’ s installation. If the overall procedure is not a prob lem, the hull of the FPSO will be delivered after performing pre-commissioning and commissioning. At this stage, the interface work between the topside and the hull on-shore are very important for smoothly hooking up SPS, which is installed in the ?eld after sail awa y. F igure 15 shows the launching of the hull of the FPSO, which w as built by HSHI. 5. Lessons learned Lessons learned through the detailed design and construc- tion of the hull of an FPSO can be summarised as follows: 1. In veri?cation work on the initial FEED, incorrect or hazardous engineering data have not been suf?cientl y veri?ed. Thus, extreme problems in the o verall design of various systems of the hull have been raised due to the weight increase of topsides. In order to solve these problems, the ov erall design on the hull has been veri?ed, changed and compared with FEED. Howev er, it was very dif?cult for this project to proceed because of the insuf- ?ciently organised project team. Therefore, organising a good project team on interface coordination is very important. In case of unforeseen events on the hull dur- ing the detailed engineering of the topside, it is very important for the coordination teams of the topside and the hull to communicate smoothly. 4. The vendor selection The vendor selection should be made quickly. The de- sign schematics might change totally depending on the ven- dor speci?cation. Howe ver, in FPSO, there w ere many de- sign changes due to the uncertainness or delay in vendor selection. Therefore, quick selection of the vendor for the interface design is most important. 5. CJP or PJP welding In an FPSO unit, CJP and PJP welds of the highest qual- ity should be carried out and checked by non-destructive testing (NDT) to investigate an y rack of welds, harmful un- dercuts and notches. Thus, welders should be educated and properly prepared.Also, the weight con- trol is very important because various systems of the topside are installed after installing appurtenances on the hull. 8. After launching the hull of the FPSO, a problem is generated due to minor movements of the hull while bolting work is being performed at the steel fender. First, the scheme of the FPSO ?eld development has been examined. Second, detailed design procedures and activities of the hull of an FPSO unit have been examined. Third, construction procedures and acti vi- ties of the hull have been examined. F inally, critical points on interface work between systems and disciplines in the hull construction have been examined. Houston, TX: In?eld Co., Ltd. In?eld Co., Ltd. 2005b. Fix ed platforms report market update.Design of Floating Offshore Platform Technical Report Full-text available Jan 2021 Foyez Ahmad This technical report intends to provide a glimpse regarding floating offshore platforms, i.e., types, structural design, the field of operating zone. Feel free to drop some effective criticism. It'll help me a lot. View Show abstract. Based on the computations, two sets of empirical formulae for predicting the ultimate strength are proposed for simply supported and fixed boundary conditions. The structural features of steel brackets in real ship structures are investigated. Finite element modelling techniques are developed to compute the ultimate-strength behaviour of steel brackets with different design variables, such as material type and breadth to height ratio. The findings of the research and the above-mentioned design formula have the potential to enhance the structural design and safety assessment of steel brackets in ship structures. View Show abstract References Chapter Feb 2020 Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Nagavinothini Ravichandran View Arrangement Method of Offshore Topside Based on an Expert System and Optimization Technique Article Apr 2017 J OFFSHORE MECH ARCT Sung-Kyoon Kim Myung-Il Roh Ki-Su Kim An offshore platform has several modules that contain much of the equipment needed for oil and gas production, and these are placed on the limited space of the topside. Furthermore, the equipment layout should leave sufficient space in between to ensure operability, maintainability, and safety. Thus, the design problem to arrange the topside of an offshore platform can be difficult to solve due to the number of modules and equipment placed on the topside. This study proposes a method to arrange the offshore topside based on an expert system and multistage optimization in order to obtain the optimal arrangement that addresses various considerations and satisfies the given requirements. The proposed method consists of four components. First, an expert system is proposed to systematically computerize experts' knowledge and experience and to evaluate the feasibility of alternatives for the arrangement of the offshore topside. Second, a multistage optimization method is proposed to yield a better arrangement design by formulating the arrangement design problem as an optimization problem with two stages. Third, an arrangement template model (ATM) was proposed to store the arrangement data of the offshore topside. Fourth, the user interface was developed to run the expert system and for optimization. A prototype program was then developed to solve an floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) topside problem in order to evaluate the applicability of the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed method can be used to obtain the optimal arrangement of an offshore topside. View Show abstract Evaluation of feasibility index in the arrangement design of an offshore topside based on the automatic transformation of experts’ knowledge and the fuzzy logic Article Jan 2017 OCEAN ENG Sung-Kyoon Kim Myung-Il Roh Ki-Su Kim In an offshore platform, many modules and equipment are placed on the limited space called topside, so that the space should be used efficiently. Furthermore, a sufficient space between equipment should be provided for the operability, maintainability, and safety. To guarantee suitable arrangement design, there are many requirements to be considered such as international codes and standards, including owners’ own requirements. Meanwhile, the arrangement design of an offshore topside tends to rely on experts’ knowledge and experiences. Due to the heavy dependence on experts’ knowledge and experiences, consequently, a different arrangement can be derived according to a personal disposition, in spite of the same requirements. In addition, an unacceptable arrangement can be derived due to the omission of some requirements by a designer. To solve such problems, an expert system for the arrangement design of an offshore topside was proposed based on an arrangement evaluation model (AEM) in this study by expanding the previous study of authors for the arrangement design of a submarine. In addition, an arrangement template model (ATM) was proposed to store various data on the arrangement design of the offshore topside. To evaluate the applicability of the proposed expert system, a prototype program consisting of the AEM and the ATM was also developed here. Finally, this program was applied to a problem of a large FPSO topside. The results showed that the proposed system can be used to evaluate the given alternatives for the arrangement design of the offshore topside. View Show abstract Dynamic analyses of buoyant leg storage regasification platform (BLSRP) under regular waves: experimental investigations Article Jan 2016 Srinivasan Chandrasekaran R. S. Lognath In offshore structural engineering, buoyant leg storage and regasification platform (BLSRP) is one of the recent innovative structural forms that is archived to suit industrial requirements. Proposed platform consists of a deck, which is connected to six buoyant leg structures (BLSs) through the hinged joints while BLS units are connected to the seabed using taut-mooring tethers. The conceived structural form is a hybrid concept, which restrains transfer of both rotational and translational responses from the BLS units to the deck and vice versa. The main advantage is the improved functionality in terms of increase in the storage and regasification capacity of liquefied natural gas. Experimental investigations are carried out on a scaled model of BLSRP (1:150) under regular waves for two different wave approach angles. Free vibration tests are carried out on the scaled model to estimate the natural periods; results show that BLSRP resembles a tethered compliant structure like tension leg platform (TLP) except showing relatively higher stiffness in the yaw degree-of-freedom. Geometric design of BLS units ensures a good recentring capability of the deck in all the translational degrees-of-freedom. Lesser heave response of deck, in comparison to that of the BLS units ensures comfortable and safe operability. Attempted study is a prime-facie towards design and development of offshore production and process platforms that can reduce the cost of oil and gas exploration. However, they have become even more important with the push by the offshore industry into ever deeper waters. Floating production,In this article, the advantages of FPSO systems are explained, andRecent trends in mooring systems, hull construction,Finally, the technical challenges and future prospectsView Show abstract Floating structures: a guide for design and analysis Jan 1998 Ndp Barltrop Barltrop NDP. 1998b. Floating structures: a guide for design Marine and Petroleum Technology, Oilfield Publications. Houston, TX: Infield Co., Ltd. Infield Co., Ltd. 2005b. Fixed platforms report market update. Infield (2005), Global Perspectives Floating Production Market Update. Global perspectives floating production market update Jan 2005 Infield Co Ltd Infield Co., Ltd. 2005a. Global perspectives floating production International Maritime Associates Inc. (2005), Floating Production. Systems. Floating Structures: A Guide for Design and Analysis -Volume Two, The Center for Marine and Petroleum Technology Jan 1998 Ndp Barltrop Barltrop, NDP (1998), Floating Structures: A Guide for Design and. Analysis -Volume Two, The Center for Marine and Petroleum. Technology. Advertisement Recommendations Discover more Project AKPO Proect John Kyu Hwang View project Conference Paper Full-text available Are We Ready for a VR Classroom?: A Review of Current Designs and a Vision of Future Virtual Reality. September 2019 Chunming Gao Yan Bai Bryan Goda With the advance of head-mounted virtual reality technology and their lower cost, it is foreseeable that an online course can be delivered in a virtual reality (VR) classroom. This paper introduces head-mounted VR technology, discusses the current designs of VR applications, and depicts a vision of future VR classrooms. View full-text Article The Accreditation of prior learning in France, review of current practices, issues for future measur. This chapter’s title is a bit of a misnomer, since it’s not really about the concept of data structures in general (or how they work), but, rather, three specific data structures built into Dart. Dart’s Lists and Maps will likely be sufficient for 95 of your future data structure needs. Sets are good for data in which all the elements need to be unique. Learning to use these data structures effectively will be key to your success with the Dart language. It reports on the initial state-of-the-art activities of the project, presents a list of GI-Learner competences and establishes a roadmap for the future of the project. View full-text Discover the world's research Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Join for free ResearchGate iOS App Get it from the App Store now. Install Keep up with your stats and more Access scientific knowledge from anywhere or Discover by subject area Recruit researchers Join for free Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password. Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with LinkedIn Continue with Google Welcome back. Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with LinkedIn Continue with Google No account. All rights reserved. Terms Privacy Copyright Imprint. In part, this has been in response to some spectacular accidents. While the focus of this paper is on the structural systems in floating installations, the paper opens with a broad overview of the development of risk-based methods used in the design and assessment of offshore installations in general. This includes a description of techniques used, and also describes some recent developments and difficulties. Structural reliability methods are well established in the design and assessment of many classes of large engineered structures, particularly at the component level. But their application to floating offshore installations, especially at the system level, has been limited. This is partly due to some difficulties unique to floating structures including (i) the existence of multiple system failure modes some of which are non-structural in nature, and (ii) the existence of strong interaction between structural and non-structural component failures leading to global failure. Drawing on work performed by ABS in the development of a classification guide for the Mobile Offshore Base, and other subsequent work the challenges faced by designers and assessors of such systems are described. The semisubmersible form is used to illustrate the issues and possible solutions.In part, this has been i n response to some spectacular accidents. While the focus of this paper is on the s tructural systems in floating installations, the paper opens with a broad overview of the development of risk-based methods used in the des ign and assessment of offshore ins tallations in general. This is partly due to some d ifficulties unique to floating stru ctures including (i) the existence of multiple system failure modes some of which are non-structural in nature, and (ii) the existence of strong interaction between structur al and non-structural component failures leading to global fai lure. Drawing on work perform ed by ABS in the development of a classification guide for the Mobile Offshore Base, and other subsequent work the challenges faced by designers and as sessors of such systems are described. The semisubmersible form is used to illustrate the iss ues and possible solutions. 1 The opinions ex pressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the American Bur eau of Shipping 2 American Bureau o f Shipping, Houston, TX 77060. While engineering structures ass ociated with oil exploration and production are most relevant to the subject of this paper, aspects of the paper are pertinent to all large floating structures. The engin eering requirements f or most offshore installations are demanding, particularly designs that rely on buoyancy f or support. Such installations generally have to be self-propelled, have the ability to maintain position, have good motion characteristics, and support processin g plant appropriate to its function. Often these installations are located in severe enviro nments away from the kind of infrastructure that land-based installations enjoy. Many of these facilities process crude oil, the byproducts of which can be dangero us. In the history of the offshore industry, which is barely half-a-centu ry old, there have been a nu mber of spectacular accidents (major ones are listed later in the paper). Some of these accidents hav e been as result of the process plant these in stallations support, and i n this regard their land-based counterparts hav e also suffered similar catastrophic accidents. Other accidents are related to the fact that these installations are floating and supported by buoy ancy. A general loss of buoyancy, of course, results in ultim ate failure for the installation. The initiating event that ultimately leads to a general loss of buoyan cy may be structu ral or non- structural in origin. The accidents referred to above led the engineering communi ty to develop new rationa l methodologies to systematically in vestigate the hazards that onshore an d offshore installations were exposed to, and to minimize Accidents at land-based process plants in the mid- seventies (e.g., Fli xborough, U.K. i n 1974 and Seveso, Italy in 1976) we re mostly responsibl e for the development of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodologies (Spouge 1999). Soon after, simil ar techniques were applied to offshore installations, particular to examine risks to living quarters. In this regard the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate were among the first su ch agencies to require the use of QRA methodologie s. Quite independently risk principles were being applied in the assessment of structural safety, particularly for buildings, but also for f ixed offshore platforms. The discipline is commonl y known as structural reliability. While the broad goals of QRA and structural reliability are the same, the evolution has been quite different, and there do not appear to have been any significant attempts to treat s tructural reliability in a QRA framework. There are, in any case, many impediments to any such attempt. Structural reliability analysis (SRA), as usually applied, treats the loads on the structure and th e resistance of the structure within a probabilistic framework. In this sense, and in com parison to QRA, structural reliability as applied in practice is rather narrow in scope. Typically the interaction between structural and non-structu ral component failures is not considered in SRA. Furthermore, some ultimate failures are the result of multiple component failures, some of which are s tructural in origin while oth ers are not. Even though this pap er does not att empt to provide answers to all the issues raised above, it does identify the challenges, and poses the m ost relevant questions. Some limited prog ress has been made to addressing the issues, and these are described. The issues that remain are outlined and tentative proposals are m ade on how these challenges may be met. The paper opens with an overview of QRA in order to provide a context for the remainin g elements of the paper. Structural reliability analysis meth odologies are reviewed, and their limitations described in regard to floating structures and their treatmen t of system failures, particularly those involving a m ix of structural and non-structural failure modes. Suggestio ns are then made on how a sy stems reliability meth odology may be developed. Work has been perform ed that addresses some of the issues raised above and these are summarized. In particular the American Bureau of Shipping was responsible for developing a Classification Gu ide for the Mobile Offshore Base, conceptually a system comprising a number of l inked floating struc tures. The most common f orm envisaged for the structures is the semisubmersible, which has a long history of successful use in the offshore indu stry. The Guide treats some of the system aspects mentioned above. Failure of bul kheads, of course, can lead to overall loss of buoy ancy and capsizing and sinking. The semisubmersible fo rm of offshore installation is used as a vehicle for describing th e issues of interest to this study, and also for illustrating the application of a methodology to asses s risk that accounts for the interaction between structural and non-s tructural failure modes. This form is used alm ost exclusively for oil exploration and production in t he offshore industry. Considerable data on failures has been gathered and this is used in this study to develop the aforementioned methodology. While the discussion is centered on semisubmersibles in the oil industries, in principle much of the dev elopment of the approach pres ented below can be applied to the s emisubmersible f orm used for other applications.