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yamaha vx sport 2005 service manual

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yamaha vx sport 2005 service manualIf you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy.If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details.You can change your ad preferences anytime. Valve clearance (cold):It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly. All pages are is great to have2005 YAMAHA VX1100 CRUISER DELUXE SPORT Service Repair Workshop Manual. WaveRunnerBecause Yamaha has a policy of continuously improving its products, models may differ in detailUse only the latest edition of thisWaveRunner. VX110 Sport, VX110 DeluxeAll rights reserved. Any reprinting or unauthorized useYamaha Motor Corporation, USAPrinted in USAThe informa-In this revised format, the condition of a faulty component will precede an arrow symbol and theTo assist you in finding your way through this manual, the section title and major heading is given atCross references will direct you to the appropri-The Safety Alert Symbol means ATTENTION.Example. Bolt or screw size: M10 (D) ? 25 mm (L)Symbols 0 to E indicate specific data.A Specified oil or fluid. B Specified engine speed. C Specified tightening torque. D Specified measurement. E Specified electrical valueSymbols F to I in an exploded diagram indi-F Apply Yamaha 4-stroke motor oil. G Apply water resistant greaseH Apply ThreeBond 1104J or ThreeBond 1280B. I Apply molybdenum disulfide grease. Symbols J to N in an exploded diagram indi-J Apply Gasket Maker. K Apply LOCTITE 271 (red). L Apply LOCTITE 242 (blue). M Apply LOCTITE 572. N Apply silicone sealantThe primary l.D.http://corponeindia.com/corp-one/upload/dle5977b-manual.xml

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number is stamped on a labelStarting primary l.D. number:Starting serial number:The H.l.N. is stamped on a plate attached toKeep gasoline and all flammable productsIf inhaled inWhen test running an engine indoors (e.g., in aProtect your hands and feet by wearing protec-Yamaha, when servicing or repairing theHowever, you shouldDo not, for exam-Use the recommended special serviceFollow the tightening torque specificationsAlways use new gaskets, seals, O-rings,In addition, beDial gauge setA Cylinder gauge setD Peak voltage adapter B. E Spark checker. Ignition tester. F Test harness (2 pins). Current: YB-06767. Test harness FWY-2 (2 pins). Current: 90890-06767. G Test harness (3 pins). Current: YB-06770. Test harness SMT250-3 (3 pins). Current: 90890-06770. H Test harness (6 pins). Test harness FSW-6A (6 pins). I Test harness (3 pins). Current: YB-06777. Test harness HM090-3 (3 pins). Current: 90890-06777L Yamaha diagnostic systemRotor holderYM-04108 (o22 mm)A Valve guide removerYM-04116 (o4.5 mm)B Valve guide installerYM-04117 (o4.5 mm)C Valve guide reamerYM-04118 (o4.5 mm)D Valve seat cutter. Intake. ExhaustYM-04108 (o22 mm)YM-04111 (o4.0 mm)YM-04116 (o4.5 mm)YM-04117 (o4.5 mm)YM-04113 (o4.0 mm)YM-04118 (o4.5 mm)F Neway valve seat cutter kit. G Piston ring compressorDrive shaft holder 5 (impeller). I Slide hammer and adaptersJ Stopper guide plate (jet pump bearing). K Bearing puller assemblyL Stopper guide standM Driver rod L3N Bearing housing needle bearing removerO Needle bearing attachmentBall bearing attachmentQ Ball bearing attachmentR Driver handle—largeS Driver rod LST Crankshaft holder (intermediate shaft). Crankshaft holder 20 (intermediate shaft). U Bearing outer race attachmentModel. VX110 Sport VX110 Deluxe. Model code. Hull F1K. Dimensions. Length mm (in) 3,220 (126.8). Width mm (in) 1,170 (46.1). Height mm (in) 1,150 (45.3). Dry weight kg (lb) 325 (716). PerformanceEngine. Engine type 4-stroke, L4, DOHC. Displacement cm3Bore ? stroke mm (in) 76.0 ? 58.http://www.hotpod.net.au/userfiles/dle7177rm-repair-manual.xml0 (2.99 ? 2.28). Compression ratio 11.4:1. Exhaust system Wet exhaust. Lubrication system Dry sump. Cooling system Water cooled. Starting system Electric starter. Ignition system TCI. Spark plug modelPropulsion system Jet pump. Jet pump type Axial flow, single stage. Impeller rotation Counterclockwise (viewed from rear). Transmission Constant mesh 1-speed. Jet thrust nozzle horizontalJet thrust nozzle trim angle Degree 3. Reverse system — Reverse gateFuel type Regular unleaded gasoline. Fuel tank capacity LEngine oil grade API SE, SF, SG, SH, SJ, SLModel. VX110 Sport VX110 DeluxeModel. Cylinder head. Warpage limit mm (in) 0.1 (0.004)Taper limit mm (in) 0.08 (0.003). Out-of-round limit mm (in) 0.05 (0.002). Wear limit mm (in) 76.100 (2.9961). Camshaft. Drive system Chain drive. Intake A mm (in) 31.15 (1.226). Exhaust A mm (in) 30.75 (1.211). Intake and exhaust B mm (in) 25.00 (0.984). Camshaft cap inside diameter mm (in) 24.5 (0.9646). Camshaft journal diameter. Camshaft-journal-to-camshaft-Maximum camshaft runout mm (in) 0.03 (0.0012). Timing chain. Tensioning system Automatic. Valves, valve seats, valve guides. Valve clearance (cold). Valve dimensions. Valve head diameter AThe figures are for reference only.Valve seat width C. Valve margin thickness D. Valve stem diameter. Valve guide inside diameter. Valve-stem-to-valve-guideValve stem runout mm (in) 0.01 (0.0004). Valve spring. Free length. Intake mm (in) 38.90 (1.53). Exhaust mm (in) 40.67 (1.60). Installed length. Intake mm (in) 34.50 (1.36). Exhaust mm (in) 35.00 (1.38). Tilt limit. Piston. Wear limit mm (in) 0.170 (0.0067). Item Unit. Model. VX110 Sport VX110 DeluxeWear limit mm (in) 16.986 (0.6687). Piston ring. Top ring. Type Barrel. Dimension (B ? T) mm (in) 0.90 ? 2.75 (0.04 ? 0.11)Type Taper. Dimensions (B ? T) mm (in) 0.80 ? 2.80 (0.03 ? 0.11). Oil ring. DimensionsConnecting rod. Bearing color code 1. Brown 2. Black 3. Blue 4. Green. Crankshaft. Deflection limit B mm (in) 0.03 (0.0012). Throttle body. Manufacturer Mikuni. ID mark 6D300. VX110 Sport VX110 DeluxePump type Electrical. Fuel pressure kPaOil filter. Oil filter type Cartridge type. Oil pump. Oil pump type Trochoid. Rotor tip clearanceOil pump housing clearance. Jet pump. Impeller material Stainless steel. Number of impeller blades 3. Impeller pitch angle Degree 21.2. Impeller clearance limit mm (in) 0.6 (0.0236). Drive shaft runout limit mm (in) 0.3 (0.0118). Free play. Battery. Type Fluid. Specific gravity 1.28. ECM unit. Output peak voltage lower limit. Stator. Output peak voltage. Pickup coil resistance. Ignition coil. Primary coil resistance. Secondary coil resistance. Output peak voltageType Constant mesh. Output kW 0.8. Rating Seconds 30. Brush length mm (in) 12.5 (0.49). Wear limit mm (in) 6.5 (0.26). Commutator undercut mm (in) 0.7 (0.03). Limit mm (in) 0.2 (0.01). Commutator diameter mm (in) 28.0 (1.10). Limit mm (in) 27.0 (1.06). Starter relay. Thermoswitch. Engine temperature sensor. Speed sensor. Output voltage (on pulse) V 11.6. Throttle position sensor. Output voltage. Accelerator position sensor. VX110 Sport VX110 DeluxeCam position sensor. Position A V More than 4.8. Position B V Less than 0.8. Position C V More than 4.8. Fuel sender. Fuel sender resistance. Oil pressure switch. Oil pressure switch continuityFuel injector. Fuse. Rating. Electronic control throttleRemote control unitItem Unit. VX110 Sport VX110 DeluxePartThreadQ’ty. Tightening torque. Remarks. Refer to. Fuel systemNut — 9Fuel filter hose clamp — — 2 3.7 0.37 2.7 4-1. Air filter case cover Screw M5Air filter case bracket Nut — 4 15 1.5 11 4-7. Air intake hose clamp — — 1 2.5 0.25 1.8 4-7. Throttle cable Nut — 1 6.5 0.65 4.7 4-7. Accelerator position sensor Nut — 2 17 1.7 12 4-7. Throttle body assembly Bolt M8 4 13 1.3 9.4 4-10. Intake manifoldBolt M6 2Bolt M8 2Fuel rail Bolt M8 2 13 1.3 9.4 4-10. Sensor assembly Screw M5 2 3.5 0.35 2.5 4-10. Engine. Engine unit Bolt M8 4 17 1.7 12Coupling cover Bolt M6 1 7.8 0.78 5.http://www.dolciariavarone.com/images/compaq-projector-mp3800-manual.pdf6Inner exhaust joint clampBolt M10 4Exhaust pipe endBolt M6 3Exhaust pipe 1Bolt M8 4Exhaust manifoldBolt M8 11Bolt M6 2Ground lead box Bolt M6 3 7.6 0.76 5.5Bolt M10 5Bolt M6 1Oil tankNut — 2Oil tank stayBolt M10 2Bracket (coupling cover)Bolt M6 2Oil tank coverBolt M6 8Oil breather plateBolt M5 9Baffle plateBolt M5 3Oil strainerBolt M6 2Oil cooler coverBolt M6 24Anode Screw M4 1 3.8 0.38 2.7Drain plug (engine oil) Bolt M8 1 13 1.3 9.4 5-21. StrainerBolt M6 2Drive coupling — — 1 28 2.8 20Bolt M6 2Bolt M8 5Starter motor lead Nut — 1 4.9 0.49 3.5 A 5-33. Starter motor Bolt M8 2 18 1.8 13 5-33. Generator coverBolt M10 8Flywheel magneto Bolt M10 1 75 7.5 54Part to tightened. PartThreadQ’ty. Refer toBolt M5 1 4.9 0.49 3.5Ignition coil Bolt M6 4 7.6 0.76 5.5Bolt M6 1Cylinder head cover Bolt M6 6 12 1.2 8.7Timing chain tensioner Bolt M6 2 10 1.0 7.2 5-43. Exhaust camshaft cap Bolt M6 10 10 1.0 7.2Nut — 2Nut — 3Nut — 5Thermoswitch (engine) Bolt M6 2 7.6 0.76 5.5Bolt M6 10 12 1.2 8.7Bolt M9 10Oil pipe Bolt M6 1 12 1.2 8.7Nut — 8PartThreadQ’ty. Refer toSteering cable joint Nut — 1 6.8 0.68 4.9Bolt M6 4Bracket Bolt M8 2Bolt M6 4 6.6 0.66 4.8Intermediate housing cover Bolt M8 4 17 1.7 12DrivenHull and hood. Handlebar holder Bolt M8 4 20 2.0 14Handlebar switch assembly Screw M5 2 3.4 0.34 2.5 8-4. Grip end Bolt M5 2 1.2 0.12 0.9Steering arm Bolt M8 1 20 2.0 14Bolt M6 2 6.9 0.69 5.0Nut — 1 5.9 0.59 4.3 8-23. Part to tightened. Refer toNut — 1 3.8 0.38 2.7Nut — 1 6.5 0.65 4.7 8-23. Steering cable locknutNut — 1 6.8 0.68 4.9Steering cable bracket Bolt M6 1 6.9 0.69 5.0Hinge assembly Bolt M6 2 6.9 0.69 5.0 8-8. Hood lock assembly Bolt M5 2 1.9 0.19 1.4Shift handle leverScrew M5 2 3.7 0.37 2.7Bolt M6 1 6.9 0.69 5.0Nut — 2 15 1.5 11 8-16. Pilot water outlet Nut — 1 4.2 0.42 3.0 8-17. Hand grip Nut — 4 6.9 0.69 5.0 8-28. Seat bracket Nut — 2 15 1.5 11 8-28. Seat lock projection Bolt — 1 26 2.6 19 8-28. Seat lock assembly Bolt M6 2 6.4 0.64 4.6Nut — 6 5.4 0.54 3.9 8-31. Hose clamp 1 — — 2 3.7 0.37 2.7 8-31. Hose clamp 2 — — 1 3.7 0.37 2.7 8-31. Joint clamp 1 and 4 — — 2 3.7 0.37 2.7 8-31. Joint clamp 2 and 3Sponson Bolt M8 10 16 1.6 12Protector (bow) Nut — 5 6.9 0.69 5.0 8-36. Bow eye Bolt M6 2 13 1.3 9.4 8-36. Engine mount Bolt M8 8 17 1.7 12PartThreadQ’ty. Refer toFuse box Nut — 2 17 1.7 12 7-2. Fuse box bracket Nut — 4 15 1.5 11 7-2. ECM Bolt M6 4 4.0 0.4 2.9Bolt M8 2Slant detection switch. TappingRemote control transmitterTappingPart to tightened. Refer toUnless otherwise specified, tightening torqueComponents should be at room temperature. Nut A Bolt B. General torqueA Speed sensor lead. B Cooling water inlet hose. C Fuel hose. D Electric fuel pump. E Accelerator position sensor. F Antenna lead (Deluxe model only). G Remote control unit lead (Deluxe model only). H Bilge hose joint. I Cooling water hose joint. J Cooling water pilot outlet hose. K Accelerator position sensor leadE Fasten the steering sensor lead, handlebarE To install the cooling water inlet hose, align theA Cooling water outlet hose. B Bilge hose. C Battery breather hose. D Battery. E Negative battery lead. F Starter motor lead. G Speed sensor lead. H Steering cable. I Remote control unit lead (Deluxe model only). J Fuel tank breather hose. K Antenna lead (Deluxe model only). L Ventilation hoseN Electric fuel pump. O Oil separator breather hose (to air intake duct). P Wiring harness. Q Cooling water inlet hose. E Fasten the steering sensor lead, handlebarE Fasten the speed sensor lead, fuel sender lead,E Deluxe model. E Sport model. I To remote control unit (Deluxe model only). I Fasten the antenna lead and wiring harnessI To engine unit (Deluxe model only)N Point the arrow on the cover toward the fuelO Fasten the fuel hose with a plastic tie. O To fuse box. O Fasten the wiring harness with a plastic tie atO To ECME To install the cooling water outlet hose, align theE To transom plate. E Fasten the cooling water outlet hose with a plas-I Fasten the oil separator breather (to oil tank)I Face the ends of the hose clamp towards theI Insert the cooling water hose to the paint mark.N Install the cooling water hose with the whiteO To cooling water pilot outlet. O Face the ends of the hose clamp towards theO Install the hose onto the cooling water pipe untilO Insert the plastic tie completely into the hole inB Thermoswitch (exhaust) coupler. C Ground lead plate. D Wiring harness. E Thermoswitch (exhaust) lead. F Oil pressure switch lead. E Fasten the oil separator breather hose (to airE To fuse box. E To multifunction meterI Fasten the thermoswitch (exhaust) lead at theE To engine temperature sensor. E To thermoswitch (engine). E Route the engine thermoswitch lead and engineE More than 10 mm (0.39 in). I Do not leave any slack in the lead. I Attach the thermoswitch (engine) coupler to theI Attach a joint connector to the bracket. I Pass the fuel injector leads under the fuel rail.N Fasten the wiring harness to a bracket on theO Fasten the wiring harness and cam positionO Split in wiring harness. O To cam position sensorO To oil pressure switchO To ground lead plate. U Bow end. U Make sure that the rubber boot is fitted properlySteering cable inspection and adjustment.3-2. Throttle cable inspection and adjustment.3-4. Shift cable inspection and adjustment (Deluxe model only).3-5. Trolling speed inspection.3-6Water separator inspection.3-8Engine oil level check.3-14. Engine oil change — using oil changer.3-16. Air filter element clean.3-18. Spark plug inspection.3-20Water inlet strainer inspection.3-25Lubrication points.3-26Depending on operating conditions, the intervals of maintenance should be changed.Spark plug Inspect, clean, adjust 3-20. Lubrication points Lubricate 3-26. Fuel system Inspect 3-7. Fuel tank Inspect, clean 3-7. Trolling speed Inspect 3-6. Throttle shaft Inspect —. Water inlet strainer Inspect, clean —. Bilge strainer Clean 3-26. Impeller Inspect 3-25. Jet thrust nozzle angle Inspect, adjust 3-2. Shift cable andInspect, adjust 3-5. Throttle cable Inspect, adjust 3-4. Stern drain plugs Inspect, replace 3-26. Battery Inspect 3-22. Rubber coupling Inspect —. Engine mount Inspect 5-7. Nuts and bolts Inspect —. Air filter Inspect, replace 3-18. Engine oil Replace 3-14. Engine oil filter Replace 3-16. Valve clearance Inspect, adjust 3-8Refer to “STEERING COLUMN” in. Chapter 8. Inspection steps:Steering cable inspection and adjustmentDifference of distances a and b. Maximum 5 mm (0.2 in). Measurement steps:Refer to “REMOTE CONTROL CABLES AND. SPEED SENSOR LEAD” in Chapter 8. Adjustment steps:Steering cable length c:Throttle lever free play a. Throttle cable length b:Adjustment steps:Turn in Free play is increased. Turn out Free play is decreased.Shift cable inspection and adjustmentChecking steps:Adjustment steps:Turn in Length is decreased. Turn out Length is increased.Trolling speed inspectionTrolling speed. Checking steps (watercraft in water):Fuel line inspectionRefer to “FUEL TANK AND FUEL. PUMP MODULE” in Chapter 4.Refer to “FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM”MODULE” in Chapter 4.The following procedure applies to all of theRefer to “CAMSHAFTS” in Chapter 5.Dial gauge stand:Dial indicator gauge:Valve clearance (cold). Intake valve. Exhaust valve. Measurement steps:Valve clearance measuring sequence. E Bow endE Degrees that the crankshaft is turned clock-E Cylinder. E Combustion cyclePlease Click Here. Another step in the development of chimneys was the use of built in ovens which allowed the household to bake at home. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century.Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called chimney pots ) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm.Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls.Such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall.They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural component in the construction of industrial chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of fuel being burned generates flue gases containing acids. Modern industrial chimneys sometimes consist of a concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside.The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legal or other safety requirements.Since the 1950s, building codes in many locations require newly built chimneys to have a flue liner. Chimneys built without a liner can usually have a liner added, but the type of liner needs to match the type of appliance it services. Flue liners may be clay or concrete tile, metal, or poured in place concrete. A refractory cement is used between each tile.Stainless steel is made in several types and thicknesses. Type 304 is used with firewood, wood pellet fuel, and non-condensing oil appliances, types 316 and 321 with coal, and type AL 29-4C is used with non-condensing gas appliances. Class A are either an insulated, double wall stainless steel pipe or triple wall, air-insulated pipe often known by its genericized trade name Metalbestos. Class B are uninsulated double wall pipes often called B-vent, and are only used to vent non-condensing gas appliances. These may have an aluminum inside layer and galvanized steel outside layer. These liners are highly durable, work with any heating appliance, and can reinforce a weak chimney, but they are irreversible.A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that multiple fireplaces on different floors share the chimney.They often feature a rain guard to prevent rain or snow from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is often used as a spark arrestor to minimize burning debris from rising out of the chimney and making it onto the roof. Although the masonry inside the chimney can absorb a large amount of moisture which later evaporates, rainwater can collect at the base of the chimney. Sometimes weep holes are placed at the bottom of the chimney to drain out collected water.Although the H cap has a distinct advantage over most other downdraft caps, it fell out of favor because of its bulky design. It is found mostly in marine use but has been regaining popularity due to its energy-saving functionality. The H-cap stabilizes the draft rather than increasing it. Other downdraft caps are based on the Venturi effect, solving downdraft problems by increasing the updraft constantly resulting in much higher fuel consumption.A top damper or cap damper is a metal spring door placed at the top of the chimney with a long metal chain that allows one to open and close the damper from the fireplace. A throat damper is a metal plate at the base of the chimney, just above the firebox, that can be opened and closed by a lever, gear, or chain to seal off the fireplace from the chimney. The advantage of a top damper is the tight weatherproof seal that it provides when closed, which prevents cold outside air from flowing down the chimney and into the living space—a feature that can rarely be matched by the metal-on-metal seal afforded by a throat damper. Additionally, because the throat damper is subjected to intense heat from the fire directly below, it is common for the metal to become warped over time, thus further degrading the ability of the throat damper to seal. However, the advantage of a throat damper is that it seals off the living space from the air mass in the chimney, which, especially for chimneys positioned on an outside of wall of the home, is generally very cold. It is possible in practice to use both a top damper and a throat damper to obtain the benefits of both. The two top damper designs currently on the market are the Lyemance (pivoting door) and the Lock Top (translating door).The gauge dials move clockwise with increasing pressure. Those gases are generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimneys or industrial flue gas stacks (sometimes referred to as smokestacks).That causes the bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure at the bottom of a corresponding column of outside air. That higher pressure outside the chimney is the driving force that moves the required combustion air into the combustion zone and also moves the flue gas up and out of the chimney. The taller the stack, the more draught or draft is created. There can be cases of diminishing returns: if a stack is overly tall in relation to the heat being sent out of the stack, the flue gases may cool before reaching the top of the chimney. This condition can result in poor drafting, and in the case of wood burning appliances, the cooling of the gases before emission can cause creosote to condense near the top of the chimney. The creosote can restrict the exit of flue gases and may pose a fire hazard.Deposits of this substance can interfere with the airflow and more importantly, they are combustible and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney.While in most cases there is no need to clean a gas chimney on an annual basis that does not mean that other parts of the chimney cannot fall into disrepair. This work used to be done largely by child labour, and as such features in Victorian literature. In the Middle Ages in some parts of Europe, a crow-stepped gable design was developed, partly to provide access to chimneys without use of ladders.Government housing authorities in cities prone to earthquakes such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego now recommend building new homes with stud-framed chimneys around a metal flue. Bracing or strapping old masonry chimneys has not proven to be very effective in preventing damage or injury from earthquakes.Special attention must be paid to possible corrosion problems if these antennas are near the exhaust of the chimney.However this type of construction, which is used at several power stations in the former Soviet Union, is not very common, because of corrosion problems of conductor cables.Such cooling towers can be seen in Germany at the Power Station Staudinger Grosskrotzenburg and at the Power Station Rostock. At power stations that are not equipped for removing sulfur dioxide, such usage of cooling towers could result in serious corrosion problems which are not easy to prevent.Retrieved 2006-07-30. London: Eveleigh Nash, 1908. 85-86. Richmond, VT: Builderburg Group, 1997. 197. Print. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The collection of discrete modular units usually forms a self-supporting structure in its own right or, for tall buildings, may rely on an independent structural framework.The largest markets for modular construction are in student residences, military accommodation and hotels, but the health sector is significant as it requires highly complex services and medical installations that can be commissioned and tested off-site.The benefits of modular construction, relative to more traditional methods, include: For these applications it has the following features:Mineral wool may be required between the joists.Additional corner posts in the form of square hollow sections are often used.The cellular space provided is limited by the transportation and installation requirements. Depending on location and exposure to wind action, the height of buildings in fully modular construction is in the range of 6 to 10 storeys.The walls transfer vertical loads and therefore the longitudinal walls of the upper module are designed to sit on the walls of the module below. Module to-module connections are usually in the form of plates that are bolted on site. Special lifting frames are used that allow the modules to be unhooked safely at height.All walls are insulated, and are usually boarded externally for weather protection. Additional external insulation can be attached on site. For taller buildings, a steel podium frame may be provided on which the modules are stacked and supplemented by a concrete or steel core.Various cases are presented in the table for scheme design (based on wind loading in the Midlands of England).The maximum width of opening is limited by the bending resistance and stiffness of the edge member in the floor cassette. Additional intermediate posts are usually square hollow sections (SHS), so that they can fit within the wall width.The compression resistance of the corner or internal posts controls the maximum height of the building, but 6 to 10 storeys can be achieved, as for fully modular construction. The length of the module may be limited by transport and site access but a length of up to 12m is normally practical. Use of modules with integral corridors can improve the speed of construction by avoiding weather tightness problems during installation and finishing work.Balconies or other components can be attached to the corner or internal posts. Overall stability is provided by additional bracing located in the walls of the modules.A separate bracing system may also be required, as the partially open-sided modules may not possess sufficient shear resistance in certain applications. A typical building form in which larger apartments are created using partially open sided units is shown right.The framework of the module is often in the form of hot rolled steel members, such as Square Hollow Section (SHS) columns and Parallel Flange Channel (PFC) edge beams, that are bolted together.Modules can be placed side by side to create larger open plan spaces, as required in hospitals and schools, etc.For this reason, fully open ended modules are not often used for buildings more than three storeys high. Where used, infill walls and partitions within the modules are non load bearing, except where walls connected to the columns provide in plane bracing. The corner posts provide the compression resistance and are typically 100 x 100 SHS members. The edge beams may be connected to these posts by fin plates, which provide nominal bending resistance. End plates and Hollo-bolts to the SHS members may also be used. The corner posts possess sufficient compression resistance for use in buildings at least up to 10 storeys.In plane forces can be transferred by suitable connections at the corners of the modules.The rigid end frames are manufactured as part of the module or can be assembled as separate components. Modules using hot rolled steel framework can be designed to support concrete floors for use in medical and other applications, where strict control of vibrations is required. Therefore, this mixed modular and panel form of construction is limited to buildings of 4 to 6 storey height. An example of this hybrid form of construction is shown.In this case, the supporting columns are positioned at a multiple of the width of the modules (normally 2 or 3 modules). The beams are designed to support the combined loads from the modules above (normally a maximum of 4 6 storeys).This form of construction is very suitable for mixed retail, commercial and residential developments, especially for residential units above commercial areas or car parking, etc, particularly in urban projects.An example of a mixed development in Manchester is shown. The ground floor and below- ground car parking is a conventional composite structure. The depth of the podium type structure is 800 to 1000mm, and spans of 10 to 18m can be created below the podium, which are suitable for commercial applications and car parking.The module design is similar to that described for 4 sided modules. Wind loads can be transferred horizontally through the corridor floors.Modules can be disassembled in the future to leave the floor cassette supported by the beams. An example of the mixed use of modules and primary steel frame is shown below left. The modules are shown shaded and floor spans indicated.Modules are placed internally within the braced steel frame, as shown in the MoHo project in Manchester (below right).The landings and half landings are supported by longitudinal walls with additional angles or SHS members to provide local strengthening, if necessary. The stair modules rely for their stability on a base and top, which leads to use of a false landing. The open top and base of the wall may be strengthened by a T, L or similar members to transfer out of plane loads to the landing.