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wein bridge lab manualReport this Document Download now Save Save Solution Manual of Electric Machines (2n Edition). For Later 100 (1) 100 found this document useful (1 vote) 510 views 114 pages Solution Manual of Electric Machines (2n Edition) - Charles I. Hubert.pdf Uploaded by Marwa Description: Full description Save Save Solution Manual of Electric Machines (2n Edition). For Later 100 100 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 114 Search inside document Cancel anytime. Share this document Share or Embed Document Sharing Options Share on Facebook, opens a new window Share on Twitter, opens a new window Share on LinkedIn, opens a new window Share with Email, opens mail client Copy Text Skip section Trending The Black Ice Michael Connelly Secrets of the Millionaire Mind: Mastering the Inner Game of Wealth T. Harv Eker The Great Divorce C. S. Lewis All My Friends Are Dead Avery Monsen Dark Wild Night Christina Lauren Diary of a Wimpy Kid Jeff Kinney The Achievement Habit: Stop Wishing, Start Doing, and Take Command of Your Life Bernard Roth Wizard and Glass: The Dark Tower IV Stephen King The 5 Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts Gary Chapman Battlefield of the Mind: Winning the Battle in Your Mind Joyce Meyer Delay, Don't Deny Gin Stephens Big Nate: What's a Little Noogie Between Friends. Lincoln Peirce Little House On The Prairie Laura Ingalls Wilder Until It Fades: A Novel K.A.http://laboratorioshamalab.com/userfiles/diplomat-electric-oven-adp3300-manual.xml
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Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language Quick navigation Home Books Audiobooks Documents, active Collapse section Rate Useful 100 100 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful Not useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Collapse section Share Share on Facebook, opens a new window Facebook Share on Twitter, opens a new window Twitter Share on LinkedIn, opens a new window LinkedIn Copy Link to clipboard Copy Link Share with Email, opens mail client Email. Hence, two basic essential parts of an electrical generator are (i) a magnetic field and (ii) a conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux. 3.2. Types of Generators Generators are usually classified according to the way in which their fields are excited. Due to residual magnetism, there is always present some flux in the poles. When the armature is rotated, some e.m.f. and hence some induced current is produced which is partly or fully passed through the field coils thereby strengthening the residual pole flux. When series field aids the shunt field, generator is said to be commutativelycompounded. F2 A3 F1 A4 A2 Fig.3.7: Cumulative compound. Take drop per brush as 1 V, Neglect armature reaction. It is just the magnetization curve for the material of the electromagnets. It gives relation between that terminal voltage Vt and the load current IL.http://www.japline.ru/userfiles/file/diplomat-double-oven-manual.xml This curve lies below the internal characteristic because it takes into account the voltage drop over the armature circuit resistance. The values of Vt are obtained by subtracting Ia.Ra from corresponding values of Eo.This is represented by the straight portion OA in Fig. 3.10. But as the flux density increases, the poles become saturated, so a greater increase in If is required to produce a given small increase in voltage than on the lower part of the curve. The curve can be deduced from the no-load saturation curve provided the values of armature reaction and armature resistance are known. While considering this curve, account is taken of the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction and the voltage drop in armature which are practically absent under no-load conditions. Fig. 3.11: Load saturation curve. The no-load saturation curve of Fig. 3.10 has been repeated in Fig. 3.11 on a base of field ampturns (and not current) and it is seen that at no-load, the field amp-turns required for rated noload voltage are given by Oa. This decrease can be made up by suitably increasing the field amp-turns. Let ac represent the equivalent demagnetizing amp-turns per pole. The point d lies on the curve LS which shows relation between the voltage E generated under load conditions and the field amp-turns. The curve LS is practically parallel to curve Ob. The terminal voltage V will be less than this generated voltage E by an amount (Ia Ra) where Ra is the resistance of the armature circuit. The point e lies on the full-load saturation curve for the generator. Similarly, other points are obtained in the same manner and the full-load saturation curve Mp is drawn. The right-angled triangle bde is known as drop reaction triangle. Load saturation curve for half-load can be obtained by joining the mid-points of such lines as mn and bd etc. In the case of self-excited generators, load saturation curves are obtained in a similar way. 3.http://gbb.global/blog/boss-me-30-owners-manual Internal and External Characteristics: Let us consider a separately-excited generator giving its rated no-load voltage of Eo for a certain constant field current. If there were no armature reaction and armature voltage drop, then this voltage would have remained constant as shown in Fig. 3.11. By the dotted horizontal line I. But when the generator is loaded, the voltage falls due to these two causes, thereby giving slightly dropping characteristics. If we subtract from Eo the values of voltage drops due to armature reaction for different loads, then we get the value of E, the e.m.f. actually induced in the armature under load conditions. Curve II is plotted in this way and is known as the internal characteristic. The straight line Oa represents the Ia Ra drops corresponding to different armature currents. If we subtract from E o the armature drop Ia Ra, we get terminal voltage Vt. The field or exciting current If is varied by rheostat and its value read on the ammeter (A). The generated e.m.f. is directly proportional to the exciting current. However, at high flux densities, where.As Ia increased armature flux increases. The effect of flux produced by armature on main flux produced by the field winding is called armature reaction. Due to the armature reaction, main flux distorted. So as load current IL increases, Ia increases. The value of armature resistance Ra is very small; the drop in terminal voltage as I L changes from no load to full load is very small. Hence shunt generator is called constant voltage generator. If the load resistance is reduced beyond point a break down point i.e. load I L is increased beyond P then it increases momentarily. This is very large current and generator gets overloaded. Due to a large current the armature reaction is high and drop Ia Ra decreases from P to Q, rather than increasing. Thus on curve aqr, the voltage goes on reducing rapidly and point r becomes zero as shown Fig. 3.15. Vt Eo Small drop Ia.http://gandgengineering.com/images/commonwealth-department-of-health-and-aged-care-documentation-and-accountability-manual.pdfRa a Drooping nature Break down q r O IL Q P Fig.3.15: External characteristics curve. 3.2.2.1 Critical Field Resistance in DC Shunt Generator: Now, connect the field windings back to the armature and run the machine as a shunt generator. Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some e.m.f. and hence current, would be generated. This current while passing through the field coils will strengthen the magnetism of the poles (provided field coils are properly connected as regards polarity). This will increase the pole flux which will further increase the generated e.m.f. Increased e.m.f. means more current which further increases the flux and so on. This mutual reinforcement of e.m.f. and flux proceeds on till equilibrium is reached at some point like P (Fig. 3.16). The point lies on the resistance line OA of the field winding. Let R be the resistance of the field winding. OB represents smaller resistance and the corresponding voltage OM is slightly greater than OL. If field resistance is increased, then slope of the resistance line increased, and hence the maximum voltage to which the generator will build up at a given speed, decreases. If the resistance line just lies along the slope, then with that value of field resistance, the machine will just excite. Steps to Find Critical Resistance Rc:1. O.C.C. is plotted from the given data.Draw a line tangential to this O.C.C, OA. Draw a line representing the given Rsh, OP. With the supply terminals unchanged, the machine is now run as compound motor. Is the motor differentially or cumulatively compounded? Sol.: The magnetization curve at 1500 r.p.m. is plotted in Fig. from the given data. The 100 ? resistance line OA is obtained by joining the origin (0, 0) with the point (1A, 100 V).Usually, there is always present some residual magnetism in the poles, hence a small e.m.f. is produced initially. This e.m.f. circulates a small current in the field circuit which increases the pole flux (provided field circuit is properly connected to armature, otherwise this current may wipe off the residual magnetism). When flux is increased, generated e.m.f. is increased which further increases the flux and so on. As shown in Fig. 28.17, Oa is the induced e.m.f. due to residual magnetism which appears across the field circuit and causes a field current Ob to flow. Consequently, there is no further increase in pole flux and the generated e.m.f. With the given shunt field resistance represented by line OP, the maximum voltage to which the machine will build up is OE. If resistance is decreased, it will built up to a somewhat higher voltage. If shunt field resistance is greater than this value, the generator will fail to excite. Ea T If Fig. 3.18: Voltage build-up of a DC shunt generator. Conditions Required for Voltage Build-up of DC Shunt Generator: 1. There must be some residual magnetism in the generator poles. 2. For the given direction of rotation, the shunt field coils should be correctly connected to the armature. 3. If excited on open circuit no-load, its shunt field resistance should be less than the critical resistance (which can be found from its O.C.C.). 4. The rotational speed of generator should be greater than the critical speed. The flux ? is directly proportional to Ise. If self-excited series generator, O.C.C. cannot be obtained. The O.C.C. can be obtained in separately -excited the field winding. 3.2.4. Load Characteristic of DC Compound Generator:In a compound generator, both series and shunt excitation are combined; we shall discuss the characteristics of cumulatively compounded generator. The induced e.m.f. increases and terminal voltage also increases. But voltage drop and armature reaction drop also increases, hence there is drop in the terminal voltage. As shown in Fig. (3.20) b. Over-compound generator:If series winding turns are so adjusted that with the increase in load current the terminal voltage increases. In such a case, as the load current increases, the series field e.m.f. increases and tends to increase the flux and hence the generated voltage. The increase in generated voltage is greater than the Ia.Ra drop so that instead of decreasing, the terminal voltage increases. If series winding turns are so adjusted that with the increase in load current, the terminal voltage substantially remains constant. The series winding of such a machine has lesser number of turns than the one in over-compounded machine and, therefore, does not increase the flux as much for a given load current. Consequently, the full-load voltage is nearly equal to the no-load voltage. These forces, as they affect the armature, are considered as losses and may be defined as follows: 1. Copper loss or I2.R in the winding 2. Iron loss or core Losses. 4. Mechanical Losses. 5- Brush contact losses. Armature Cu Loss Copper Losses Shunt Cu Loss Series Cu Loss Total Losses Iron Losses Mechanical Losses Hysteresis Eddy Current Friction Wind age Brush Contact Losses 1. Copper Losses: These losses are taking place due to the current flow in a winding. Its include hysteresis loss and eddy current loss in the core. Booths eddy currents and hysteresis losses total up to about 20 to 30 of full-load, as it explained in Ch.1 a. Mechanical Losses: These losses consist of:i. Mechanical friction losses ii. Wind age, Air-friction or wind resists at the shaft. Not. The Magnetic and Mechanical losses together called stray losses. For shunt and compound DC generators where field current is constant, loss is constant; field copper losses are also constant. 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