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mercedes benz c220 owners manual a o 2015However, there are some important points to consider when designing the drive. Since our motors are very efficient, this is also true when operated as generators. The basic calculations between speed and voltage as well as current and torque are very simple. In the following, a few rules for a successful selection. For the generation of AC voltage, select a brushless EC motor and connect 2 phases only. Hall sensors are not needed on brushless motors. That’s quite a low speed for small motors. Such windings are hard to find in the maxon portfolio. There are only a few high resistance windings on larger motors that satisfy this requirement. Smaller motors have higher speed constants. Unfortunately, these windings have the highest resistance as well. High resistance reduces the output voltage under load and the output voltage becomes very sensitive to the load current. In order to fulfill the torque requirements, you might need a motor with a much higher power rating than the generated power; in particular if the generator speed is rather low compared to typical motor speeds. Select a motor type with a continuous torque higher than the generator torque.When calculating the torque or current load, consider the type of operation. Will the generator run continuously for long periods of time, or in intermittent operation cycles, or during short intervals only. Accordingly, a motor size with sufficient continuous torque or current has to be chosen. Also respect the maximum speed of the motor type. However, due to the generally low speeds this is hardly ever an issue. Select a winding that can generate the required voltage U even under load. Assuming a fixed generator speed n, we require a generated voltage of the winding Ut that is larger than U. Since the current capacity decreases with increasing resistance, verify that the continuous current is still large enough. Observe the different slopes of each winding.http://ventsistem-bg.com/userfiles/cooler-master-932-haf-manual.xml
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However, maxon gearheads are not really good in being driven from the output. Use gearheads that can be back-driven, i.e. planetary gearheads up to two stages or spur gearheads. (Or specially designed gearheads). A few observations and recommendations: However, maxon gearheads are not really designed for reversed operation and the efficiency is low. You may use 1 or 2 stage planetary gearheads; they can be operated from the output. Spur gearheads can more easily be back driven and the back-driving efficiency generally is higher. Select the winding according the required tacho voltage and the speed range in your application. Don’t worry about the winding resistance, just make sure that there is a load resistance of sever al k.Yet to reach the goal, some important questions first need to be answered. By continuing to use this website, you are agreeing to the use of cookies. Further information is available in our privacy policy. Join Eng-Tips Forums! By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. Students Click Here Eng-Tips Posting Policies The power goal is 50 kW at a speed of about 95,000 RPM. I suspect that due to the high RPM, it would be best to reduce the pole count on the rotor as much as possible, so probably a single North, and a single South pole. The stator should have at least 3 phases, but probably ONLY 3 phases. The target voltage output at this RPM is anything less than 800 V, but probably as close to that as possible. I have a few books on electric machine design, but I cannot find any equations that will help me roughly size the length or diameter of the PM rotor. Nor can I find any equations to help me find the number of turns, gage, etc of the stator winding. Can anyone recommend a source of information to help me with this. Background (in case anyone is wondering): We are designing a 50 kW turbo-generator for use in a hybrid car.http://latiendasegura.com/contable_prueba/userfiles/coolair-evaporative-cooling-manual.xml I have built 5 turbo-thrust engines using turbochargers before, and I worked for 5 years at a company that produced “micro” turbo-fan engines (high bypass ratio, geared fan). I am very knowledgeable on the thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and operational characteristics of small turbine engines, but am very novice when it comes to power electronics. Right now, I have a BorgWarner S366 turbo running on a test stand producing thrust only. The next stage of the project is to design, fabricate, and incorporate a PM generator directly on the turbo shaft, sticking out of the compressor inlet side of the shaft (not near the hot stage). I ran through the thermodynamic calculations, and the turbine should be capable of producing an “extra” 50 kW of power without exceeding the material gas temperature limits. I say “extra” because this takes into account the power needed from the turbine to power the compressor at this operating point. The generator should also be able to function as a starter motor (hence, my statement about “at least 3 phases” on the stator, since only 2 phases here would not be able to spin up the rotor from a stand-still. Voltage target at rated power is around 800V since this looks like the new standard in high-voltage hybrid vehicle powertrains. The electrical output of the stator would likely go through some sort of simple but beefy rectifier, then used to charge some small array of chemical batteries or capacitors. Thanks! Max Mitchell Any chance of a gear reduction. I ask because a brushless DC motor run as a generator would be a plausible choice. They require electronic commutation and usually Field Oriented Control (FOC). FOC requires reading back the inactive phase during powering of the active two phases. At 95k the speeds required for that electrical measurement and subsequent math can have problems. Not sure it could be made to work at 95kRPM but cutting that speed in half would allow it. I have to think about this some more. 95k.https://skazkina.com/ru/bose-qc3-instructions-manual Oh and don't cross post in Eng-tips. It gets VERY confusing quickly when you screw that up. Keith Cress kcress - I deleted the other one. One of the primary design constrains of this project is to avoid gear reduction. It sent about 15 kW through a 2-stage gear reduction system. The turbine input shaft spun around 130,000 RPM, and the fan output shaft spun around 10,000 RPM. Over half the problems we had with that product were related to the gearbox. We had to keep slapping on expensive solutions to get the thing to finally be reliable. I became convinced that using gears to reduce the speed of something spinning around 100 kRPM could not be made to work economically with modern technology. I'm still thinking about this, there may be a way. Keith Cress kcress - They predated three phase motors in a lot of areas. Three phase is more economical of supply conductors that two phase and two phase was phased out almost 100 years ago in favour of three phase. You may be able to cheap out on the drive inverter. If your inverter has enough capacity to handle the load without the motor falling out of sync, you can just ramp up the inverter output slowly. Millions of synchronous motors have been running without any feed back or position sensing. Most of them run their entire lives without pulling out of sync.While it would be great to find an off-the-shelf solution for my electrical power goals, I am not counting on this happening. I have a decent machine shop in my garage (CNC mill, lathe, surface grinder, TIG welder, etc), have access to Hofmann balancing equipment, and can procure individual rare-earth magnets and custom stator laminations, if needed. But, would I also need to re-wind the stator to support the higher frequencies. If so, how-so? Regarding use as motor vs generator. Is that also what you are picturing. How does a 2-phase stator deal with start-up. How do we know what direction we are spinning in when we first start off? P.S.http://www.gelbyson.com/images/canon-ir3300-error-code-manual.pdf I attached a photo of the thrust-only (for now) turbine engine test bed. Please ignore the mess, I recently had to break it down, and only managed to get it half put back together! Two phases are displaced 90 degrees. Two phase worked the same as three phase but it was driven out of the marketplace economically. Many people call center tapped single phase two phase. The arguments go on interminably. Try running a true two phase motor on single phase that is called two phase. Good luck with that. If you can find a two pole 28 Volt BLDC motor try it as is. What ever voltage your motor is, if you rewind it with heavier wire and fewer turns it is a good starting point. If the available motor is 4 pole, your frequency will double.See what you can do about spinning two magnets at 95,000 RPM. If you can accomplish that then as David said, we can help with the trivia. Starting; Can you use air starting or some other starting method. One challenge at a time. Let's get a generator up and running any way we can. Then we can work on using the generator as a starter. How are you starting the turbo now.Probably solved everything you’ve concerned with 15-20 years ago. Quote: Typical Microturbine Construction Microturbines are a simple form of gas turbine, usually featuring a radial compressor and turbine rotors and often using just one stage of each. They typically recover exhaust energy to preheat compressed inlet air, thereby increasing electrical efficiency compared with a simple-cycle machine. The air-to-air heat exchanger is termed a “recuperator,” and the entire system is typically called a recuperated cycle. Figure 2 shows a cutaway view of a Capstone 65-kW microturbine illustrating how these major components are arranged in a commercial product. The assembly is often called a “turbogenerator,” as it includes all the microturbine components plus the generator. The single shaft of turbine, compressor, and generator rotates at high speed—96,000 rpm in the case of the Capstone C65 turbogenerator. Generator output is therefore high-frequency AC, which must be conditioned using power electronics to provide a useable 50 or 60 Hertz electrical output.I might have to wrap it in Kevlar or carbon fiber to take the centrifugal forces. I just have no earthly idea how axially long it should be, given a (centrifugally limited) Outer Diameter (OD), based on material mechanical limits. Does that seem in the ballpark?.I think I can keep something like that from exploding. This is information from when I worked at Garrett Turbo. We had big G2 balance problems on EcoBoost turbos, at the time. Also, I'm not planning a recuperator or regenerator. I hit 22 thermal efficiency on my current simple setup, and that's good enough for now. Regarding starting: I am using a 60V electric leaf blower to start now. It works quite well.gets her up to 40kPRM without trouble, once I feed in a little propane. 600 degC EGT during start sequence.no problem. One issue that we must address is eddy current loss in the stator laminations. Any suggestions as to means to reduce eddy currents.It was for sale used. The shaft had been extended to allow more space between the compressor and the turbine. The air flow ducting had been extended to the side similar to your combustion chamber. The added length of the combustion path afforded enough transit time to completely combust the fuel; finely divided sawdust. My boss wouldn't let me buy it.Reasons such as off-topic, duplicates, flames, illegal, vulgar, or students posting their homework. The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action. Already a Member? Login The Calibre Recon tool enables design teams to perform analysis and physical verification of full-chip design layouts during very early stages of the design cycle, while the different components are still immature. Download Now Download Now Download Now However, building physics-based or compact models for FCVD and eHARP CMP processes has proven challenging, since these processes include several deposition and annealing steps to fill up trenches. Download Now Unauthorized reproduction or linking forbidden without expressed written permission. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy. It's easy to join and it's free. By staying here you are agreeing to our use of cookies.Combining the best available materials with superior technology, the electric motors and generators are designed to operate reliably no matter how challenging the process or application, and to have low life cycle costs. The technology will enhance the stability of the local power grid as the penetration of renewable energy increases in a critical area of New South Wales. If you’re new to building a small wind turbines, then you’ll find that this can be one of the most confusing (and controversial) aspects to the process. Motors, generators, alternators, oh my!? You’ll find a lot of words out there that seem to be referring to the same things. So why's it called a motor. Many industrial motors make great and very affordable wind generators. In a wind turbine, the motor is used to create electricity. Technically, the “motor” would no longer be called a “motor”; it would be a “generator” or an “alternator.” This article focuses on potential motors that can be purchased online inexpensively as surplus items and can be used to build your own custom wind generator. Obviously, it’s important you choose an appropriate motor for your generator. Choose the wrong one and you may discover that: Your wind generator will make no electricity. Your wind generator will make electricity, but will never reach a voltage high enough to produce usable electricity. Your wind generator will initially be working, but after a few days or weeks, it overheats and stops working. But don’t be discouraged. There are hundreds of motors that will produce several hundred or possibly even thousands of Watts of useable energy. And even better, we’ll give some tips on how you can track one down for a reasonable price. There are three ways that generators make electricity: either by something called induction; by using an exciter; or by using PERMANENT MAGNETS. Magnets, Magnets, Magnets. Do-it-yourselfers build wind power generators almost exclusively with Permanent Magnet Motors, because they are widely available, reliable because of the nature of their construction, and start generating electricity at almost any RPM. The same cannot be said of some of other types of motors. Inside a permanent magnet motor is a coil of wound copper surrounded by permanent magnets. These motors rotate using electromagnetic induction, which means electricity is supplied to wound copper wire which creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field created by the electricity flowing through the copper wire opposes the permanent magnets in the motor housing. As a result, the copper wire that is attached to the shaft of the motor tries “to push” itself away from the permanent magnets. So your motor starts spinning. The same reasoning is applied when considering a permanent magnet motor as a generator. Spinning the copper wire by using the energy from the wind in the presence of the magnets creates a voltage difference between the two ends of the copper wire. The difference in voltage causes the electric charges (electrons) to flow in the copper wire, generating electric current. So you now understand the basic principles of a generator. So now what should you be looking out for in selecting your motor. Volts-to-RPM Ratio The Volts-to-RPM Ratio is one of the most important specifications to look out for in selecting your motor. Most DIYers use their motor to charge a 12-Volt battery, because of their cost and widespread availability. Charging a 12-Volt battery requires that the permanent magnet motor be generating at least 12 volts. If it doesn't, then it can't overcome the impedance of the 12V battery and the motor will never charge the battery. How do you know if your motor is capable of producing more than 12 volts when powered by the wind? Read on. The volts-to-RPM ratio of a permanent magnet motor is defined as the volts required to spin the motor at a given RPM (rotations per minute). So let's assume you have a permanent magnet motor that says the following on its label: “100 Volts, 2500 RPM.” This simply means if you supply the motor with 100 volts, it will spin at 2500 rpm. This number provides a rough estimate of how many volts the motor will generate at a given rpm. Now let us assume our 100 Volt, 2500 rpm motor is spinning at 450 rpm. How much voltage will it produce at that rpm. We must multiply 18 Volts by 80. Why? Because the 18 Volts is the number only if the motor is being used as a motor. This motor is not being used as a motor. It is being used as a generator, and it is not 100 efficient as a generator. It is roughly 80-85 efficient as a generator. You are most likely building a “small” wind generator that will be in the range of 100-500 Watts. Putting some well-constructed, 50-to-60 inch diameter blades on that motor will easily produce 450 rpm in wind speeds of 8-10 mph when the motor is under load (under load means the motor is connected to your battery bank. A generator has to work harder when it is under load and thus it will spin a little slower compared to when it is not under load). So this motor will begin charging a 12V battery bank in wind speeds of around 8-10 mph. This is about what you are aiming for, and so we can conclude that this permanent magnet motor could work well for a wind generator. A Volts-to-RPM ratio of AT LEAST 0.035 is the minimum requirement when looking for a permanent magnet motor. If the number is higher than 0.035 that is perfect. If the number is lower than 0.035, it will likely be insufficient unless it is located in an area with high winds. Amperage Rating The next item is the amperage rating of the motor. This provides information regarding how much current the motor will put out as a generator. From our experience, it is very difficult to predict what type of current your motor will put out as a generator. We’ve seen motors that expel more amps than that for which they are rated. However, one thing remains true: The higher the amperage rating, the better. You should be looking for a motor with a minimum amperage rating of at least 5 Amps. Anything above 5 Amps and you are good to go. So remember these three critical points: Keep it simple: Only purchase a permanent magnet motor Look for a minimum Volts to RPM ratio of 0.035 Look for a minimum amperage rating of 5 This article is just an introduction, and we overlook some details in order to keep things simple and concise. But this information is all you’ll need to shop confidently for a wind generator motor. If you have more specific questions about a motor or motors that you have found, feel free to email us or post a questions on our User Forums. Our staff or one of our forum members will be happy to answer your specific questions. And please check out the selection of quality WindyNation products available right here on our website. Compare them to the competition and see if anyone will beat our 90-day Money Back Guarantee. Wind PMA Printer-friendly version Send by email PDF version. Urs Kafader Oct 29, 2019 maxon DC motors are very efficient, this is also true when operated as generators. The basic calculations between speed and voltage as well as current and torque are very simple. Here are a few rules for a successful selection. For the generation of AC voltage, select a brushless EC motor and connect 2 phases only. Hall sensors are not needed on brushless motors. That’s quite a low speed for small motors. Such windings are hard to find in the maxon portfolio. There are only a few high resistance windings on larger motors that satisfy this requirement. Smaller motors have higher speed constants. Unfortunately, these windings have the highest resistance as well. High resistance reduces the output voltage under load and the output voltage becomes very sensitive to the load current. In order to fulfill the torque requirements, you might need a motor with a much higher power rating than the generated power; in particular if the generator speed is rather low compared to typical motor speeds. Select a motor type with a continuous torque higher than the generator torque.When calculating the torque or current load, consider the type of operation. Will the generator run continuously for long periods of time, or in intermittent operation cycles, or during short intervals only. Accordingly, a motor size with sufficient continuous torque or current has to be chosen. Also respect the maximum speed of the motor type. However, due to the generally low speeds this is hardly ever an issue. Select a winding that can generate the required voltage U even under load. Assuming a fixed generator speed n, we require a generated voltage of the winding Ut that is larger than U. Since the current capacity decreases with increasing resistance, verify that the continuous current is still large enough. Observe the different slopes of each winding. However, maxon gearheads are not really good in being driven from the output. Use gearheads that can be back-driven, i.e. planetary gearheads up to two stages or spur gearheads. (Or specially designed gearheads). A few observations and recommendations: However, maxon gearheads are not really designed for reversed operation and the efficiency is low. You may use 1 or 2 stage planetary gearheads; they can be operated from the output. Spur gearheads can more easily be back driven and the back-driving efficiency generally is higher. Select the winding according the required tacho voltage and the speed range in your application. Don’t worry about the winding resistance, just make sure that there is a load resistance of sever al k? to keep currents small. Jan 20, 2021 Plant Operations Sign up for New Equipment Digest eNewsletters Sign Up AMETEK Surface Vision Plant Operations Detecting Defects in PPE Online detection, classification, and visualization of nonwovens surface defects. All rights reserved. There are many advantages of permanent magnet DC generator over the traditional induction alternator. Foremost, the fuel consumption is much lower and the maintenance servicing is spread much further apart. Standout points of comparison are the length, high efficiency, and the simple integration of operation. The new technology is overall superior to the old mechanics of the traditional alternator. A proprietary design was engineered and constructed and that reduces the electric ripple and maintains efficiency through a range of rpms. The peak efficiency is engineered over 93. The alternator is coupled with the Smart DC controller which feeds the power into the battery bank or directly into the DC power load. The design of the machine enables coupling to any housing layout and is capable of using any manufacturer’s driveshaft. The permanent magnet alternator has no bearings, slip rings, brushes, exciters, or attached diodes. This eliminates the areas prone to failure and increases the longevity of the product. Once it is installed, there are no routine maintenance requirements for the alternator. By providing variable speed functionality, the engine is always running at its ideal operating speed which provides optimum torque and a low vibration of the engine. MTBF: Over 80,000 Hours The units compete in the greatest Power to Size and Power to Weight ratios worldwide. Questions to ask from a system design perspective: Battery Charging or Continuous Power Supply? If you are using the prime mover solely for the DC generator, then where is the prime mover the most fuel efficient for the desired power output. If you are using the prime mover for charging and in parallel with a mechanical function, then will you have enough mechanical power for both at the running rpms? Will they be running simultaneously? This is the most efficient and durable way to produce DC electrical output. It is critical to analyze the differences in products on the market with potential suppliers and manufacturers. There is a wide range of efficiencies available by manufacturers.This will secure the longevity of the system’s batteries and create the most efficient operation. Two ways to control the charging voltage: Will the prime mover be used solely as a generator or in parallel with other mechanical functions. What is the prime mover suitable for this requirement. What is the optimal running speed for the generator. Does this maximize efficiency. Will an active or passive rectification system work best? These products include. Twin Disc, Incorporated warrants all assembled products and parts, (except component products or parts on which written warranties issued by the respective manufacturers thereof are furnished to the original customer, as to which Twin Disc, Incorporated makes no warranty and assumes no liability) against defective materials or workmanship for a period of twenty-four (24) months from the date of shipment by Twin Disc, Incorporated to original customer, but not to exceed twelve (12) months of service, whichever occurs first. This is the only warranty made by Twin Disc, Incorporated and is in lieu of any and all other warranties, express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose and no other warranties are implied or intended to be given by Twin Disc, Incorporated. The original customer does not rely upon any tests or inspections by Twin Disc, Incorporated or on Twin Disc, Incorporated's application engineering. Twin Disc, Incorporated is not responsible for any specific application, installation or performance standard. Any analysis program by Twin Disc, Incorporated based upon customer supplied information is done solely as an accommodation to the customer and is not to be interpreted or construed as an approval for specific application or installation or a guarantee of performance. B. The exclusive remedy provided by Twin Disc, Incorporated whether arising out of warranty within the applicable warranty period as specified, or otherwise (including tort liability), shall at the sole option of Twin Disc, Incorporated be either the repair or replacement of any Twin Disc, Incorporated part or product found by Twin Disc, Incorporated to be defective and the labor to perform that work and to remove and reinstall (or equivalent credit). In this context, labor is defined as the flat rate labor hours established by Twin Disc, Incorporated in the published Twin Disc Flat Rate Schedule, required to remove, disassemble, inspect, repair, reassemble, reinstall and test the Twin Disc, Incorporated product only. Authorized reasonable travel and living expenses will be considered for payment on all Commercial Marine Products except on Electronic Control Systems.. Under no circumstances, including a failure of the exclusive remedy, shall Twin Disc, Incorporated be liable for economic loss, consequential, incidental or punitive damages. The above warranty and remedy are subject to the following terms and conditions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Complete parts or products upon request must be returned transportation prepaid and also the claims submitted to Twin Disc, Incorporated within sixty (60) days after completion of the in warranty repair. The warranty is void unless all required replacement parts or products are of Twin Disc origin or equal, and otherwise identical with components of the original equipment. Replacement parts or products not of Twin Disc origin are not warranted by Twin Disc, Incorporated. C. As consideration for this warranty, the original customer and subsequent purchaser agree to indemnify and hold Twin Disc, Incorporated harmless from and against all and any loss, liability, damages or expenses for injury to persons or property, including without limitation, the original customer's and subsequent purchaser's employees and property, due to their acts or omissions or the acts or omissions of their agents, and employees in the installation, transportation, maintenance, use and operation of said equipment. D.