california intellectual freedom handbook by california library association intellectual freedom committee
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california intellectual freedom handbook by california library association intellectual freedom committeeThis has also been the focus of intellectual freedom scholars among professional librarians in the United States and Canada. There has been a shift in recent years, and intellectual freedom is now being looked at from a wider range of theoretical perspectives and in connection with a wider range of cultural topics. The Handbook of Intellectual Freedom is a reference work that captures this recent growth in the field. It provides a grounding in the philosophical, historical, and legal development of the concept of intellectual freedom by providing current thinking on a wide range of intellectual freedom concepts, cases, and controversies. Hate Speech: Legal and Philosophical Aspects, Tomas A. Lipinski and Kathrine Henderson 12. Intellectual Freedom and U.S. Government Secrecy, Susan Maret 13. Intellectual Freedom and Privacy, Neil Richards and Joanna Cornwell 14. Defamation and Intellectual Freedom, Dale Herbeck Art Censorship and Intellectual Freedom, Svetlana Mintcheva 17. Sex and Intellectual Freedom, Robert P. Holley 18. Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression, James V. Carmichael 19. Libraries and Intellectual Freedom, Loretta Gaffney 20. Journalism and Intellectual Freedom, Joe Cutbirth 21. Academic Freedom, Mark Alfino. Intellectual freedom comprises the bedrock for freedoms of expression, speech, and the press and relates to freedoms of information and the right to privacy.These entities include, among others, librarianship, education, and the free software movement.In his opinion on the matter, Justice Brandeis delineates the role of freedom of thought to inform free speech, attributing the value of intellectual freedom as a civil liberty to the founders of the United States, asserting:The ALA's The Freedom to Read includes seven affirmations and responsibilities to protect an individual's right to read as a basic tenet of democracy.http://www.dialogosconsultoria.com.br/userfiles/braun-ep-100-manual.xml
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In 1979, the ALA expands upon The Freedom to Read, adopting The Freedom to View, a policy which extends the understanding of intellectual freedom to include the visual acquisition of information through visual media such as art, video, movies, pictures, the internet, and more.The IFRT serves as a communication channel and promotional group for ALA members seeking increasing participation and knowledge in intellectual freedom concepts and issues. While the IFRT mirrors other intellectual freedom organizations through monitoring, support, and educational efforts, the IFRT provides more varied intellectual freedom discussion forums for librarians in two ways:The organization's charter describes four purposes for the Foundation, including:Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1974. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. This debate often takes the form of to what extent a democratic government can curtail civil liberties in the interest of successfully ending the crises.Since the First World War the War Measures Act had existed as legislation in Canada to allow the government to operate with greater powers during times of national crises, such as in wartime. During the Second World War the federal Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King enacted the measure by Order-in-Council. The War Measures Act and with it the Defence of Canada Regulations were passed by the federal government in early September 1939. It gave Premier Duplesis, as Attorney General of Quebec, the power to close (hence padlock) any premises used for the purposes of “propagating Communism or Bolshevism.” The Act was criticized by Eugene Forsey, for example, as being far too broad in definition and that it gave the Premier the power to suppress any opinions that he wished to.http://www.rh-arch.com/content/file/braun-epilator-repair-manual.xmlLegislation such as the Homeland Security Act (HSA) of 2002 and the USA PATRIOT Act (often shortened to the Patriot Act) of 2001 encroach upon intellectual freedom rights to privacy and freedom of information to enhance domestic security from potential terrorist threats and acts.May 29, 2007. Retrieved 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Retrieved 2014-07-20. Retrieved 2014-08-19. Collection Building, 27(2), p. 91. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2014-08-13. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-139-1. Retrieved 2014-08-22. Archived from the original on 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2014-08-22. Intellectual Freedom Manual, 8th ed. (Chicago: American Library Association, 2010).By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The Committee's and NLA's first of many Nevada legislative battles came shortly afterwards, during the 1969 Nevada legislative session. The first record (in the NLA archives) of an association policy or statement on intellectual freedom comes from the Aug. 1, 1970 issue of Nevada Libraries. The Intellectual Freedom Committee worked very hard during the 1970's and early 1980's on various fronts. The committee actively participated in the work of the legislative study committee and in the drafting of proposed legislation that met the guidelines set by NLA. During the period of 1975-79, the committee drafted, published and distributed a Form for Reconsideration of Questioned Materials, the NLA policy on intellectual freedom was revised, and sponsored booths and presentations at the NLA conventions and the Nevada State Fairs. In 1979, AB630, an open public records bill, was defeated, and in 1981, the committee and others were successful in getting SB25 passed (NRS 239.013).http://www.drupalitalia.org/node/77941 That important bill exempts library circulation and use records from the open records laws of the state, and makes it a misdemeanor for librarians to tell others what books a patron has checked out. In 1984 and 1994 the Intellectual Freedom Committee published the Intellectual Freedom Handbook as a guide for Nevada's libraries and their staff. NLA's and ALA's policies and statements on censorship and intellectual freedom are printed there. Resolution on Access to Library Materials and Services was proposed by the committee and adopted by NLA at the October 1994 conference in response to various book challenges and censorship attempts at the local level in both northern and southern Nevada. The term of office of the intellectual freedom chairperson has varied over the years and is currently a two-year position appointed in even numbered years (to alternate with the government relations chair, appointed for two-years in odd numbered years). OFFICERS PURPOSE AND DUTIES The committee works to create an atmosphere of intellectual freedom in Nevada. It is responsible for carrying out the basic policies of intellectual freedom embodied in the U.S. Constitution, the American Library Association's Library Bill of Rights, the Freedom to Read Statement, and other pertinent documents. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 1. The chairperson interprets instructions of the board of trustees to the committee. 2. The chairperson submits copy for association publications concerning information relative to the committee's work. 3. The chairperson will be prepared to address the membership at annual meetings. 4. The chairperson shall supervise the work of the committee in fulfilling its responsibilities to NLA. 5. During a legislative session the chairperson of the Intellectual Freedom Committee and the chairperson of the Government Relations Committee will cooperate closely in all legislative matters affecting the association and libraries. 6.http://genialica.com/images/bowtech-82-airborne-manual.pdf The committee shall keep itself informed on intellectual freedom activities and issues. It should work closely with the ALA's Intellectual Freedom Committee and Office of Intellectual Freedom, the Freedom to Read Foundation, other organizations, etc., and its members should read the Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom and other pertinent documents regularly. Decisions as to when or how to perform intellectual freedom or in fighting censorship. Decisions as to when or how to perform such support will be reached by agreement of at least three-fifths of the committee membership; when such an agreement cannot be reached, the chairperson may request instructions from the Board of Trustees. Members should be prepared to speak on intellectual freedom issues. 9. The committee shall work against any existing or proposed legislation which would limit intellectual freedom in library services; it should coordinate such activities with the government relations committee, and may request the assistance of that committee and of other NLA members. 10. The committee will keep the Intellectual Freedom Handbook up-to-date and request funds of NLA to see to its publishing and distribution as necessary. This Handbook contains the forms, etc.They included: The Nevada Library Association is directly concerned with the freedom and right to privacy of all members of a democratic society to use what materials they will in the course of making the social, educational, and political judgments on which that society is based. We are further agreed that the right to privacy of library patrons is of utmost importance. Without such freedom, the very fabric of democracy is in danger. It is a professional obligation of librarians to give highest priority to the freedom of inquiry and to observe the charges in the Library Bill of Rights and the American Library Association Freedom to Read statement with the utmost integrity.http://www.thebetterinsurance.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/162754bae0a047---brother-p-touch-1100-manual.pdf The Association, as a matter of principle, opposes any legislation at the state, local, and school district leaves which might place library collections in jeopardy, restrict, prejudice, or interfere with free and unbiased selection and acquisition of library materials, or which might otherwise restrict the basic concept of the freedom of use or inquiry. The Association, as a matter of principle and policy, opposes any proposed or actual restrictions imposed on whatever parties or individuals upon the selection, acquisition, maintenance, administration and dissemination of library materials, and with similar restrictions on cultural activities or educational programs in libraries and other institutions. The Association is concerned with affecting liaison between itself and other organizations which support the Freedom to Read. The Association is concerned with school librarians and the general public to the philosophy inherent in the Library Bill of Rights and the American Library Association Freedom to Read statement. The Association supports the concept of the library user's right to privacy, and maintains, as a vital principle, that official or unofficial surveillance, without due process, of library circulation records represents a violation of intellectual freedom and the traditional right of free inquiry. Adopted 1976 The freedom to communicate is a necessary function of a democracy and no institution makes this freedom more meaningful than the library. The library has the responsibility for providing the widest possible range of views and expressions and must, therefore, resist any attempts to restrict this responsibility.condosalebangkok.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/canon-scanner-help-manual.pdf To fulfill this responsibility, libraries must institute policies to implement it, and thus the Nevada Library Association recommends to members and all library bodies that they: Whereas, the Freedom to communicate is a necessary function of a democracy, and no institution makes this freedom more meaningful than the library, and Whereas, the Library has the responsibility for providing the widest possible and must, therefore, resist any attempts to restrict this responsibility, Therefore: be it resolved that the Nevada Library Association reaffirms, as a matter of principle, its adoption of the American Library Association Bill of Rights, the School Library Bill of Rights and the Freedom to Read statements as official policies for assuring freedom of access to information for and in libraries. Adopted 1976 WHEREAS, Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view on current and historical issues, and should not proscribe or remove materials because of personal, partisan or doctrinal disapproval. WHEREAS, Libraries should provide the best information and materials on various subjects and literature in response to what is in demand, and to make them freely available so that people may make their own choices. WHEREAS, Libraries enable citizens to make intelligent decisions based on information on all sides of a question - including minority, as well as popular points of view. WHEREAS, Libraries serve the entire community, with all its social, political, economic, religious and cultural diversities and alternative lifestyles. WHEREAS, Libraries provide books and other materials, programs, and services for the interest and enlightenment of people of all ages. WHEREAS, Libraries should not restrict access to library resources to avoid objections from parents or pressure groups. WHEREAS, Parents, and only parents, have the right and the responsibility to restrict access of their children, and no others, to library resources.http://vdgairconditioning.nl/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/162754bbcb51a3---brother-p-touch-1005-instruction-manual.pdf RESOLVED, That the Nevada Library Association defends citizens' rights to free access to library collections and services and opposes all attempts by pressure groups or individuals to limit access to the full range of library materials, programs or services. RESOLVED, That the Nevada Library Association defends intellectual freedom and opposes censorship or discrimination against any group or segment of society. Adopted 1994. Includes resources federal and state resources. The goal of the office is to educate librarians and the general public about the nature and importance of intellectual freedom in libraries. You can report censorship using our updated form. We create and edit policies, strategize plans for working with communities and families, and provide workshops and programs about the First Amendment, privacy laws, internet filtering, and intellectual freedom. Our webinars are recorded. After the live event, many of the recordings are accessible at the OIF YouTube channel. Every Friday, OIF News Editors, publish a free weekly compilation of news about censorship cases, and articles about privacy, internet filtering, academic freedom and the First Amendment. Anyone can subscribe to receive the Intellectual Freedom News in their email inbox on Fridays. The IFC page includes its official charge, roster, current activities, and discussion of draft documents.The COPE page includes its official charge, roster with term dates, and current activities and reports. The IFRT executive board organizes programs, events, and awards.FTRF is a separate corporation from the American Library Association, working in close liaison with the ALA. These meetings are an opportunity to promote communication and discuss state, local, and national intellectual freedom issues. It is essential to the exercise of free speech, free thought, and free association.http://chocolatycakes.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/162754bcb3924b---brother-p-touch-1100sb-manual.pdf Bruce Schneier eloquently describes chilling effect on speech, thought, and action that occurs when people believe they are or may be under scrutiny: We become children, fettered under watchful eyes, constantly fearful that—either now or in the uncertain future—patterns we leave behind will be brought back to implicate us, by whatever authority has now become focused upon our once-private and innocent acts. We lose our individuality, because everything we do is observable and recordable.” Bruce Schneier, The Eternal Value of Privacy A lack of privacy in what one reads and views in the library can have a significant chilling effect upon library users’ willingness to exercise their First Amendment right to read, thereby impairing free access to ideas. True liberty of choice in the library requires both a varied selection of materials and the assurance that one's choices are not monitored. Confidentiality relates to the possession of personally identifiable information, including such library-created records as email notifications, closed-stack call slips, computer sign-up sheets, registration for equipment or facilities, circulation records, websites visited, reserve notices, or research notes. This includes the adoption of policies and practices that treat patron data as confidential. The possibility of surveillance, whether direct or through access to records of speech, research and exploration, undermines a democratic society. One cannot exercise the right to read if the possible consequences include damage to one's reputation, ostracism from the community or workplace, or criminal penalties. Choice requires both a varied selection and the assurance that one's choice is not monitored. For libraries to flourish as centers for uninhibited access to information, librarians must stand behind their users' right to privacy and freedom of inquiry.www.concrete-mix-plant.com/d/files/canon-scanner-dr2050c-manual.pdf Assuming a sinister motive based on library users' reading choices makes no sense and leads to fishing expeditions that both waste precious law enforcement resources and have the potential to chill Americans' inquiry into current events and public affairs. ALA's work in this area is based upon its long standing efforts to protect and defend patron privacy. Advancing the work of protecting library users' privacy and confidentiality relies upon grassroots advocacy by the library community to promote library values and principles regarding users' privacy rights. Consequently questions about privacy and libraries are escalating.Established in in 1945, ALA’s Washington Office has advocated to achieve both liberty and security without sacrificing one for the other.The initiative encourages libraries to be champions of privacy rights in the digital age and highlights ways libraries can protect the privacy of their patrons and educate users to think critically and make informed choices about their privacy. The Choose Privacy Week website hosts a blog providing news and thought leadership about privacy and surveillance issues and serves as a clearinghouse for resources for librarians who are working to improve privacy practices and programs in their libraries. Discussion Leaders: Erin Berman, William Marden, and Michelle Gibeault. Recorded May 8, 2020 Chicago, IL: Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF). Featured Speakers: Michael Robinson, Alison Macrina and Marshall Breeding Recorded: April 13, 2017 Chicago, IL: Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF). Featured Speakers: Erin Berman, Michael Zimmer and Jamie LaRue Recorded: March 25, 2016 Libraries Unlimited, 2013. Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. Protecting Patron Privacy: A LITA Guide.Neiburger, and Jason. Griffey. Privacy and Freedom of Information in 21st-Century Libraries: A Library Technology Report. American Library Association, 2010. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Since 1939, the American Library Association (ALA) has affirmed that a right to privacy is crucial to freedom of inquiry and the exercise of First Amendment freedoms. This includes initiatives to educate librarians and the public about the nature and importance of reader privacy as well as ALA's ongoing work to protect personal privacy in the federal legislative and policy arenas and at state and local levels of government. There are several units of ALA that work on these important issues and staff is available to answer questions or provide assistance to librarians, trustees, educators and the public. The Intellectual Freedom Committee's Privacy Subcommittee monitors ongoing privacy developments in technology, politics, and legislation, as well as social and cultural trends that impact individual privacy and confidentiality, both in libraries and the wider world. The IFC Privacy Subcommittee welcomes comments and suggestions for improvement. Correspondence can be sent to Deborah Caldwell Stone, staff liaison for the Privacy Subcommittee and OIF. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience. Many mornings in the office at the American Library Association (ALA) headquarters in Chicago begin with a panicked call or email: A school principal yanked a book from the shelf. People are protesting outside the library against a speaker. A board member objects to a display. A national coalition targets a database. It’s an evolving role to be cherished and safeguarded. To get the project off the ground and establish it as the voice of intellectual freedom in libraries, ALA needed a headstrong, daring leader, one who could persuade would-be censors and find allies within the literary community. It was Judith Krug—a 27-year-old reference librarian from Evanston, Illinois—who would not only transform OIF from an unsettled two-person team into a thriving office, but also completely alter the landscape of intellectual freedom for the better. It has had only three directors, each bringing a new vision to the office: Judith Krug, Barbara Jones, and, currently, James LaRue. When LaRue first arrived at ALA in 2016, he delineated three distinct roles for OIF. OIF carries the free speech torch in publications, webinars, workshops, and keynotes. It also works with intellectual freedom allies, such as the Freedom to Read Foundation (FTRF) and the Media Coalition, particularly in the area of litigation. OIF has played a key role in landmark decisions involving libraries and the internet, as well as patron privacy. See Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002), which ruled the Child Online Protection Act unconstitutional, and United States v. American Library Association (2003), which required schools and libraries receiving E-Rate discounts to install web filtering software. Intellectual freedom needs a cadre of informed and skilled advocates. Those skills are developed and deployed through such ALA units as IFC, Committee on Professional Ethics, and Intellectual Freedom Round Table. Krug’s desk became littered with piles of paperwork and case files. Although paper communication still floats around the office today, censorship incidents are now documented in a database, which tracks both challenges and the follow-up case support OIF provides. And instead of phone calls and letters—although those are still welcomed—the OIF website hosts a censorship reporting form, which allows staff members to efficiently reach out to librarians and provide next steps. In response to the spike in hate crimes in libraries after the November 2016 presidential election, the form now offers a category to report incidents of hate-based graffiti, property damage, and intimidation in libraries. OIF staffers write statements of support, locate people to speak at local school board meetings, gather book reviews and library policies, consult legal authorities, and visit communities. Sometimes, case support for librarians is simply “listening to them sob into the phone,” as Bob Doyle, OIF’s deputy director from 1980 to 1984, recalled. I want to do the right thing but I’m scared,’” said Doyle. I’ll never forget that. We’re all standing out there in the drizzle. They had it in their guts.” OIF began testing social media platforms around 2010, and now uses them to remind readers of current challenges and rally support at the local level. In the 1970s, when the Watergate scandal shattered the illusion of trust between the government and its citizens, people turned their attention to local government institutions that they could control: schools and libraries. At the beginning of the decade, the number of challenges the office received tripled, largely due to the coordinated efforts of the Moral Majority, a Christian right political organization that led campaigns against specific books. Books continue to be challenged and removed from US libraries, but at the beginning of the 21st century, fears focused on the wild frontier of the internet. Parents and politicians imposed software filters on library computers. Soon there were protests against commercial databases, whose carefully selected indexes still might point schoolchildren to an occasional article about human sexuality. In 2014, America was, for the first time, a majority nonwhite nation for children under age 5, according to the US Census Bureau estimates. In a Virginia high school, Toni Morrison’s Beloved was challenged because of “graphic sex,” but OIF Assistant Director Kristin Pekoll contends that race is a significant reason why the classic was threatened with censorship. Recent speaker disinvitations have taken place at DePaul University, Virginia Tech, and University of California, Berkeley. The Intellectual Freedom Manual, first published in 1974, combines all interpretations of the Library Bill of Rights, the core document for the library professional. Frequent requests for up-to-date banned book information inspired Doyle and Krug to create a resource guide on censorship. What started as scribbles on index cards evolved into a 308-page tenth edition in 2017, complete with timelines and tweetable quotes. The office also carries on its 50-year tradition of distributing Freedom to Read and Library Bill of Rights statements. Krug worked on national alliances, initiating coalitions that coordinated efforts between booksellers, publishers, lawyers, and editors to defend the First Amendment. She also founded FTRF, a separate 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization that focuses on litigation and public education. OIF, IFC, and the AAP Freedom to Read Committee wanted to screen the 42-minute film at the 1977 ALA Annual Conference in Detroit and distribute it to schools, libraries, and governing boards. In 1976, AAP pulled out of the project. When the ALA Executive Board previewed the film, it voted to delay its premiere date in Detroit but quickly reversed its decision. During the 45-minute discussion that followed the applause and hisses at the rolling end credits, some attendees argued that ALA should disassociate itself with the film. ALA Council voted against the proposal, a decision that triggered tension between free speech and social justice advocates. Unsurprisingly, Krug stuck by The Speaker. In the accompanying discussion guide for the film, Krug and IFC Chair Florence McMullin wrote that they were proud of a project that addresses a sensitive topic: the toleration of ideas we find offensive. The celebration was launched in the 1980s, a time of increased challenges, organized protests, and the Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982) Supreme Court case, which ruled that school officials can’t ban books in libraries simply because of their content. At the entrance to the convention center towered large, padlocked metal cages, with some 500 challenged books stacked inside and a large overhead sign cautioning that some people considered these books dangerous. The three organizations scrambled to put something together by the September show date and ended up distributing a news release and a publicity kit, hoping that with their combined membership of 50,000 people, they could continue to spark a conversation about banned books. Institutions and stores hosted read-outs, and window displays morphed into literary graveyards or mysterious collections of brown-bagged books. Major news outlets such as PBS and the New York Times covered the event, and mayors and governors issued proclamations affirming the week. OIF chooses its own theme each year for the initiative; this year’s theme is “Words Have Power,” to celebrate the power of readers to stand up to censorship and the power of banned books to create literary communities. Krug led the Banned Books Week efforts as OIF director until her unexpected death in 2009. Her legacy lives on in the Freedom to Read Foundation’s Judith F. Krug Memorial Fund, a grant awarded to nonprofits to host Banned Books Week events. The Banned Books page remains one of the top two most popular pages on the ALA website. While campaigning for intellectual freedom around the world, Jones recognized the courage it takes for librarians to stand up to censorship, especially without having a First Amendment to rely on. You can’t fail.