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free chevy venture repair manualBenjamin Aghoghovwia Latitia KenchIt is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and associated costal cartilages and the sternum. The thoracic cage takes the form of a domed bird cage with the horizontal bars formed by ribs and costal cartilages. It is supported by the vertical sternum or breastbone (anteriorly) and the 12 thoracic vertebrae (posteriorly). The thoracic cage can also be described as an osteocartilaginous cage formed by the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, 12 thoracic vertebrae and the intervertebral (IV) discs interposed between them. The thoracic cage, like skeletal tissue in most parts of the body, serves to support the thorax. It also has several functions, such as: Interchondral: joining the costal cartilages to one another This process continues until approximately the 25th year of extra-uterine life. Of all the three groups of bones forming the thoracic cage, the vertebral and ribs ossification start by the end of the embryonic period (at approximately the 7th week of gestation). Sternal ossification begins during the 5th month of fetal development. A notably significant development of the thoracic cage is the expansion of the rib cage which contributes greatly to the broad shoulders observed particularly in males. In males, expansion of the rib cage is caused by the effects of testosterone hormone during puberty; thus males generally have broad shoulders and expanded thoraces, allowing them to inhale more air to supply their muscles with oxygen. Sternum It is the widest and thickest of the three parts of the sternum. Its superior border has an easily palpated concave centre, called the jugular notch (or suprasternal notch ). Lateral to the suprasternal notch are the clavicular notches, which receive the sternal end (medial end) of the clavicle. In an articulated skeleton, the jugular notch is deepened by the medial ends of the left and right clavicles.
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On the lateral borders, the body articulates with the costal cartilages of the second to seventh ribs, and forms a xiphisternal joint at its junction with the xiphoid process. It is thin, elongated and lies at the level of the T10 vertebra. Although often pointed in some individuals, the process may be blunt, bifid, curved or deflected to one side or anteriorly. The xiphoid process is small and cartilaginous in young people but gets ossified in adults older than age 40, with severe pains accompanying the process of ossification. Ossification of the xiphoid process in the elderly people may also cause fusion of the xiphoid process with the sternal body. This inferior limit corresponds to the xiphisternal joint, and it is also the site of the infrasternal angle (subcostal angle) of the inferior thoracic aperture. Additionally, the xiphoid process is a midline marker for the superior limit of the liver, the central tendon of the diaphragm, and the inferior border of the heart. Here's why you should think again. Thoracic vertebrae They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical region and lumbar region, to which they are also interposed, and increase in size from above downwards. Most of them also have costal facets on their transverse processes for articulation with the tubercles of ribs. They are also characterized with bilateral costal facets (demifacets) on their bodies, and long, inferiorly slanting spinous processes. The T1 vertebrae, T10, T11 and T12 are all atypical, having only single whole costal facets. They make up the highest number of bones forming the thoracic cage. They are remarkably light in weight yet highly resilient to pressure from within the thorax, e.g., pressure generated during inspiration. All of the ribs that articulate (rib 1-10) with the sternum are prolonged anteriorly, with their attached costal cartilages with which they articulate with the sternum. These costal cartilages also contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic wall, providing a flexible attachment for their anterior or distal ends. The first seven (and sometimes the 8th) cartilages attach directly and independently to the sternum. The 8th, 9th and 10th cartilages articulate with the costal cartilages just superior to them, forming a continuous, articulated, cartilaginous costal margin of the rib cage. The ribs can be divided into two groups, typical and atypical. They articulate only to the vertebral column, thus hanging freely. Some authors group the 10th rib with the floating ribs; and the rudimentary cartilages of these floating ribs do not connect even indirectly with the sternum, instead they end in the posterior abdominal musculature. Those spaces are referred to as the intercostal spaces. The intercostal spaces separate the ribs and their costal cartilages from one another and allow smooth expansion of the cage during inspiration. The spaces are named according to the rib forming the superior border of the space, for example, the 4th intercostal space lies between the 4th rib and 5th rib; therefore, there are 11 intercostal spaces in the rib cage. Below the 12th rib, is referred to as the subcostal space and the anterior ramus of the spinal nerve T12 runs through this space, and it is thus referred to as the subcostal nerve. Joints It is a hyaline cartilaginous type of joint. The articulation is between the cup-shaped depression in the sternal end of a rib and the lateral end of a costal cartilage. The rib and its cartilage are firmly bound together by the continuity of the periosteum of the rib with the perichondrium of the cartilage. No movement normally occurs at these joints. Interchondral joints The joints are usually strengthened by interchondral ligaments, and they also have synovial cavities that are enclosed by joint capsules.https://labroclub.ru/blog/driving-test-manual-car Sternocostal joints The first pair of costal cartilages articulate with the manubrium by means of a thin dense layer of tightly adherent fibrocartilage interposed between cartilage and the manubrium, the synchondrosis of the first rib. The second to seventh pairs of costal cartilages articulate with the sternum at synovial joints with fibrocartilaginous articular surfaces on both the chondral and sternal aspects, allowing movement during respiration. The sternocostal joints are also referred to as sternochondral joints. Costovertebral joints The costovertebral joints are synovial joints, and they are richly surrounded by joint capsule. Of all the joints of the rib cage, these joints have the largest amount of ligaments crossing and stabilizing them. Fanning around from the anterior margin of the heads of the ribs to the sides of the bodies of vertebrae and the IV discs between them is a radiate sternocostal ligament. Also crossing these joints is the costotransverse ligament passing from the neck of the rib to the transverse process, and a lateral costotransverse ligament passing from the tubercle of the rib to the tip of the transverse process. These ligaments strengthen the anterior and posterior aspects of the joints respectively. There is a superior costotransverse ligament which may be divided into a strong anterior costotransverse ligament and a weak posterior costotransverse ligament, both joining the crests of the neck of the ribs to the transverse processes superior to each of the ribs. This usually occurs as a result of tearing of the perichondrium and periosteum leading to an upward movement of the affected rib, overriding the rib above and causing severe pains. Dislocation of sternocostal and interchondral joints. This leads to dislocation of the corresponding rib, a condition referred to as slipping rib syndrome. Displacement of interchondral joints usually occurs unilaterally and involves ribs 8,9, and 10. Rib dislocations are common in body contact sports, and complications may result from pressure on or damage to nearby nerves, blood vessels, and muscles. Flail chest. Flail chest is an extremely painful injury and impairs ventilation thereby affecting oxygenation of the blood. Supernumerary ribs Supernumerary or extra ribs have clinical significance in that they may confuse the identification of vertebral levels in radiographs and other diagnostic images. Ossified xiphoid processes Never having been aware of their xiphoid process before, they fear they have developed a tumour. All rights reserved.We're here to help. The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.It consists of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is the wider, superior portion of the sternum. The top of the manubrium has a shallow, U-shaped border called the jugular (suprasternal) notch. This can be easily felt at the anterior base of the neck, between the medial ends of the clavicles. The clavicular notch is the shallow depression located on either side at the superior-lateral margins of the manubrium. This is the site of the sternoclavicular joint, between the sternum and clavicle. The first ribs also attach to the manubrium. The manubrium and body join together at the sternal angle, so called because the junction between these two components is not flat, but forms a slight bend. The second rib attaches to the sternum at the sternal angle. Since the first rib is hidden behind the clavicle, the second rib is the highest rib that can be identified by palpation. Thus, the sternal angle and second rib are important landmarks for the identification and counting of the lower ribs.This small structure is cartilaginous early in life, but gradually becomes ossified starting during middle age. There are 12 pairs of ribs.Lateral to the head is the narrowed neck of the rib. A small bump on the posterior rib surface is the tubercle of the rib, which articulates with the facet located on the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra. The remainder of the rib is the body of the rib (shaft). Just lateral to the tubercle is the angle of the rib, the point at which the rib has its greatest degree of curvature. The angles of the ribs form the most posterior extent of the thoracic cage. In the anatomical position, the angles align with the medial border of the scapula. A shallow costal groove for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve is found along the inferior margin of each rib. Instead, each rib ends in a costal cartilage. These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches. Most ribs are then attached, either directly or indirectly, to the sternum via their costal cartilage (see Figure 7.32 ). The ribs are classified into three groups based on their relationship to the sternum. The costal cartilage from each of these ribs attaches directly to the sternum. The costal cartilages from these ribs do not attach directly to the sternum. These are short ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all. Instead, their small costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall. This book is Creative Commons Attribution LicenseWe recommend using aExcept where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site. Muscle Tissue 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues 10.2 Skeletal Muscle 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance 10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue Chapter 11. The Muscular System 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles 11.4 Identify the skeletal muscles and give their origins, insertions, actions and innervations Chapter 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 12.2 Nervous Tissue 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue 12.4 Communication Between Neurons 12.5 The Action Potential Chapter 13. The Peripheral Nervous System 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Sensory Receptors 13.2 Ganglia and Nerves 13.3 Spinal and Cranial Nerves 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS 13.5 Ventral Horn Output and Reflexes 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams) 13.7 The Cranial Nerve Exam Chapter 14. The Central Nervous System 14.1 Embryonic Development 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation 14.3 The Brain and Spinal Cord 14.4 The Spinal Cord 14.5 Sensory and Motor Pathways Chapter 15. The Special Senses 15.1 Taste 15.2 Smell 15.3 Hearing 15.4 Equilibrium 15.5 Vision Chapter 16. The Autonomic Nervous System 16.0 Introduction 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 16.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis 16.3 Central Control 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System Chapter 17. The Endocrine System 17.0 Introduction 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System 17.2 Hormones 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 17.4 The Thyroid Gland 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands 17.6 The Adrenal Glands 17.7 The Pineal Gland 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones 17.9 The Pancreas 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: Blood 18.0 Introduction 18.1 Functions of Blood 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements 18.3 Erythrocytes 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets 18.5 Hemostasis 18.6 Blood Typing Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 19.0 Introduction 19.1 Heart Anatomy 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity 19.3 Cardiac Cycle 19.4 Cardiac Physiology 19.5 Development of the Heart Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 20.0 Introduction 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance 20.3 Capillary Exchange 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System 20.5 Circulatory Pathways 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation Chapter 21. The Lymphatic and Immune System 21.0 Introduction 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology Chapter 22. The Respiratory System 22.0 Introduction 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System 22.2 The Lungs 22.3 The Process of Breathing 22.4 Gas Exchange 22.5 Transport of Gases 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System Chapter 23. The Digestive System 23.0 Introduction 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 23.4 The Stomach 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder 23.6 The Small and Large Intestines 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look Chapter 24. Metabolism and Nutrition 24.0 Introduction 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 24.3 Lipid Metabolism 24.4 Protein Metabolism 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance 24.7 Nutrition and Diet Chapter 25. The Urinary System 25.0 Introduction 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition 25.8 Urine Transport and Elimination 25.9 The Urinary System and Homeostasis Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 26.0 Introduction 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments 26.2 Water Balance 26.3 Electrolyte Balance 26.4 Acid-Base Balance 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance Chapter 27. The Sexual Systems 27.0 Introduction 27.1 Anatomy of Sexual Systems 27.2 Development of Sexual Anatomy 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System 27.5 Physiology of Arousal and Orgasm Chapter 28. Development and Inheritance 28.0 Introduction 28.1 Fertilization 28.2 Embryonic Development 28.3 Fetal Development 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages 28.6 Lactation 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance Creative Commons License Recommended Citations Versioning The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.It consists of three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. Thus, the sternal angle and second rib are important landmarks for the identification and counting of the lower ribs. When assessing a patient’s level of alertness sometimes a sternal rub is performed with the knuckles to see if they respond to pain. This small structure is cartilaginous early in life, but gradually becomes ossified starting during middle age. There are 12 pairs of ribs.Lateral to the head is the narrowed neck of the rib. Most ribs are then attached, either directly or indirectly, to the sternum via their costal cartilage (see Figure 7.5.1 ). The ribs are classified into three groups based on their relationship to the sternum. Instead, their small costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall. It is composed of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium and body are joined at the sternal angle, which is also the site for attachment of the second ribs. Posteriorly, the head of the rib articulates with the costal facets located on the bodies of thoracic vertebrae and the rib tubercle articulates with the facet located on the vertebral transverse process. The angle of the ribs forms the most posterior portion of the thoracic cage. The costal groove in the inferior margin of each rib carries blood vessels and a nerve. Anteriorly, each rib ends in a costal cartilage.The ribs are attached posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae and most are anchored anteriorly either directly or indirectly to the sternum. The thoracic cage functions to protect the heart and lungs. The manubrium forms the expanded, superior end of the sternum. It has a jugular (suprasternal) notch, a pair of clavicular notches for articulation with the clavicles, and receives the costal cartilage of the first rib. The manubrium is joined to the body of the sternum at the sternal angle, which is also the site for attachment of the second rib costal cartilages.The head of a rib is attached posteriorly to the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae. The rib tubercle articulates with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. The angle is the area of greatest rib curvature and forms the largest portion of the thoracic cage. The body (shaft) of a rib extends anteriorly and terminates at the attachment to its costal cartilage. The shallow costal groove runs along the inferior margin of a rib and carries blood vessels and a nerve. For these ribs, the costal cartilage of each attaches to the cartilage of the next higher rib. Instead, the ribs and their small costal cartilages terminate within the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. For the individual bones, see Rib. For ribs of animals as food, see Ribs (food). For other uses, see Rib (disambiguation). The shaded areas indicate the extent of the pleural cavities not filled by the lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the shoulder girdle to form the core part of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs in 12 pairs, the sternum and xiphoid process, the costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called true ribs, whereas those that do not articulate directly are termed false ribs. The false ribs include the floating ribs (eleven and twelve) that are not attached to the sternum at all.The first seven rib pairs known as the fixed or vertebrosternal ribs are the true ribs ( Latin: costae verae ) as they connect directly to the sternum; the next five pairs (eighth to twelfth) are the false ribs ( Latin: costae spuriae ). The false ribs include both vertebrochondral ribs and vertebral ribs.All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. The head of the rib is the end part closest to the vertebra with which it articulates. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface which is divided by a horizontal crest into two articulating regions. The upper region articulates with the inferior costal facet on the vertebra above, and the larger region articulates with the superior costal facet on the vertebra with the same number. The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra also articulates at the transverse costal facet with the tubercle of the rib of the same number.The neck is about 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck. Its upper border presents a rough crest ( crista colli costae ) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its lower border is rounded.The articular portion is the lower and more medial of the two and presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the transverse costal facet on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.This line is directed downward and laterally; this gives attachment to a tendon of the iliocostalis muscle. At this point, the rib is bent in two directions, and at the same time twisted on its long axis.The area between the angle and the tubercle is rounded, rough, and irregular, and serves for the attachment of the longissimus dorsi muscle.The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. It bears a small facet for articulation with the transverse costal facet on the transverse process of T1. There is no angle, but at the tubercle, the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the anterior scalene; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the medial scalene. The under surface is smooth and without a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs.In humans, the second rib is defined as a true rib since it connects with the sternum through the intervention of the costal cartilage anteriorly (at the front). Posteriorly, the second rib is connected with the vertebral column by the second thoracic vertebra. The second rib is much longer than the first rib, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the posterior scalene. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border.They have no necks or tubercles, and are pointed at their anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove, whereas the twelfth does not.The cartilages of the top seven ribs (the true ribs ) join with the sternum at the sternocostal joints.This increases the antero-posterior diameter of the thorax, contributing to the expansion in the volume of the chest. A similar effect, known as the ' bucket handle movement ' causes the transverse diameter of the chest to increase, because not only do the ribs slant downwards from the back to the front, but, in the case of the lower ribs, also from the midline downwards to the sides of the chest. It encloses the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs. An inhalation is accomplished when the muscular diaphragm, at the floor of the thoracic cavity, contracts and flattens, while the contraction of intercostal muscles lift the rib cage up and out.The vertical plane is extended by the help of the diaphragm contracting and the abdominal muscles relaxing to accommodate the downward pressure that is supplied to the abdominal viscera by the diaphragm contracting. A greater extension can be achieved by the diaphragm itself moving down, rather than simply the domes flattening. The second plane is the anteroposterior and this is expanded by a movement known as the ' pump handle.' The downward sloping nature of the upper ribs are as such because they enable this to occur. When the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs, the upper ribs are able also to push the sternum up and out. This movement increases the anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cavity, and hence aids breathing further. The third, transverse, plane is primarily expanded by the lower ribs (some say it is the 7th to 10th ribs in particular), with the diaphragm's central tendon acting as a fixed point. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribs are able to evert and produce what is known as the bucket handle movement, facilitated by gliding at the costovertebral joints. In this way, the transverse diameter is expanded and the lungs can fill.These most frequently affect the middle ribs. When several adjacent ribs incur two or more fractures each, this can result in a flail chest which is a life-threatening condition. A bifid rib is a bifurcated rib, split towards the sternal end, and usually just affecting one of the ribs of a pair. It is a congenital defect affecting about 1.2 of the population. It is often without symptoms though respiratory difficulties and other problems can arise.Rib resection is the removal of part of a rib.The grooves run between the axilla to the groin. Crocodiles have cartilaginous uncinate processes.University of Chicago Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780226870137. Retrieved 10 March 2018. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-07-352569-3. Institution for Anatomy, Uppsala. 2008. CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) Retrieved 2007-08-23. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Become a Gold Supporter and see no ads. Figure 1b: thoracic cage (Gray's illustrations) Figure 1b: thoracic cage (Gray's illustrations) Drag here to reorder. Figure 1c: thoracic cage (Gray's illustrations) Figure 1c: thoracic cage (Gray's illustrations) Drag here to reorder. Check for errors and try again. To continue you must accept our use of cookies and the site's Terms of Use. During inspiration the ribs are elevated, and during expiration the ribs are depressed. Although each rib has its own ROM (occurring primarily at the costovertebral joint), rib cage shifts occur with movement of the vertebral column. During column extension, the rib cage migrates anteriorly, and the ribs are elevated. During spinal flexion, the rib cage moves posteriorly, and the ribs are depressed. Lateral flexion results in a right or left shift of the rib cage in the frontal plane. Finally, rotation of the vertebral column results in one side of the rib cage moving posteriorly and movement of the opposite side anteriorly in the transverse plane. View chapter Purchase book Read full chapter URL: Monitoring Techniques for Evaluating Suspected Sleep-Disordered Breathing Max Hirshkowitz, Meir H.