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download electrical installation guide 2010 freeDownload Electrical Installation Guide - 2010.An international Standard such as the IEC 60364 “Electrical Installation in Buldings” speci?es extensively the rules to comply with to ensure safety and predicted operational characteristics for all types of electrical installations. As the Standard must be extensive, and has to be applicable to all types of products and the technical solutions in use worldwide, the text of the IEC rules is complex, and not presented in a ready-to-use order. The Standard cannot therefore be considered as a working handbook, but only as a reference document. The aim of the present guide is to provide a clear, practical and stepby-step explanation for the complete study of an electrical installation, according to IEC 60364 and other relevant IEC Standards. Therefore, the ?rst chapter (B) presents the methodology to be used, and each chapter deals with one out of the eight steps of the study. The two last chapter are devoted to particular supply sources, loads and locations, and appendix provides additional information. Special attention must be paid to the EMC appendix, which is based on the broad and practical experience on electromagnetic compatibility problems. We all hope that you, the user, will ?nd this handbook genuinely helpful. Schneider Electric S.A. This technical guide is the result of a collective effort. It is intended for electrical professionals in companies, design of?ces, inspection organisations, etc. This Technical Guide is aimed at professional users and is only intended to provide them guidelines for the de?nition of an industrial, tertiary or domestic electrical installation. Information and guidelines contained in this Guide are provided AS IS. Schneider Electric makes no warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, such as but not limited to the warranties of merchantability and ?
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tness for a particular purpose, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this Guide, nor represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. This new edition has been published to take into account changes in techniques, standards and regulations, in particular electrical installation standard IEC 60364. We thank all the readers of the previous edition of this guide for their comments that have helped improve the current edition. We also thank the many people and organisations, to numerous to name here, who have contributed in one way or another to the preparation of this guide. Acknowlegements This guide has been realized by a team of experienced international experts, on the base of IEC 60364 standard, and include the latest developments in electrical standardization. Main features: v Create diagrams v Optimise circuit breakers curves v Determine source power v Follow step by step calculation v Print the project design ?le b SISPRO building b. Listing of power demands A - General rules of electrical installation design The study of a proposed electrical installation requires an adequate understanding of all governing rules and regulations. The total power demand can be calculated from the data relative to the location and power of each load, together with the knowledge of the operating modes (steady state demand, starting conditions, non simultaneous operation, etc.) From these data, the power required from the supply source and (where appropriate) the number of sources necessary for an adequate supply to the installation are readily obtained. Local information regarding tariff structures is also required to allow the best choice of connection arrangement to the power-supply network, e.g. at medium voltage or low voltage level. This substation may be an outdoor or indoor installation conforming to relevant standards and regulations (the low-voltage section may be studied separately if necessary). Metering at medium-voltage or low-voltage is possible in this case.Electrical Distribution architecture The whole installation distribution network is studied as a complete system. A selection guide is proposed for determination of the most suitable architecture. Neutral earthing arrangements are chosen according to local regulations, constraints related to the power-supply, and to the type of loads. The distribution equipment (panelboards, switchgears, circuit connections,.) are determined from building plans and from the location and grouping of loads. The type of premises and allocation can in?uence their immunity to external disturbances. Protection against electric shocks The earthing system (TT, IT or TN) having been previously determined, then the appropriate protective devices must be implemented in order to achieve protection against hazards of direct or indirect contact. From the rated currents of the loads, the level of short-circuit current, and the type of protective device, the cross-sectional area of circuit conductors can be determined, taking into account the nature of the cableways and their in?uence on the current rating of conductors. These calculations may indicate that it is necessary to use a conductor size larger than the size originally chosen. The performance required by the switchgear will determine its type and characteristics. The use of cascading techniques and the discriminative operation of fuses and tripping of circuit breakers are examined. Operating voltage surges, transient and industrial frequency over-voltage can also produce the same consequences.The effects are examined and solutions are proposed. L - Power factor correction and harmonic ?https://skazkina.com/ru/download-hotel-pre-opening-manualltering Reactive energy The power factor correction within electrical installations is carried out locally, globally or as a combination of both methods. Harmonics M - Harmonic management Harmonics in the network affect the quality of energy and are at the origin of many disturbances as overloads, vibrations, ageing of equipment, trouble of sensitive equipment, of local area networks, telephone networks. This chapter deals with the origins and the effects of harmonics and explain how to measure them and present the solutions. Generic applications Q - Residential and other special locations Certain premises and locations are subject to particularly strict regulations: the most common example being residential dwellings. EMC Guidelines R - EMC guidelines Some basic rules must be followed in order to ensure Electromagnetic Compatibility. Non observance of these rules may have serious consequences in the operation of the electrical installation: disturbance of communication systems, nuisance tripping of protection devices, and even destruction of sensitive devices. The values indicated are voltages between phases. The values indicated in parentheses should be considered as non-preferred values. It is recommended that these values should not be used for new systems to be constructed in future. Note 1: It is recommended that in any one country the ratio between two adjacent nominal voltages should be not less than two. IEC 60364 has been established by medical and engineering experts of all countries in the world comparing their experience at an international level. Currently, the safety principles of IEC 60364 and 60479-1 are the fundamentals of most electrical standards in the world (see table below and next page). Standardized mounting on rails for mechanical support of electrical devices in switchgear and controlgear installations. Many industries however have additional regulations related to a particular product (petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc.). Such additional requirements are beyond the scope of this guide. These tests and checks are basic (but not exhaustive) to the majority of installations, while numerous other tests and rules are included in the regulations to cover particular cases, for example: TN-, TT- or IT-earthed installations, installations based on class 2 insulation, SELV circuits, and special locations, etc. The aim of this guide is to draw attention to the particular features of different types of installation, and to indicate the essential rules to be observed in order to achieve a satisfactory level of quality, which will ensure safe and trouble-free performance. The methods recommended in this guide, modi?ed if necessary to comply with any possible variation imposed by a utility, are intended to satisfy all precommissioning test and inspection requirements. 2.6 Periodic check-testing of an installation In many countries, all industrial and commercial-building installations, together with installations in buildings used for public gatherings, must be re-tested periodically by authorized agents. Figure A3 shows the frequency of testing commonly prescribed according to the kind of installation concerned. Type of installation Installations which require the protection of employees Installations in buildings used for public gatherings, where protection against the risks of ?re and panic are required Residential b Locations at which a risk of degradation, ?re or explosion exists b Temporary installations at worksites b Locations at which MV installations exist b Restrictive conducting locations where mobile equipment is used Other cases According to the type of establishment and its capacity for receiving the public Testing frequency Annually Every 3 years From one to three years According to local regulations Fig A3: Frequency of check-tests commonly recommended for an electrical installation Conformity of equipment with the relevant standards can be attested in several ways 2.7 Conformity (with standards and speci?cations) of equipment used in the installation Attestation of conformity The conformity of equipment with the relevant standards can be attested: b By an of?cial mark of conformity granted by the certi?cation body concerned, or b By a certi?cate of conformity issued by a certi?cation body, or b By a declaration of conformity from the manufacturer Declaration of conformity Where the equipment is to be used by skilled or instructed persons, the manufacturer’s declaration of conformity (included in the technical documentation), is generally recognized as a valid attestation. It means that: b The product meets the legal requirements b It is presumed to be marketable in Europe The CE marking is neither a mark of origin nor a mark of conformity. Mark of conformity Marks of conformity are af?xed on appliances and equipment generally used by ordinary non instructed people (e.g in the ?eld of domestic appliances). A mark of conformity is delivered by certi?cation body if the equipment meet the requirements from an applicable standard and after veri?cation of the manufacturer’s quality management system. Certi?cation of Quality The standards de?ne several methods of quality assurance which correspond to different situations rather than to different levels of quality. Assurance A laboratory for testing samples cannot certify the conformity of an entire production run: these tests are called type tests. In some tests for conformity to standards, the samples are destroyed (tests on fuses, for example). Only the manufacturer can certify that the fabricated products have, in fact, the characteristics stated. Quality assurance certi?cation is intended to complete the initial declaration or certi?cation of conformity. As proof that all the necessary measures have been taken for assuring the quality of production, the manufacturer obtains certi?cation of the quality control system which monitors the fabrication of the product concerned. These certi?cates are issued by organizations specializing in quality control, and are based on the international standard ISO 9001: 2000. These standards de?ne three model systems of quality assurance control corresponding to different situations rather than to different levels of quality: b Model 3 de?nes assurance of quality by inspection and checking of ?nal products. b Model 2 includes, in addition to checking of the ?nal product, veri?cation of the manufacturing process. For example, this method is applied, to the manufacturer of fuses where performance characteristics cannot be checked without destroying the fuse.The methodologies used for this purpose lead to choose equipment’s architecture together with components and materials taking into account the in?uence of a product on the environment along its life cycle (from extraction of raw materials to scrap) i.e. production, transport, distribution, end of life etc. In Europe two Directives have been published, they are called: b RoHS Directive (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) coming into force on July 2006 (the coming into force was on February 13th, 2003, and the application date is July 1st, 2006) aims to eliminate from products six hazardous substances: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). The apparent power in kVA (Pa) supplied to the motor is a function of the output, the motor ef?ciency and the power factor.Sometimes this value can reach 25 times Inm.As a result, some maximum switchgear withstands can be reached, life time can be reduced and even some devices can be destroyed. In order to avoid such a situation, oversizing of the switchgear must be considered.According to the risk, tables show the combination of circuit-breaker, contactor and thermal relay to obtain type 1 or type 2 coordination (see chapter N). Motor starting current Although high ef?ciency motors can be found on the market, in practice their starting currents are roughly the same as some of standard motors. This can be achieved by using capacitors without affecting the power output of the motors. The application of this principle to the operation of induction motors is generally referred to as “power-factor improvement” or “power-factor correction”. As discussed in chapter L, the apparent power (kVA) supplied to an induction motor can be signi?cantly reduced by the use of shunt-connected capacitors. Reduction of input kVA means a corresponding reduction of input current (since the voltage remains constant). Compensation of reactive-power is particularly advised for motors that operate for long periods at reduced power.For an incandescent lamp, the use of halogen gas allows a more concentrated light source. The light output is increased and the lifetime of the lamp is doubled. Note: At the instant of switching on, the cold ?lament gives rise to a very brief but intense peak of current. Fluorescent lamps and related equipment The power Pn (watts) indicated on the tube of a ?uorescent lamp does not include the power dissipated in the ballast. If no power-loss value is indicated for the ballast, a ?gure of 25 of Pn may be used. Figure A6 gives these values for different arrangements of ballast. Arrangement Tube power of lamps, starters (W) (3) and ballasts Single tube 18 36 58 Twin tubes 2 x 18 2 x 36 2 x 58 (3) Power in watts marked on tube Current (A) at 230 V Magnetic ballast Without PF correction capacitor 0.20 0.33 0.50 With PF correction capacitor 0.14 0.23 0.36 0.28 0.46 0.72 Electronic ballast Tube length (cm) 0.10 0.18 0.28 0.18 0.35 0.52 60 120 150 60 120 150 Fig. A6: Current demands and power consumption of commonly-dimensioned ?uorescent lighting tubes (at 230 V-50 Hz) Compact ?uorescent lamps (1) Ia in amps; U in volts. Pn is in watts. If Pn is in kW, then multiply the equation by 1,000 (2) “Power-factor correction” is often referred to as “compensation” in discharge-lighting-tube terminology. They are commonly used in public places which are permanently illuminated (for example: corridors, hallways, bars, etc.) and can be mounted in situations otherwise illuminated by incandescent lamps (see Fig. Figure A8 gives the current taken by a complete unit, including all associated ancillary equipment. These lamps depend on the luminous electrical discharge through a gas or vapour of a metallic compound, which is contained in a hermetically-sealed transparent envelope at a pre-determined pressure. These lamps have a long start-up time, during which the current Ia is greater than the nominal current In. Power and current demands are given for different types of lamp (typical average values which may differ slightly from one manufacturer to another). Note: these lamps are sensitive to voltage dips. They extinguish if the voltage falls to less than 50 of their nominal voltage, and will not re-ignite before cooling for approximately 4 minutes. Note: Sodium vapour low-pressure lamps have a light-output ef?ciency which is superior to that of all other sources. To base the design simply on the arithmetic sum of all the loads existing in the installation would be extravagantly uneconomical, and bad engineering practice. The aim of this chapter is to show how some factors taking into account the diversity (non simultaneous operation of all appliances of a given group) and utilization (e.g. an electric motor is not generally operated at its full-load capability, etc.) of all existing and projected loads can be assessed. The values given are based on experience and on records taken from actual installations. This is not the power to be actually supplied in practice. Most electrical appliances and equipments are marked to indicate their nominal power rating (Pn). The installed power is the sum of the nominal powers of all power-consuming devices in the installation. This is the case for electric motors, where the power rating refers to the output power at its driving shaft. The input power consumption will evidently be greater Fluorescent and discharge lamps associated with stabilizing ballasts, are other cases in which the nominal power indicated on the lamp is less than the power consumed by the lamp and its ballast. Methods of assessing the actual power consumption of motors and lighting appliances are given in Section 3 of this Chapter. The power demand (kW) is necessary to choose the rated power of a generating set or battery, and where the requirements of a prime mover have to be considered. The maximum estimated kVA to be supplied however is not equal to the total installed kVA. The installed apparent power is commonly assumed to be the arithmetical sum of the kVA of individual loads. It is common practice however, to make a simple arithmetical summation, the result of which will give a kVA value that exceeds the true value by an acceptable “design margin”. When some or all of the load characteristics are not known, the values shown in Figure A9 next page may be used to give a very approximate estimate of VA demands (individual loads are generally too small to be expressed in kVA or kW). Factors ku and ks allow the determination of the maximum power and apparent-power demands actually required to dimension the installation. Factor of maximum utilization (ku) In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less than that indicated as its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence that justi?es the application of an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values. This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors, which are very rarely operated at full load. The factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general application. In the case of consumers using electrical heat-storage units for space heating, a factor of 0.8 is recommended, regardless of the number of consumers. A11): 5 storeys apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load. If the circuits are mainly for lighting loads, it is prudent to adopt ks values close to unity. Number of circuits Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 4 and 5 6 to 9 10 and more Assemblies partially tested in every case choose Factor of simultaneity (ks) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.0 Fig. A12: Factor of simultaneity for distribution boards (IEC 60439) Factor of simultaneity according to circuit function ks factors which may be used for circuits supplying commonly-occurring loads, are shown in Figure A13. Circuit function Factor of simultaneity (ks) Lighting 1 Heating and air conditioning 1 Socket-outlets 0.1 to 0.2 (1) Lifts and catering hoist (2) b For the most powerful motor 1 b For the second most powerful motor 0.75 b For all motors 0.60 (1) In certain cases, notably in industrial installations, this factor can be higher. (2) The current to take into consideration is equal to the nominal current of the motor, increased by a third of its starting current. Fig. A13: Factor of simultaneity according to circuit function 4.4 Example of application of factors ku and ks An example in the estimation of actual maximum kVA demands at all levels of an installation, from each load position to the point of supply is given Fig. A14 (opposite page).A15): b The possibility of improving the power factor of the installation (see chapter L) b Anticipated extensions to the installation b Installation constraints (e.g. temperature) Apparent power kVA 100 160 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 In (A) 237 V 244 390 609 767 974 1218 1535 1949 2436 3045 3898 4872 6090 7673 410 V 141 225 352 444 563 704 887 1127 1408 1760 2253 2816 3520 4436 Fig. The choice and characteristics of these alternative sources are part of the architecture selection, as described in chapter D. For the main source of supply the choice is generally between a connection to the MV or the LV network of the power-supply utility. In practice, connection to a MV source may be necessary where the load exceeds (or is planned eventually to exceed) a certain level - generally of the order of 250 kVA, or if the quality of service required is greater than that normally available from a LV network. For technical and economic reasons, the nominal voltage of medium-voltage distribution networks rarely exceeds 35 kV. Familiarity with these characteristics is essential when de?ning and implementing connections. 1.2 Different types of MV power supply The following power supply methods may be used as appropriate for the type of medium-voltage network. Connection to an MV radial network: Single-line service The substation is supplied by a tee-off from the MV radial network (overhead or cable), also known as a spur network. This type of network supports a single supply for loads (see Fig. B1). The substation usually consists of an incoming panel, and overall protection is provided by a load-break switch and fuses with earthing switches as shown in Figure B1. In some countries, the “substation” comprises a pole-mounted transformer without a load-break switch or fuses (installed on the pole). This type of distribution is very common in rural areas. Protection and switching devices are located remotely from the transformer. These usually control a main overhead line to which secondary overhead lines are connected. B1: Single-line service (single supply) (1) According to the IEC there is no clear boundary between low and medium voltage; local and historical factors play a part, and limits are usually between 30 and 100 kV (see IEC 601-01-28). This allows the line current to pass through a busbar, making it possible for loads to have two different power supplies (see Fig. B2). The substation has three medium-voltage modular units or an integrated ring-main unit supporting the following functions: b 2 incoming panels, each with a load-break switch. These are part of the loop and are connected to a busbar.All these types of switchgear are ?tted with earthing switches. All switches and earthing switches have a making capacity which enables them to close at the network’s short-circuit current. Under this arrangement, the user bene?ts from a reliable power supply based on two MV feeders, with downtime kept to a minimum in the event of faults or work on the supplier network(1). This method is used for the underground MV distribution networks found in urban areas. Underground cable loop Fig. B2: Ring-main service (double supply). The transformer is protected, in accordance with the applicable standards, by a circuit breaker or load-break switch as shown in Figure B1. Connection to two parallel MV cables: Parallel feeders service If two parallel underground cables can be used to supply a substation, an MV switchboard similar to that of a ring-main station can be used (see Fig. B3). The main difference to the ring-main station is that both load-break switches are interlocked. This means that only one of them can be closed at any one time (if one is closed, the other must be open). In the event of the loss of supply, the associated incoming load-break switch must be open and the interlocking system must enable the switch which was open to close. This sequence can be implemented either manually or automatically. This method is used for networks in some densely-populated or expanding urban areas supplied by underground cables. 1.3 Some practical issues concerning MV distribution networks Underground cables in parallel Fig. B3: Parallel feeders service (double supply). The transformer is protected, in accordance with local standards, by a circuit breaker or load-break switch as shown in Figure B1. (1) A medium-voltage loop is an underground distribution network based on cables from two MV substation feeders. The loop is usually open, i.e. divided into two sections (halfloops), each of which is supplied by a feeder. To support this arrangement, the two incoming load-break switches on the substations in the loop are closed, allowing current to circulate around the loop. On one of the stations one switch is normally left open, determining the start of the loop. A fault on one of the half-loops will trigger the protection device on the associated feeder, de-energising all substations within that half loop. Once the fault on the affected cable segment (between two adjacent substations) has been located, the supply to these substations can be restored from the other feeder. This requires some recon?guration of the loop, with the loadbreak switches being switched in order to move the start of the loop to the substation immediately downstream of the fault and open the switch on the substation immediately upstream of the fault on the loop. These measures isolate the cable segment where the fault has occurred and restore the supply to the whole loop, or to most of it if the switches that have been switched are not on substations on either side of the sole cable segment affected by the fault. Systems for fault location and loop recon?guration with remote control switches allow these processes to be automated. Weather conditions such as wind and frost may bring wires into contact and cause temporary (as opposed to permanent) short-circuits. Ceramic or glass insulating materials may be broken by wind-borne debris or carelessly discharged ?rearms. Shorting to earth may also result when insulating material becomes heavily soiled. Many of these faults are able to rectify themselves. For example, damaged insulating materials can continue functioning undetected in a dry environment, although heavy rain will probably cause ?ashover to earth (e.g. via a metallic support structure). Similarly, heavily soiled insulating material usually causes ?ashover to earth in damp conditions. Almost invariably, fault current will take the form of an electric arc, whose intense heat dries the current’s path and, to some extent, re-establishes insulating properties. During this time, protection devices will normally have proved effective in eliminating the fault (fuses will blow or the circuit breaker will trip). Experience has shown that, in the vast majority of cases, the supply can be restored by replacing fuses or reclosing the circuit breaker. As such, it is possible to improve the service continuity of overhead networks signi?cantly by using circuit breakers with an automated reclosing facility on the relevant feeders. These automated facilities support a set number of reclosing operations if a ?rst attempt proves unsuccessful. The interval between successive attempts can be adjusted (to allow time for the air near the fault to deionise) before the circuit breaker ?nally locks out after all the attempts (usually three) have failed. Remote control switches can be used on cable segments within networks to further improve service continuity. For the most part, however, faults are the result of damage caused by tools such as pickaxes and pneumatic drills or by earthmoving plant used by other public utilities.