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laboratory technician manualThe new edition is necessary because of new procedures and technologies developed since the previous edition that have proved useful to small laboratories in developing countries. These new procedures and technologies have been included in the relevant sections of the manual, and some obsolete procedures have been replaced by more up-to-date techniques. The manual provides a practical guide to the safe and accurate performance of basic laboratory techniques. Intended for use by laboratory technicians working in peripheral-level laboratories in developing countries, the book emphasizes simple, economical procedures that can yield accurate results where resources, including equipment, are scarce and the climate is hot and humid. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy.If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details.If you wish to opt out, please close your SlideShare account. Learn more. You can change your ad preferences anytime. Specific. Instructional. Objectives. This program is aimed at training candidates for the job of a “Medical LaboratoryCatalog. Description. On completion of this course student will able to Demonstrate the ability toCorrectly collect, transport, receive, accept or reject and store blood. Maintain, operate and clean laboratory equipment; Provide technical informationMedical Laboratory. Technology Laboratory.Experiment No Experiment NameTitle Demonstration of working of spectrophotometer. Faculty In charge Mr. A. Vamsi Kumar (Asst Prof). Semester VIFor millions of years, light has defined the life of Homo sapiens. Through photosynthesis, light has given us food,And using light we communicate information, see the big objects far from us through theFrom where does light get this transcending power?
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It took nearly a millennium until James Clark Maxwell in 1864 told the world that light is made of waves ofIntroduction:Beckman DU spectrophotometer in 1940. Principle of Spectrophotometer. When a light at a particular wavelength is passed through a solution (incident light), some amount of it is absorbedThe nature of light absorption in a solutionBeer’s law states that the amount of transmitted light decreases exponentially with an increase in the concentrationAccording to Lambert’s law, the transmitted light decreases exponentially with increase in the thickness of theBy combining the two laws (Beer-Lambert law), the following mathematical derivation can be obtained:Working Principle of spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer technique is to measure light intensity as a function of wavelength. It does this by diffractingThe spectrophotometer primarily differs from colorimeter by covering the ultraviolet region (200-400 nm) ofFurther, the spectrophotometer is more sophisticated with several additional devicesA preciselyInstrumentation of Spectrophotometer. The essential components of spectrophotometer instrumentation include:Namely, 600 cornu quartz prism andTRANSPORT VESSELS (cuvettes), to hold the sampleA PHOTOSENSITIVE DETECTOR and an associated readout system. The current is then proportional to the light intensityReference:Title Demonstration of maintenance of equipment’s and reagents. Semester VIThe care and maintenance of laboratory equipment is an integral part of quality assurance in the lab. Well-Furthermore, since laboratory equipment generally takes up a big cut of the budget,Various procedures and routines will ensure that your laboratory equipment is well-maintained and cared for, thisThis ensures that theDetailed instructions of equipmentThe SOP can be written by the lab manager, anThe SOP should also be easilyA proper SOP should contain the following;It is a referenceIt is usuallyThe maintenance log outlines equipment identificationItem identification. Equipment: Brand. Purchase date: Model. Warranty expiration. Manufacturer: Tel. No. Address. Contact person: Tel. No. Table 1: Example of an identification and maintenance log. A regularly updated equipment maintenance log can help to. Therefore, helping lab managers toIf the cause of malfunction is operationIt maximizes the equipment operational efficiency and reduces overall costs. It isA preventive maintenance file should detail. Stickers should be used for equipment labelling to summarize the preventive maintenance actions undertaken, theFailure Events. Date Event Corrective action Operator. Table 2: Example of a failure event log for a preventive maintenance program.It should be regular with additional coursesThe initial induction training should be elaborate withFor proper staff training on equipment care and maintenance;Make certain that;Certain parts of the equipment mightCalibration involves comparing the measurements of an equipment against the standard unit of measure, for theRegular calibration of laboratory equipmentThis guards againstAn independent specialist, that can provide calibrationCalibration should be done when;Lab equipment is generally costly and repairs and refurbishment prolong the lifespan of equipment, saving the labThe following are points to consider. Faulty machines may stopEquipment that cannot be repaired or refurbished should be replaced.https://congviendisan.vn/vi/cubase-le-manual-free-download It is advisable to buy equipment from wellHigh-quality lab equipment is easier toNon-faulty equipment that is too old shouldThe care and maintenance of laboratory equipment should be a routine and embedded within the standardThis will ensure that the life span of the equipment is prolonged and data collectedReference:Title Quality Control. Semester VIMany tools are used for quality control like:Quality control will be different for the different disciplines of pathology:Quality control depends up on:Quality control purpose is:Analytic errors are separated into:This may be caused by:Quality control material, it should be:Problems arise fromRemaining 15 problems needs action and performance improvements ofSo the main problems are the management problems and management has the power toControl of the preanalytical mistakesBarcode technology has reduced these mistakes which areReference:Title Quality Assurance. Semester VIThe objectiveAccuracy. This refers to the closeness of the estimated value to that considered to be true. Accuracy can, as a rule, be checked only by thePrecision. This refers to the responsibility of the result, but a test can be precise without being accurate. Precision can be controlled byThe test result or value which we get should be closer toAccording to Edward Demming. This can be done by. Quality Assurance Programme includes. Internal quality control. This is based on monitoring the biochemistry test procedure that is performed in the laboratory. It includes measurement onThere is thus continuous evaluation of the reliability of the work of theExternal quality assessment. This is the evaluation by an outside agency of the performance of a number of laboratories on specially supplied samples. AnalysisThe objective is to achieve lab and method compatibility, but this doesn’t guarantee accuracySchemes areHence, EQA is mainly concerned with the analytical part of the test.This is concerned with various aspects of the laboratory, apart from analysis- this ensures adequate control of the pre- and post-It implies critical supervision of all the aspects of laboratory tests, such as:Standardization. This refers to both materials and reference methods. A material standard or reference preparation is used to calibrate analytic instruments and to assign a quantitative value toA reference method is an exactly defined technique which provides sufficiently accurate and precise data for it to be used to assessThe material prepared by theseThese internationalThings that can go wrong:Awareness in quality control can be divided into 2 groups. Primary Goals. Error Detection. Errors in a quantitative system. There are two types of errors in a quantitative system. Random Error (Inherit Error, Noise Error, Background Error)This may be due to. This error is measured by standard deviation (SD) and coefficient variation (CV). Systemic Error. This is the error in which variation occurs in one direction away from the true value i.e. either value goes up or down. The differenceSystemic errors are errors within the test system or methodology.Quality control material. It is a known sample whose range of values has been established prior to the test either by international authorities or byThis control sample is inserted into the testing process, being exposed to the same condition as the patient sample and the value isStandard deviation. If values are assigned to a same specimen a number of times by repeating the test, the dispersion of results around the mean willDeviation of values from the mean is called standard deviation. This gives an idea about. To determine SD, 10-Gaussian distribution. It is a bell-shaped curve resulting from events or data which occur symmetrically about the mean when frequency and data areExtent of spread of measurement about mean is SD. Note: Mean gives an idea about the accuracy of result i.e. systematic error. Stewart Levey Jennings chart. Satisfactory results are obtained only when. Error. Reference:Title Sample formats for reporting test result. Semester VIIn order for medical professionals to know a patient’s progress or medical status, creating medicalA medical report is an updated detail of a medical examination of a certain patient. It is a vital written document that describes the findings of an individual or group of people. A medical reportElements of a typical laboratory report. Despite the differences in format and presentation, all laboratory reports must contain certain elements as mandated bySection 493.1291; for more on regulation of laboratories. Some items included on lab reports deal with administrative or clerical information:Tests may be run in aThis is the date this copy of the report was printed. Often, the time that the report wasThe date of printing may be different than the date the results were generatedThis report is an example of a cumulative report which is aSince a patient mayThis information enables the lab toSometimes a report will also include the name ofFor example, a specialist may order tests andSome tests can be performed on more than one type of sample. ForSome test results may be affected by the day and time of sampleFor example, blood levelsNumber(s) assigned to the sample(s) when it arrives at the laboratory. SomeTest names are often abbreviated on lab reports. You may want to look forOther reports may simply give a positive or negative result as in pregnancyLab reports will often draw attention to results that are abnormal or outside theThe laboratory will often draw attention to such results with an asteriskThe units of measurement that labs use to report yourIt is similar to the way, for example, your health practitioner chooses toHe or she may decide to note your weight in pounds or inRegardless of the units that the lab uses, your results will be interpreted in relation to the reference rangesThese are the ranges in which “normal” values are expected toFor more on this, see the article on Reference Ranges and. What They Mean.In certain circumstances, the lab may note on the report what certain test resultsAny pertinent information regarding the condition of specimens that do not meet theThis type of information may include a variety ofFor example, if theIn some cases, the condition of the specimen maySome tests have specific procedures to follow before aIf such procedures are not followed for some reason, it may beSome tests results are affected by medications,Reference:Title Demonstration of policies and procedures for infectionFaculty In charge Mr. A. Vamsi Kumar (Asst Prof). Semester VIAll healthcare facilities take this issue seriously and, as a result, infections have decreased markedly since 2006. WithWhile it’s important that the right policies and procedures be implemented, it is equally important that policies areWhat’s more, having an automated process that enables staff to accessThis one seems like a no-brainer, we all know that good hand hygiene can reduce the risk of flu, food poisoning, andTo be more thorough, it may be helpful to include notes as to specify the instances and how often hands should beSimilar to hand hygiene, wearing gloves and properly disposing of them plays an important part in reducing the spreadWearing a gown is an easy way to not only ensure that your clothingOur faces are portals for infectious diseases to make their way into our bodies. This is why it is important to protectJust like hand hygiene policies are a no-brainer, this one may seem like one too. However, sometimes it’s good to justHaving a set of policiesFlu season isn’t the only time we should be reminding staff and patients about this policy. Having a set of instructionsBeyond covering up yourEnsure policies are in a place where common areas and areas with infectious patients are regularly cleaned andThey may seem harmless, but the truth is they could be carrying the pathogens that we have been trying so hard toHaving a waste management policy in place is also a crucial procedure to ensure staff are aware of. Most importantly,Often times the equipment used to care for patients can become soiled. Having a policy in place where staff mustReference:Faculty In charge Mr. A. Vamsi Kumar (Asst Prof). Semester VIA medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where clinical pathology tests are carried out on clinicalClinical Medical laboratories are an example of applied science, as opposed to research laboratories thatMedical laboratories vary in size and complexity and so offer a variety of testing services. More comprehensiveDoctors offices and clinics, as well as skilled nursing and long-term care facilities, may haveCommercial medical laboratories operate as independentDepartments. In hospitals and other patient-care settings, laboratory medicine is provided by the Department of Pathology, andThe two sectionsIt also oftenThe following is an example of a typical breakdown of the responsibilities of each area:The work here is mainly concerned with cultures,For example, fecal samples may be examined forThese tests, mostlyUrine and blood samplesCompatibility ofIt also prepares blood components, derivatives, and products for transfusion. This areaIf more precise quantification of urineThis can be helpful in casesSpecimen processing and work flow. In a hospital setting, sample processing will usually start with a set of samples arriving with a test request, either on aInpatient specimens will already be labelled withEntry of test requests onto the LIS system involves typing (orOnce the specimens are assigned a laboratory number by the LIS, a sticker is typically printed that can be placed onThis label has a barcode that can be scanned by automated analyzers and testSpecimens are prepared for analysis in various ways. For example, chemistry samples are usually centrifuged and theIf the specimen needs to go on more than one analyzer, it can be divided intoMany specimens end up in one or more sophisticated automated analysers, that process a fraction of the sample toSome laboratories use robotic sample handlers (Laboratory automation) to optimize theNurses and doctors generallyThese orders are typically drawn during a morning run by phlebotomists for results to be available in the patient'sAnother busy time for the lab is after 3:00Couriers will pick up specimens that have been drawnAlso, couriers will stop at outpatient drawing centers and pick upReference:Title Demonstration of mock environment to learn and understandFaculty In charge Mr. A. Vamsi Kumar (Asst Prof). Semester VIEach year, nearly 444,000 individuals die due to avoidable hospital errors. Fortunately, care providers, support staff,Through safety focused team initiatives, organizations can improve team performance. Patient safety involvesCare providers, patients, and support staff share the same goal; the best possible treatment outcome. The followingThe Assessment Tool for Hospitals, published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),Furthermore, administrators can use this information to adjust organizational policies as needed.To aid organizations in planning rapid response systems (RRSs), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Rapid response teams (RRTs) comprise one vital part of an RRS. The AHRQ suggests that health organizationsStatus of the patient. Team members. Environment. Progress toward goal. Effect Analysis (FMEA), Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), and Root Cause Analysis (RCA).Furthermore, everyEmployees must feel safe to voice concerns. Therefore, along with a clearly outlined procedure for managing andHospital administrators continually monitor and evaluate how employees follow established policies. Institutional. Compliance programs benefit health organizations in many ways, including but not limited to:By developing and maintaining a safety compliance plan, organizations—small and large—promote safe treatmentIn fact, insurers linked payouts, in part, to the degree thatIn the past, health advocates worried that the philosophy might undermine efforts to provide evidence-basedHistorically, consumers played a passive role in their recoveries and, with vague comprehension, followed treatment. Today, however,Additionally, with the wealth ofContemporary patients increasingly participate in their own recovery planning. As educated consumers, they receiveTraditional hospital design focused on operational efficiency rather than patient safety, designating interconnectedAdditionally, engineers designMost importantly, safe building designs incorporate planning to measure andHowever, it takesReference:Title Collection and handling of specimen for. Semester VIDefinition: Histopathology is a branch of pathology which deals with the study of disease in a tissue section. The tissue undergoes a series of steps before it reaches the examiners desk to be thoroughly examined microscopicallyTo achieve this, it is important that the tissue must be prepared in such a manner thatThe objective of the subsequent discussions will be to acquaint the staff with their responsibility; the basic details ofResponsibility of a technician. The technician is responsible forTo obtain these aims the following points need consideration.Fixative should be fifteen to twenty times the volume ofNote this number carefully on the requisition form as well as the container. This number will accompanyNote the blocks have to be kept preserved forIt gives time for the slides to beAccordingly, cytology has following branches. A. Exfoliative cytology. B. Aspiration cytology. C. Imprint cytologyThe principle of this technique is that thereThese smears are prepared by different methodsThe scraped material is placed on a clean glass slide and smear prepared. It isCombined (fast) smears are a combination of vaginal poolMaterial from respiratory tract may be obtained during bronchoscopic procedures as expectorant (sputum), or bySputum examination is advantageous asAt least three samples ofLesions in the oral cavity can be sampled by scraping the surface with a metallic or wooden spatula. Samples can beFluid from pleural, peritoneal or pericardial cavity is obtained by paracentesis. At least 50-100 ml of fluid is aspirated. Fluid should be centrifuged and smears are prepared from the sediment. If amountPap smears are wet-fixed (i.e. smears are immersed inSmears to be stained by Romanowsky stains are air-dried as fixation is affectedFixative used is either equal parts of ether and 95 ethanol, or 95 ethanol alone,Fixation time of 10-15 minutes at room temperature is adequate. SmearsSmears should be transported to the laboratory in fixative solution inI. Palpable Mass Lesions inII. Non-Palpable Mass. Lesions inMaterials. For performing FNA, a Franzen’s handle, syringe with needles, clean glass slides and suitable fixative areMethod. No anaesthesia is required. Ask the patient to lie down in comfortable position exposing the target area. Palpate the target area. Clean the overlying skin with spirit. Insert 20-25 gauge disposable needle into syringe. Fix the mass by palpating hand and insert needle into target area(A). Apply suction while moving needle back andRelease the suction before withdrawing the needle to equalise pressure within the syringe (D). After withdrawal of needle, apply pressure for 2-3 minutes at the site of puncture to arrest bleeding and preventAspirated material from the needle is expressed on to clean glass slides by first detaching the needle and fillingSmears are prepared as for blood smears. If the material is semi-solid, it is first crushed by gentle pressure with aIt is considered complementary to frozen section.Reference:Title Demonstration of working of Microtome. Semester VIMicrotomes. These are mechanical devices for cutting uniform sections of tissue of appropriate thickness. All microtomesMotion of screws can be direct or through system of gears or levers to magnify the movement. Types of microtomeProcedure of Section cutting of paraffin embedded tissue Fixing of blockAdjust if required. TheThe ribbon is formed due to the slight heat generated duringIf difficulty is experienced in forming the ribbonBefore beingThis is achieved by floating themThese baths are controlled at a temperature 4-6?C below the melting point of paraffin wax. It is easy to seePicking up a section on slide is achieved by immersing the slide lightlyOn lifting the slide vertically from the water, the section will flatten on to the slide. The sections are thenIt is better to overheat than underheat. If the sections are not wellThe sections should not be allowed to dry without a good contact with the slide,such sections will come off duringMain reasons are either:Below are given the various defects, reasons for the defect and the remedy for the same.S.No Fault Cause RemedySuture etc., in the tissueRe-embedS.No Fault Cause RemedyReference:Title Demonstration of sharpening methods of microtome knife. Semester VIMicrotome Knives: The knife is probably the greatest single factor in producing good sections. Types of microtome knives: Microtome knives are classified by the manner in which they are ground and seen inGeneral description. In the description of knives the expressions “Heel” and “Toe” are used to indicate to indicate which end of the cuttingSharpening of microtome knives. The cutting edge of an ideal microtome knife is a straight line formed by intersection of 2 planes, the cutting facets. The angle between the planes is called the bevel angle and is greater than the wedge angle between the sides of knife. The standard microtome knife has a wedge angle of approximately 15.There are various types of honesIt is the best hone. It is quite a fast hone and may beThe advantage of such a hone is that it can be used for all types of honing by changing the abrasive powder. Lubricants for honeMethod of honingCorrect positioning of the fingers is achieved byWhen the knife is on the hone the tips of finger and thumb of otherIt is turned to its originalThe knife is ready for stropping.It removes burrs formed during honing.Assessment of the sharpened knife edge. Examine the edge the knife by reflected light and under microscope to assess the honing and stropping. Automatic microtome knife sharpeners. There are many automatic knife sharpeners available Shandon type is most commonly used which consists of a glassFirst matting is done followed byIn all stages of use of abrasive powder care must be taken to removeReference:Title Demonstration of tissue processing. Semester VITextbook of Pathology by HarshamohanTitle Demonstration of PAP staining. Semester VIPapanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou’s stain or PAP stain) is the most important stain utilized in the practiceThis method is used toAcidic dye stains the basic components of the cell andThe polychromatic PAP stain involves five dyes in three solutions.It has affinity forBismarck brown. Eosin Y gives a pink colour to cytoplasm of mature squamous cells, nucleoli, cilia and red blood cells. Staining solutions commonly used in cytology are EA 31 and EA 50, while EA 65. Light green SF stains blue to cytoplasm of metabolically active cells like parabasal squamous cells,Bismarck brown Y stains nothing and sometimes it is often omitted.Before staining, WetI. Procedure of Progressive Papanicolaou Staining Method. In the progressive method, the nucleus is stained with hematoxylin to a intensity desired. The intensity of the nuclearMost commonly used blueing agent is Sott’sStep Reagent TimeII. Procedure of Regressive Papanicolaou Staining Method. When using the regressive staining method, the nucleus is deliberately over-stained with a non-acidifiedThe decolourisingTiming is crucial in the regressive method as de-Step Reagent TimeTitle Demonstration of PAS staining. Semester VIPeriodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining is one of the most commonly performed special staining technique inPrinciple of PAS Staining. PAS method works by exposing the tissue to periodic acid. Periodic acid acts as oxidizing agent which oxidizesA suitable basic stainPreparation of staining solutionsAdd sodium metabisulphite and HCl. Store atProcedure of PAS StainingResult. Formation of insoluble magenta colored complex denotes positive result. Uses of PAS Staining. Additional Notes. Differentiation is the process of removing excess dyes from tissues. It is similar to decolorizing, but infers with highMordants, Oxidizers, Other Dyes. Bluing step converts the initial soluble red color (of hematoxylin) within the nucleus to an insoluble blue color. SomePAS stain is mainly used to highlight the molecules (structures) with high percentage of carbohydrate content such asPAS staining can be used to assist in the diagnosis of several medical conditions such as:Reference:Title Collection and handling of specimen for cytopathologyFaculty In charge Mr. A. Vamsi Kumar (Asst Prof). Semester VIAccordingly, cytology has following branches. Lesions inProcedure for FNA. Materials. For performing FNA, a Franzen’s handle, syringe with needles, clean glass slides and suitable fixative areMethod. If the material is semi-solid, it is first crushed by gentle pressure with aIt is considered complementary to frozen section.Reference:Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Get started with a FREE account. Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests Mosby's Manual of.Essential Skills Manual: PAGE.Medical Laboratory Technician --Microbiology (AFSC.Get books you want. To add our e-mail address ( ), visit the Personal Document Settings under Preferences tab on Amazon. Get started with a FREE account. Medical Laboratory Technician --Microbiology.Appendix B: 100 Toxic Cosmetic Ingred.Get books you want. To add our e-mail address ( ), visit the Personal Document Settings under Preferences tab on Amazon. They generate vitally important data for identifying and treating cancer, heart disease, diabetes and many other health conditions. They also evaluate and interpret laboratory results, integrate data, solve problems, consult with physicians, conduct research and evaluate new test methods. Medical laboratory scientists also are more likely to advance to management positions.