laboratory manual of glass blowing
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laboratory manual of glass blowingThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withYou may copy it, give it away orTitle: Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing. Author: Francis C. Frary. Language: English. Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1. Produced by Woodie4 and the Online Distributed Proofreading. Team at (This file was produced fromMany laboratories in this country, especially in the west,They are those which the author has foundThe aim has been to describeIt is, however, much easier to performFormerly much apparatus wasIf the glass is too hard,When such tubing is worked, the walls of theseSome of the larger sizes of thin-walled tubing often haveSome tubing has occasional knots or lumps of unfusedThe presenceCrookedness and non-uniformityIt seems to be of twoThe other variety of devitrification does not appearIn fact it will often be found that a piece of comparativelyThis may beIn general, largeAll large pieces should be carefully heated over theirAfter being thusIf thought necessary,Where gas is not available, anA bellows with aOn the other hand, it will be found best to always adjustThe operator mustThe operator should beIt is importantIt is therefore recommended thatThis chapter and theThe glass-knife is simplyThe glass-knife makes a narrowerThis latter procedure dulls theThis will usually start the crack around the tube; if itThis point of glass isThe tube is next taken in bothThe tubing is now rotatedAfter about ten secondsIf large tubingThe tube should be heated inDuring this time it mustBy regulating the rateThis is partly on account of the difficulty of heatingSmall tubes areWhen this operation has proceededLarger tubes are therefore constricted by heating in aThis pulling and pushing ofThe result may appear asThis operation is mostIn any case the first operation is to cut the tube to aThe flange is nowSuch a tool is shown in Fig.
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2,It is well to have several sizes and shapes of these tools,The two sizes most usedWhen the end of the tube is softened, the tool is insertedAfter the flange is complete,In this case theFor large heavy tubes a largerDirections for it will be given on the assumption thatThe object of rotationThe rotation is performedAs it is almostFor this reason the leftIf there isThis is because it is easier toThis support should be loose enough so that the thumbRotation of the tube is accomplished by rolling it betweenThe hands must be heldExercise 6, and rotation must be very carefully performed. The right hand is held as above described, and the leftThis puts both handsMethod The flame is now soThe open end ofIf so, the flame is reduced toIt is then quickly removedThe joint is then returned to the flame and reheated,When this stage is reached, the glass should be very hotThe glass is now reblownAs soon as theFor this reason, only the veryThe whole purposeFor this reason, care is taken thatDuring the firstThen as theBy this firstBeginners almost invariablyUnder such circumstances theWhen this is just accomplished,The drawing mustThe drawing isIf the tube is not rotatedThe operations d, e, f, andThe wall-thickness of theseThe whole of the expanded joint is now heated as uniformlyAny irregularities in the finished joint may be correctedFor that reason theCare must be taken in this as inOn small tubing, the shrinkage may often extend so farIt is often of advantage, after blowing out part of theThis helps to prevent theThis enables one to keep closerThe longer of the two is now heated at the point at whichA small flame is used, and the tube rotated until theThe top of the bulb is now softenedIn doing this, care is taken to direct the flame partly onOn the other hand,The result is a large,It is not difficult toCare should be takenLarger or smaller tubing is usually more difficult. IfIn the larger sizes ofThe directions given willWhen the tail is cut off, at the dotted line, the diameterBefore proceedingA small flame is now directed onThis corresponds to the first thick bulb in the first methodIt is again heatedThe beginnerFig. 8). This does not look well, and usually will beThe small tubes are then bentA tail is drawn out on oneThe tail should be carefully drawnIf this heating hasFig. 10, separated by thickened ridges which will beIf more glass isWhen sufficiently soft, theWhen as much of the extra glass has been removed as isThe whole bulb is thenIf the shapeSuch shrinking should beginIf the bulb starts to collapseIf the mass of glass be twisted, furrowedFor method of holdingIn this case part of the smallThis is always the coolest part during the preparation forGravity will thenIn order to prevent theGreater care must be taken, however, that the cylinderInstead of removingThe tube is held in approximatelyBoth pieces of tube must of course be rotated atIf the blowingThe piece of tubing used for the exercise must be longNo. 1), but instead of drawing out the thick bulb to aThe use of tubing with too thick walls usually producesTo illustrate it, take aDraw off the large tubeFor practicePass a short pieceCare should be taken that theSelect a short piece of theA small bulb may be blown in the latter at a point about. A cork or cork-boringAfter it has shrunk down well,The whole of theThe lump of glass is drawn off theThe ends of the small tube are cut off square and fire-polished.https://labroclub.ru/blog/cub-cadet-lt1018-manual A ragged joint, where the lineFor this reason the two tubes should not be of too nearIf this bulb be made with the same wall-thickness as theIt may also be used where it isWhere there is notAnother piece of theA small thick-walled bulbThe side tube is nowTube b is sealed into the open end of a, in the same way asA suitable thick-walledIn the latter case a dropThe whole bulb must generally be reheated and blownThe methods are nearlyThe work must be done muchThe joints are best not blownIt is necessary that the bore of the joint be approximatelyFor this reason the whole neighborhood of the joint mustThe rubber bulb may also beExercise No. 1. But the same general ruleThick pieces will coolThe rod can thenIf the break is in theIf only the little cross-piece atWith a fine pointedIf necessary, the handle can be blown a littleLocal heating and blowing atOnly material whichFor the final polishing,The plug isAs the abrasive becomesAs the grinding surfaceCare must be taken to so distributeA suitable tube,The broken end of the tubeA similar problemThe difficulty in all such cases is to provide for theThe final joint is preferably made in the middle of aThe two piecesOne or both of these tubes are now warmed to the softeningThey are now warmed in the flame, and joined together,Holding the closedUsing a moderate-sized flame, of somewhat yellow color,Especial pains is to be taken with the first turn of theWhere a ground joint isBlowing during this rolling is often helpful toThe proper taper for both theseThe hexagonal carbon can easily be made by carefullyGrind with emeryThis prevents excessive grinding of one-half of the jointA little globuleUsing this piece of glass as a handle,The wire is now pushed into place, the handle removedThe whole circumferenceSuch a fineIf too great shrinkage occurs,Thus the wire is sealed through the wall of the tube withoutWith fine platinum wire there is very littleThe connection should be through a small, ratherAs the glass justAs the shrinkingThe principal point to beEspecial care must be taken inTaking one of the pieces, the cone is carefullyA flame with a littleAfter annealing this, cooling and cleaning theInclining the large tube at a suitable angle, the small oneHere it will stop, and if theNow the tube is held in anAnneal with great care, and cool in such a position thatThe shrinking ofIf the walls areFrancis C. Frary. This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:Team at (This file was produced fromUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editionsCreating the works from public domain print editions means that noSpecial rules,Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if youRedistribution isGutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online atIf you do not agree to abide by allIf you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project. Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by theIt may only beThere are a fewGutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreementGutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in theGutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works byGutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.Copyright laws in most countries are inIf you are outside the United States, checkGutenberg-tm work. 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PREFACE The purpose of this little book is to provide a clear and detailed discussion of the elements of glass-blowing. Many laboratories in this country, especially in the west, are located a long way from any professional glass-blower, and the time and money spent in shipping broken apparatus several hundred miles to be mended could often be saved if some of the laboratory force could seal on a new stopcock, replace a broken tube, or make some temporary repairs. Many men in physical or chemical laboratories have occasion to modify some piece of apparatus designed perhaps for other uses, or to design new apparatus. To such also, the ability to perform some of the operations herein described may be very valuable. No originality is claimed for the methods here described. They are those which the author has found most suitable and convenient in his own work, and most easily learned by students. The aim has been to describe each operation in such detail that a beginner can follow the process without help and, with practice, attain satisfactory results. It is, however, much easier to perform any of the operations described, after seeing some one else perform it correctly; since the temperature, the exact time to begin blowing the glass, and many other little details are very difficult to obtain from a description. It has not been thought worth while to describe the process of making stopcocks, thermometers, vacuum tubes, etc., as such things can be purchased more cheaply and of much better quality than any amateur can make unless he is willing to spend a very large amount of time in practice. For similar reasons the manipulation of quartz glass has been omitted. The author will be grateful for all suggestions and criticisms tending to improve the methods presented. If some of them appear to be given in excessive detail, the reader will remember that many things which are obvious to the experienced worker are not so to the beginner, and that it is the little details in the manipulation which often spell success or failure in glass-blowing. F. C. F. Minneapolis, Minn., January, 1914. CONTENTS LABORATORY MANUAL OF GLASS-BLOWING CHAPTER I Materials and Apparatus One of the most important factors in the success of any piece of glass-blowing is the glass employed. As is well known, there are two general varieties of glass: Lead glass and soda glass. Formerly much apparatus was made of lead glass, but at present it is very seldom met with, except in the little drops of special glass used to seal platinum wires into the larger sizes of tubes. Lead glass is softer and more readily fusible than soda glass, but has the disagreeable property of growing black in a few seconds unless worked in a strong oxidizing flame. This may be prevented by using a hissing flame, with a large excess of air, and working in the extreme end of the flame; or the black lead formed may thus be reoxidized, and the glass restored to its original clearness. Almost all the soft glass on the market is a soda glass, although sometimes part of the soda is replaced by potash. Most of the hard glass appears to be a potash glass. The following qualities are desirable in a glass for ordinary working: (1) moderately low working temperature, (2) freedom from air bubbles, striations and irregularities, (3) proper composition, so that the glass will not devitrify or crystallize while being handled at its working temperature, (4) ability to withstand rapid heating without cracking. The working temperature of different samples of so-called soft glass varies a good deal, and is best determined by trial. The glass should become almost soft enough for blowing in a flame that still shows a little yellow near the tip, so that at the highest temperature of the flame it may flow fairly freely and thus easily eliminate irregularities in thickness. If the glass is too hard, the shrinking of the glass, collection of material for a bulb, and in fact most of the working processes will be slower, and the glass will not stay at its working temperature long enough after its removal from the flame to permit it to be properly blown. Air bubbles in the original batch of glass are drawn out into long hair-like tubes during the process of manufacture. When such tubing is worked, the walls of these microscopic tubes collapse in spots, and the air thus enclosed will often collect as a small bubble in the wall, thus weakening it. Irregularities are of various kinds. Some of the larger sizes of thin-walled tubing often have one half You've reached the end of this preview. Sign up to read more. Start your free trial Page 1 of 1 Reviews Loading Quick navigation Home Books, active Audiobooks Documents. Please try again.Please try again.This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc.We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness. It really is a great starter book for a beginning lampworker.Well written and stands as seminal treatise. View more sellers starting from ? 2,533 Specifications Book Details Imprint Tredition Classics Dimensions Width 4 mm Height 203 mm Length 133 mm Weight 91 gr Read More Have doubts regarding this product. Post your question Safe and Secure Payments. Easy returns. 100 Authentic products. Shows some signs of wear, and may have some markings on the inside.Condition: New. Lang: -English, Pages 72, Reprinted in (2013) with the help of original edition published long back (1914). As these are old books, we processed each page manually and make them readable but in some cases pages which are blur or missing or black spots. If it is multi volume set, then it is only single volume, if you wish to order a specific or all the volumes you may contact us. We expect that you will understand our compulsion in these books. We found this book important for the readers who want to know more about our old treasure so we brought it back to the shelves. Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions.Condition: New. Lang: -English, Pages 72, Reprinted in (2018) with the help of original edition published long back (1914). Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions.Condition: New. Lang: -English, Pages 72, Reprinted in (2013) with the help of original edition published long back (1914). Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions.Unknown Binding. Condition: Good. Shows minor wear, bookplate of former owner on the front pastedown.This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.Unread book in perfect condition.Topics include: Materials and Apparatus for Glass Blowing, General Glass Blowing Operations, Elementary Exercises, Advanced Exercises in Glass Blowing, Modified Methods in Glass Blowing and much more. Note: This edition is a perfect facsimile of the original edition and is not set in a modern typeface. 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Text is crisp, clean, and unmarked. Some general shelf-wear and light soiling to extremities.Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. 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To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface.We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.Established seller since 2000.Established seller since 2000.Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface.We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.Our BookSleuth is specially designed for you. All Rights Reserved. Please try again.Please try again.Please choose a different delivery location.While some publishers have opted to apply OCR (optical character recognition) technology to the process, we believe this leads to sub-optimal results (frequent typographical errors, strange characters and confusing formatting) and does not adequately preserve the historical character of the original artifact. We believe this work is culturally important in its original archival form. While we strive to adequately clean and digitally enhance the original work, there are occasionally instances where imperfections such as blurred or missing pages, poor pictures or errant marks may have been introduced due to either the quality of the original work or the scanning process itself. Despite these occasional imperfections, we have brought it back into print as part of our ongoing global book preservation commitment, providing customers with access to the best possible historical reprints. We appreciate your understanding of these occasional imperfections, and sincerely hope you enjoy seeing the book in a format as close as possible to that intended by the original publisher. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we do not use a simple average. Bytt uten kvittering. The purpose of this little book is to provide a clear and detailed discussion of the elements of glass-blowing. Many laboratories in this country, especially in the west, are located a long way from any professional glass-blower, and the time and money spent in shipping broken appa ratus several hundred miles to be mended could often be saved if some of the laboratory force could seal on a new stop-cock, replace a broken tube, or make some temporary repairs. Many men in physical or chemical laboratories have occasion to modify some piece of appa ratus designed perhaps for other uses, or to design new apparatus. N o originality is claimed for the methods here de scribed. It is, however, much easier to per form any of the operations described, after seeing some one else perform it correctly; since the temperature, the exact time to begin blowing the glass, and many other little details are very diffit to obtain from a description. It has not been thought worth while to describe the process of making stop-cocks, thermometers, vacuum tubes, etc., as such things can be purchased more cheaply and of much better quality than any amateur can make unless he is willing to spend a very large amount of time in practice. Groups Discussions Quotes Ask the Author You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery. To see what your friends thought of this book,There are no discussion topics on this book yet. Live better. Shop grocery Store finder Store finder Flyers for Walmart Flyers Sign in My account More ways to save Rollback Enjoy savings on 1000s of items. Clearance We clear out. You save big. Deals of the Week Hot deals from our select seller partners. Weekly flyer features Low prices on your everyday essentials. Walmart Pickup Order online. You can unsubscribe at anytime. 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