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instrumentation lab manual pdfTo browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy.If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details.If you wish to opt out, please close your SlideShare account. Learn more. You can change your ad preferences anytime. You can also request things like research papers or dissertations. It’s really convenient and helpful.Engineering for the laboratory course INSTRUMENTATION AND. Signature of the Staff Member Signature of the Head of the Dept.Kanuru, Vijayawada- 520 007.Expt. No. Date Name of the Experiment. Page. No. MarksLecture:- Internal assessment: 25marksLearning outcomes. At the end of course the students will be able to:Pre-Requisites. Mechanical measurementsDate. Aim: To study and calibrate the photo and magnetic speed pickup transducers for theApparatus: Variable Speed Motor, DPM, digital tachometer. Theory. A). Photo Electric pick up Transducer method. In this method an opaque disc is mounted on Rotating shaft. This disc has notch onWhen notch appears in between the two, the light falls on theThe frequency at which these pulses are produced depends on the number of holes on disc andSince the number of holes is fixed the pulse rate is a function of speed ofB). Magnetic Pick up method. This is variable reluctance type transducer, where toothed wheel is mounted on theWhen toothedThe frequency of this induced voltageProcedure:Y to GND of FVC.Observations:Error ?Graph. A Graph is drawn between True value (Tachometer reading) on X- axis and measured value (DPMPrecautions:Discussion on result. DPMreading. Tachometer reading. Fig. Tachometer reading Vs DPM readingDate.http://aulac.com.vn/userfiles/allen-heath-pa28-manual.xml
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Aim: To study and calibrate the rotameter for flow measurement. Apparatus: Rota meter test set up, stop watch. Procedure:ReadingsTime taken forTank in secDischargeRota meter. Readings inReadings inTank in secDischargeRota meter. Readings inError. Calculations. WhereError ?Graph. A graph is drawn between true value (Actual discharge) on X- axis and measured value (RotameterPrecautions:Discussion on result. Rotameterreading. Actual discharge. Fig. Actual discharge Vs Rotameter readingDate. Aim: To measure voltage generated at given speeds using piezo electric transducer. Apparatus: Piezo Electric Transducer set up, Tachometer, Multimeter. Theory. A Piezo electric material, usually crystalline or ceramic, is one in which a potential differenceThe piezo electric effect isSo that lattice deformation is a relativeSome of the most widely used crystals are Quartz, Rochelle salt, and lead titanate ceramics. Description:Piezo- electric crystal is subjected to the vibrations ofProcedure:As the speed of the motor increases, the vibration increases and corresponding increase inObservations:A graph is drawn between true value (Tachometer reading) on X- axis and measured value (VoltmeterVoltmeterreading. Tachometer reading. Fig. Tachometer reading Vs Voltmeter readingDiscussion on Result:Date. Aim: To calibrate the thermocouple for temperature measurement. Apparatus: Thermocouple, Thermometer, Electric Heater, Water vessel. Theory. The basic principle of temperature measurement is. When two conductors of dissimilar metals M1 and M2 are joined together to form a loop (A. Thermocouple) and two unequal temperatures T1 and T2 are imposed at the two interface connections,The magnitude of the current is directly related to the two materials M1 and M2 and the. Temperature difference (T1-T2). Thermo electric effects arise in two ways.http://norrlandet.se/userfiles/allen-heath-wz-14-4-2-manual.xml Peltier effect: A potential difference always exists between two dissimilar metals in contact withThomson effect: A potential gradient exists even in a single conductor having a temperatureIn commercial instruments, the thermocouple materials are so chosen that the Peltier and. Thomson emf’s act in such a manner that the combined value is maximum and that varies directly withCalibration:Procedure:DecreasingFormulae:Error ?Graph. A graph is drawn between true value (Thermometer reading) on X- axis and measured value (DPMDiscussion on result. DPMreading. Thermometer reading. Fig. Thermometer reading Vs DPM readingDate. Aim: To calibrate the given Bourdon tube pressure gauge using “DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE GAUGEDescription. The dead Weight Pressure Gauge Tester consists of the following parts.Anticlockwise turning of theThe screw pump and free pistonTwo tubes lead out from it to the two gaugeA weight carrier is screwed on to the free piston whichThe pressure equivalent of the weight of the carrier andThis is minimum pressure which can be tested by the instrument.Procedure:This will expel some air from the system which will bubble outThis will draw oil into the tester.This will increase the pressure in the system which wouldContinue to increase the pressure until the carrier revealing a blackObservations:Error. Re. ReGraphs. A graph is drawn between true pressure reading as indicated by the carrier weights on X- axis andIt is advised not to raise the free piston above the black band. After the black band there is polished partResult: The given Bourdon tube pressure gauge is calibrated using “DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE. GAUGE TESTER”. A graph is plotted between true pressure reading as indicated by the carrier weights. Pressuregaugereading. True pressure. Fig. True pressure Vs Pressure gauge readingDate. Aim: To calibrate the given strain gauge for Pressure measurement. Apparatus: Pressure cell, Pressure vessel, Pressure indicator, Bourdon gauge, Foot pump. Theory.https://www.thebiketube.com/acros-bose-repair-manual Unique pressure measuring set up comprises of Pressure Indicator and pressure Cell withThe strain Gauge is bonded on the diaphragm and isPressure cell. Unique pressure measuring set up is a complete system which can be used to conductThe pressure indicator is provided with ZeroDigital display will enable to take error free readings. The digital indicator comprises of four parts.The inbuilt regulated power supply used will provide the sufficient power to electronic parts andThe signal conditioners buffers the out putAmplifier will amplifies the buffered output signal to the required level where itAnalog to digital converter will convert the calibrated analog to digitalTransducers that measure force, torque or pressure usually contains an elastic member thatA deflection sensor or alternatively a setCharacteristics of transducers, such as range, linearity and sensitivity are determined by the size andA wide variety of transducers are commercially available for measuring force, torque andStain gauges are usually used as sensors.Diaphragm type pressure transducers with strainThis type of pressure transducers uses diaphragm as the elastic element. Diaphragms are usedStrain gauges are bonded on the diaphragm and the pressure forceThe strain incurred by the specimen depends on the material used and its elasticSince the strain gauges are connected in the form of Whetstones Bridge anyThe imbalance in the bridge will intern gives out theConnect the 3 pin socket to the instrument atNote: Before connecting ensure the voltage is 230 V and the power switch is in off position. Sensor. Connect one end of the cable attached with connector to the sensor and the other end to theOperating Procedure:Experiments and Tabular column. Experiments can be conducted on the instrument as per the Operating instruction given andPressure. Indicator readingIndicator readingAverage. Reading. Error Error. Formulae:Error ?Error ?http://asyasunger.com/images/canon-legria-hf-106-manual.pdfA graph is drawn between Actual pressure reading as indicated by the Bourdon Gauge and Pressure. Precautions:Result: The given strain gauge is calibrated for pressure measurement. Error and percentage error areMeasuredvalueActual readingFig. Bourdon Gauge reading Vs Strain gauge readingDate. Aim: To study and calibrate Linear variable Differential Transformer for displacementApparatus: LVDT, Instrumentation Tutor. Theory. Differential Transformers, based on a variable Inductance principle, are also used toThe most popular variable-inductance transducer for linearA magnetic core, which moves through the bobbin withoutThe position of the magneticWhen an AC carrier excitation is applied to the primary coil, voltages are induced in. When the core is centeredMicrometer should beLVDT should be mounted to the center plate by theAdjust the core of the LVDT till it touches the micrometer core and tighten the nut.The display glows to indicate theThe micrometer will show the exact displacementTabulate the readings and plot the graph Actual Vs Indicator readings. Measurement of displacement through LVDT is well accepted method in processIn measurement Repeatability, Linearity, accuracy are importantKnown displacement is given to the LVDT core through micrometer and theGraph of micrometer reading Vs. LVDT reading can be plotted. Accuracy and the Linearity of the LVDT can be calculated byActual. MicrometerIndicatorIndicatorAverage ofErrorFormulae:Error ?Error ?Graph is plotted between Actual Micrometer reading on X-axis Vs Indicator reading (LVDTPrecautions:Result: Linear variable Differential Transformer is calibrated for displacement measurement. Error and percentage error are determined. A graph is plotted between Actual MicrometerActual Micrometer readings. Fig. Actual Micrometer readings Vs Indicator readings. Indicatorreadings(LVDT)Date. Aim: To calibrate the given capacitive transducer for angular displacement measurement. Apparatus: Capacitance Trainer, capacitance measurement setup. Theory. Unique Capacitance trainer module is the best trainer to demonstrate the use ofTwo plates (Al), one fixed to the base and the other moving overThe overlapping of the plate will actThe parallel plate capacitor is used as aThe other capacitance transducer isGang condenser is used to measure theHence the thin aluminum plates are fixed to one pole between theseThe instrument is built around an NE556 integrated circuit. The NE556 is a dual 556At each trigger, the mono stable output a pulse whose width is determined by the. Resistance and the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor Cx connected across theFrom this it is seen thatSince the mono stable duration itself is proportional to capacitance Cx (Parallel plateThe mono stable output is averaged using averaging circuitExperiment and Tabular column. Measurement of displacement using Capacitance is a demo model to demonstrate theIn measurement Repeatability, Linearity. Accuracy are important factors. So the experiment is to test the parallel plate Capacitance forExperiment. Known displacement is given to the parallel plate and the displacement on the scaleAccuracy and the linearity of the CapacitanceRepeatability can be calculated by repeating theFig. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRONIC CAPACITANCE METERS.No. Actual ScaleIndicator readings. Capacitance (DEG) Average. Reading Error ErrorIncreasing. Direction. Decreasing. DirectionErrorDiscussion on Result. CapacitanceIndicatorreadings. Actual Scale readings. Fig. Actual Scale readings Vs Capacitance Indicator readingsDate. Aim: To calibrate the resistance temperature detector (RTD) for temperature measurement. Apparatus: RTD, DPM, Thermometer, heating vessel. Theory. The principle of operation of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is based on factThe term used to express this characteristic is wellPlatinum, Nickel and Copper are generally used as basic materials for RTD. We may note the following as regards the RTD as transducer for temperature measurement.The Resistance andProcedure:S.No. Thermometer. Readings. RTD indicator Readings AverageIncreasing. Direction. Decreasing. Direction. RTD Sensor. RgErrorGraph: Graph of Thermometer readings on X- axis versus RTD indicator readings on. Y-axis can be plotted. Precautions:Discussion on Result. RTDIndicatorreadings. Thermometer readings. Fig. Thermometer readings Vs RTD Indicator readingsDate. Aim: To Study and calibrate the McLeod gauge for low pressure measurement. Apparatus:Description. McLeod Gauge is a vacuum pressure gauge suitable for measuring low pressures. McLeod Gauge. McLeod Gauge is a vacuum pressure gauge suitable for measuring pressure down to aboutMcLeod gauges are often used to calibrate direct-reading gauges. Named after Herbert. McLeod. Boyle’s law. For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inverselyThis is only strictly true for ideal gases (it can be derived fromIt is one of theNamed after Robert Boyle. McLeod Gauge. This gauge (fig), though seldom used, is employed mostly as a primary calibration standardSince the ratio between the original and final volumes isTorr range.Vacuum pump is provided with the Vacuum gauge by which the vacuum pressure isMercury levels.Tabular Column:Indicated ReadingAverageErrorIncreasingDecreasingFormulae:Error ?Graph. Graph of Vacuum gauge readings on X- axis versus McLeod gauge readingsMcLeodgaugereadings. Vacuum gauge readings. Fig. Vacuum gauge readings Vs McLeod gauge readingsNow customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Jai Bharat Maruti (JBM) Huawei Technologies Chegg Inc.The lab is well equipped and enables students to understand the fundamentals of various measuring instruments. Major Equipment in Measurement and instrumentation Lab:- LVDT( Linear Variable differential transformer), Thermocouple, Bourdon type pressure gauge, Resistance strain gauge, Pneumatic Pressure gauge, optical devices. Our products are not designed nor are they recommended for any industrial, medical, or commercial process such as life support, patient diagnosis, control of a manufacturing process, or industrial testing of any kind. Wireless connection is not supported. You must do the programming to convert to proper sensor units. Requires an Easy to Go.DataMate cannot be used with color screen TI-84 Plus calculators; use EasyData with these calculators. The software will identify the sensor and load a default data-collection setup. You are now ready to collect data. Connecting the Earth ground in this way should reduce or eliminate any electronic noise. Once you have collected GC data, you can simply choose Peak Integration from the Analyze menu. On this dialog, you can select and integrate peaks one at a time. By placing a resistor between the terminals, the voltage amplified becomes proportional to the current according to To monitor current in a circuit, you want to choose a small resistor value; for example 0.1? or 1? resistor with a rating of at least 1W. For best accuracy, perform a calibration using an open circuit and a known current source. One of the Vernier Current Probes can be used for this application. Repeatedly doing so can irreparably damage the wires and is not covered under warranty. An instrumentation amplifier contains precision feedback components and circuitry that is necessary for small signal amplification. Wires that connect the instrument to the amplifier are prone to pick up electrical noise much like a radio antenna. By filtering out these signals, only the data of interest are left. The difference in voltage at the red and black terminal is amplified and output with reference to ground. You may use these outputs with the Instrumentation Amplifier to interface to a computer. This graph shows the output of a gas chromatograph processing a sample of fatty acids dissolved in toluene solvent. At that time, a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number will be issued and instructions will be communicated on how to return the unit for repair. This warranty does not cover damage to the product caused by abuse or improper use. This warranty covers educational institutions only. Find your dealer for local prices. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish.Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. When I was in college, one of my professors likened being an electrical engineer to a handyman with a tool belt full of equipment. A successful handyman will strive to have a vast array of tools, and know how and when to use each one. Likewise, an electrical engineer has his “tool belt” of knowledge and applications for components, circuit designs, and problem solving. When faced with a problem, a successful engineer will know which tools to use to achieve the design goal. Instrumentation amps play a vital role in many disciplines of electrical engineering; everything from heavy duty industrial automation to precision medical devices use instrumentation amps to their advantage. Before we get into all the applications we should briefly review the construction of instrumentation amps and why would need to use them over regular op-amps, which are usually cheaper. The input impedances in this configuration do not match, and there can sometimes be very large differences in input impedance when compared to the non-inverting input. This setup also requires very careful resistor matching and source impedance balancing. Sure, we could increase the input impedance by making the feedback resistors very large, but a 1M Ohm R1 and R2 would require Rf and Rg to be 100M Ohm just to achieve a gain of 100; amplifying very small signals usually takes more than that. Using large resistors also raises new problems. Large resistors are noisy, and it is very difficult to match large resistors with much accuracy; in addition, large resistors can cause stray capacitance which will negatively affect the CMRR at high frequencies. Enter the instrumentation amp, seen below: The result is a circuit with very high CMRR, high gain, and input impedance on the order of 1010 Ohms. Measurement Applications One of the applications these circuits are used for is taking measurements from sensors and transducers. Instrumentation amps excel at extracting very weak signals from noisy environments; thus they are often used in circuits that employ sensors that take measurements of physical parameters. Loads cells for measuring pressure are often used with instrumentation amplifiers because load cells are typically floating- meaning they have no direct connection to ground. An instrumentation amp can amplify floating signals because it only amplifies the difference between the two input terminals. The loads cells will often be implemented in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, which is a very common example of a floating differential signal; this configuration is pictured below, where R2 is the varying element, creating a differential voltage between nodes C and B. When the diode heats up the forward voltage will drop, creating a differential signal that can be amplified. The reason that a bridge circuit is so crucial with sensors and instrumentation is common mode noise; a circuit with a regular op-amp and a sensor across the inputs would function as an amp, but it would be very noisy. This is the reason why instrumentation amplifiers are so often used to feed the inputs of an ADC. Any PIC or Arduino has inputs which can be configured as analog inputs, but these are single-ended inputs that cannot reject common-mode signals. The instrumentation amplifier can extracts and amplify weak sensor signals out of the noisy environment and feed a clean single-ended output to the ADC. This is import when working with microcontrollers, as any extra noise will cause erratic conversion, in addition to wasting valuable ADC bits. Biomedical Applications If you have ever had any kind of electronic equipment hooked up to take readings from you at a hospital, you have been connected to sensors run by an instrumentation amplifier. These circuits find widespread use in nearly every medical device, both for the advantages previously mentioned and for the fact that instrumentation amplifiers are also precision gain devices. This allows the device to have its gain set to an exact number, based on the needs of the circuit. Most biomedical sensors are very high impedance and generate tiny signals, such as blood pressure sensors, ultrasound transducers, polarized and non-polarized electrodes, and radiation thermometry transducers. In addition the amps need to have a high level of noise rejection; hospitals are one of the most electrically noisy environments a sensor will have to work in, with hundreds of wireless devices running nearby and the ever present 60 cycle hum from lights and mains. These erratic noise signals are often orders of magnitude larger than the signal from a biopotential electrode, which itself will only be a few millivolts. An easily recognizable medical application for amplifiers like these is in electrocardiography machines, or ECGs; which monitor the changes in the heart’s dipole electric field. Below is the implementation of Analog Device’s AD82X series of instrumentation amplifier in an ECG, from their application manual. Instrumentation amps are used for this device because the biopotential electrodes pick up a huge amount of power line noise, which needs to be rejected so the device can give accurate readings. Industrial Applications Instrumentation amps also find usage in industrial automation, where many systems use current flow to relay measurements and control remote installations. In the early twentieth century, industrial complexes would use air pressure to control remote machines, using 3-15psi as the full range, where 3psi represents 0, system on and 15psi for 100. Anything less than 3psi meant the system was off or unstable, and would trigger an alarm. Now the industry standard is to use DC current flow analogous to the air pressure, with the range now 4mA-20mA. Incidentally, if you ever wondered what that button on many of our multimeters was that read “4-20mA”, now you know. In this application, current is measured so that two remotely connected devices can communicate, even if they have different grounds. For this to work, the output amplifier for the transmission line must operate very linearly with respect to the input signal and reject any interference caused by mismatched grounds; a perfect candidate for an instrumentation amplifier. Below is a simplified schematic of an integrated instrumentation amp being used in this application, a circuit known as a current transmitter. Typically used to measure current in an H-bridge, the floating inputs of an instrumentation amp make the perfect platform for motor drivers, as motors are usually not referenced to ground. Conclusion Instrumentation amplifiers have uses in nearly every field of electronics; they fulfill a specific role in circuits needing the advantages of high input impedance with good gain while providing common mode noise rejection and fully differential inputs. With such widespread use, this is a device every engineer should have in his tool belt. Can you please provide a link to your references. I’m especially interested in the Analog Devices application manual? Thank you Create one now. Click here. It is appropriate for Associate and Bachelors degrees programs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Electrical Engineering and similar areas of study. A companion laboratory manual is available. It covers the theory and application of operational amplifiers and other linear integrated circuits. Exercises include discrete differential amplifier analysis; inverting, non-inverting and differential configurations; frequency response; slew rate; DC offset; OTA; oscillators; linear regulator; function synthesis; active filters; and integrators and differentiators. He has over 35 years of teaching and course development experience in ABET accredited electrical engineering technology programs. He is the author of several OER texts and laboratory manuals along with dozens of articles in trade journals and technical magazines covering the areas of electronic design, programming and electronic music production. Professor Fiore is a recipient of the 2015 SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Scholarship, the 2014 MVCC Award for Excellence in Scholarship, and the 2013 MVCC Aeries Award for community service. Professor Fiore maintains web pages at the MVCC web site that include links to the latest versions of all of his OER titles in both pdf and odt formats at Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The URL contains a typographical error. A custom filter or module, such as URLScan, restricts access to the file. Review the browser URL. Create a tracing rule to track failed requests for this HTTP status code and see which module is calling SetStatus. For more information about creating a tracing rule for failed requests, click here. Create the file or directory and try the request again. Design of a 4-20mA transmitter for a bridge type transducer.Design the Instrumentation amplifier with the bridge type transducer (Thermistor or any resistance variation transducers) and convert the amplified voltage from the instrumentation amplifier to 4 20 mA current using op-amp. Temperature sensing can be achieved by the use of a. Thermocouples b. RTDs c. thermistors d. All of the above 11. The purpose of compensation for a thermocouple is a. to decrease temperature sensitivity b. to increase voltage output c. to cancel unwanted voltage output of a thermocouple d. used for high-temperature circuits 12. The change in value of an analog signal during the conversion process produces what is called the a. Quantization error b. Resolution error c. Nyquist error d. Sampling error 13. Which of the following performance specifications applies to a sample-and-hold circuit? a. Aperture time b. Aperture droop c. Feedback d. Acquisition jitter 14. RTDs are typically connected with other fixed resistors a. In a pi configuration b. In a bridge configuration c. And variable resistors d. And capacitors in a filter-type circuit 15. Holding current for an SCR is best described as a. The minimum current required for turn-off b. The current required before an SCR will turn on c. esd lab manual ec2404.