florida erosion control manual
LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
File Name:florida erosion control manual.pdf
Size: 1785 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook
Category: Book
Uploaded: 19 May 2019, 19:12 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 552 votes.
Status: AVAILABLE
Last checked: 3 Minutes ago!
In order to read or download florida erosion control manual ebook, you need to create a FREE account.
eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version
✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.
✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)
✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.
✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers
florida erosion control manualThe goals of this program are to better educate installers and inspectors on proper Best Management Practice (BMP) selection, installation, layering, and maintenance; and to train and qualify inspectors to correctly inspect BMPs for use during and after construction so that impacts from uncontrolled erosion and sedimentation on the construction site are minimized. Upon the completion of the class, a proctored examination is administered and approximately 1 hour is given to complete the exam. In order to obtain the DEP qualification certificate, a minimum passing grade of 70 percent must be made on the exam. In 2018, the curriculum and training manual were divided into two tiers to cover material for installers and inspectors in sequence. To date, there are approximately 40,000 inspectors qualified under the educational program throughout the state of Florida. DEP-approved instructors voluntarily teach the installer and inspector training classes throughout the year. This allows the instructors flexibility to arrange classes around their schedules. The classes will help develop a better knowledge of how to properly manage the impacts from solids (TSS), turbidity (NTUs), and nutrients (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) and other surface water contaminates. Florida’s stormwater program is technology based, using performance standards and BMP design criteria. The use of innovative techniques and specifically designed erosion control systems are encouraged in order to prevent or limit erosion and sedimentation problems during and after land disturbance and construction activities. This class is a pre-requisite to the Tier II class. Upon the completion of the Tier II class, a proctored examination is administered, and a minimum passing grade of 70 percent must be made to obtain the DEP qualification certificate.http://www.helpenergy.cz/userfiles/fenwal-923h-manual.xml
- Tags:
- florida erosion control manual, florida erosion sediment control manual, florida erosion and sediment control inspector s manual, florida erosion control manual, florida erosion control manual, florida erosion control manual, florida erosion control manual, florida sediment and erosion control manual, florida erosion sediment control manual.
The vision of the Florida Department of Environmental Protection is to create strong community partnerships, safeguard Florida’s natural resources and enhance its ecosystems. Creole French German Italian Portuguese Spanish. If you do not want your E-mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. Instead, contact this office by phone or in writing. These were published as a combined effort with the State Department of Environmental Protection. Notable contributors to the manuals were professionals from the State of Florida Water Management Districts, HydroDynamics Inc., the United States Geological Survey, the University of Central Florida (UCF), and various consultants. The Manuals are available on line at www.stormwater.ucf.edu. UCF conducted two training classes for FDOT personnel to both promote an understanding of the manuals and for future training upgrades. Researchers constructed an erosion control laboratory on the campus of UCF to review new products, develop and prove theories related to erosion control, and test existing products. They built two 8 ft by 30 ft test beds capable of variable slopes and water table depths. In addition, they constructed the world’s only rainfall simulator capable of rainfall rates of up to 12 in.The rainfall simulator and the test beds with an index testing area comprise the world’s largest erosion control and stormwater management facility of its type. Video of the simulator when in operation is available online at www.stormwater.ucf.edu. One application of the rainfall simulator and the test bed supported by this funding was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a silt fence.All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement.http://popconsensus.com/admin/image/fenwalnet-6000-installation-manual.xml Form Builder List In order to facilitate such practices the Department of Environmental Protection has developed a training program curriculum and manual on the use, installation, and maintenance of erosion, sedimentation, and storm-water BMPs. This manual is designed to be a comprehensive reference source for the conduct of daily professional duties during and after construction. SHOWING 1-4 OF 4 REFERENCES Florida Department of Transportation A STRUCTURAL REVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS P. Csagoly, William N. Nickas, Henry T. Bollmann 2002 1 Save Alert Research Feed Florida Development Manual 1988 Florida Erosion and Sediment Control Designer and Reviewer Manual 2007 Research and Testing of Erosion and Sediment Control Products and Methods, Erosion Control Magazine, Forrester Communications, Inc 2004 Related Papers Abstract 1 Citations 4 References Related Papers The Allen Institute for AI Proudly built by AI2 with the help of our Collaborators using these Sources. Comments 0 Log in to post a comment Document transcript i FLORIDA STORMWATER EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL INSPECTOR’S MANUAL Florida Department of Environmental Protection Nonpoint Source Management Section Tallahassee, Florida July 2008 This publication was funded in part by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection with a Section 319 Nonpoint Source Management Program Grant from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. While about 80 of the storms are small, with less than 1 inch of rainfall, the state also experiences torrential downpours and hurricane rains. These cause runoff carrying sediment, fertilizers, pesticides, oil, heavy metals, bacteria, and other contaminants to enter surface waters, causing adverse effects from increased pollution and sedimentation. The implementation of erosion control measures consistent with sound agricultural and construction operations is essential to minimizing these impacts.http://www.statcardsports.com/node/12694 Florida's stormwater regulatory program requires the use of best management practices (BMPs) during and after construction to minimize erosion and sedimentation and to properly manage runoff for both stormwater quantity and quality. BMPs are control practices that are used for a given set of conditions to achieve satisfactory water quality and quantity enhancement at a minimal cost. Each BMP has specific application, installation, and maintenance requirements that should be followed to control erosion and sedimentation effectively. Accepted engineering methods must be used in the design of these control measures, such as those established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), International Erosion Control Association (IECA), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE), or other recognized organizations. Insufficient staffing among regulatory agencies, combined with a lack of awareness among contractors, historically resulted in a low rate of compliance for implementing these BMPs. In an effort to address the problem, in 1999 FDEP developed a training and certification program on their use, installation, and maintenance. While the program is primarily directed towards inspectors and contractors, permit reviewers and public works staff will also benefit. The program’s objectives are as follows. To ensure that the desired benefits of stormwater management systems are being achieved. ? To ensure that both the public and private sectors have enough inspectors trained in the proper installation and maintenance of BMPs during and after construction. ? To ensure a consistent level of technical expertise and professional conduct for all individuals responsible for inspecting erosion and sediment controls and stormwater management systems. INTRODUCTION xii This updated version of the Florida Stormwater, Erosion, and Sedimentation Control Inspector’s Manual is an important element of FDEP’s training and certification program. Do not attempt to memorize the entire manual. Instead, become familiar enough with it so that you know where to find information quickly. Review the manual periodically to improve and maintain your technical and personal skills. Refer to it when facing a new situation or when in doubt. Try to keep the manual with you while conducting your duties. Always remember that the rules are performance based—i.e., the measures used at a construction site must effectively control erosion and prevent sedimentation from reaching a regulated receiving water for the site to be in compliance. The implementation of BMPs according to this manual is no guarantee of success, nor is it a constraint to prevent the use of other more efficient or cost-effective measures. 1 Chapters 1 and 2 of the manual provide essential information on the erosion and sedimentation process, soil classification and properties, and soil surveys. Chapter 3 discusses current statutory and regulatory requirements. Chapters 4 through 7 provide detailed information on BMPs for erosion and sedimentation control, dewatering operations, stormwater management, and vegetation for erosion control. Chapter 8 discusses how to develop an erosion and sedimentation control plan, which is the guiding document for describing who and what will control erosion at a specific site, and when, where, and how this will be done. Chapter 9 addresses inspection and enforcement issues. 1 Chapter 6 of the Florida Development Manual: A Guide to Sound Land and Water Management contains an extensive discussion of the use, design, construction, and operation of a wide variety of stormwater management and erosion and sediment control BMPs (available at ). It is caused when sediments are detached from the soil mass, transported primarily by flowing water or wind, and eventually deposited as sediment. Water erosion is caused when raindrops falling on bare or sparsely vegetated soil detach soil particles. Water flowing over the ground picks up the particles and carries them. As the runoff gains velocity, it forms channels and detaches more soil particles. This action cuts rills and gullies into the soil, adding to the sediment load.Wind erosion is also a significant cause of soil loss, especially in peninsular Florida. Winds blowing across unvegetated, disturbed land pick up soil particles and carry them along. 2 Sedimentation is the settling out of soil particles transported by water and wind. It occurs when the velocity of water in which the particles are suspended is slowed to a sufficient degree, and for a sufficient period, to allow the particles to settle out of suspension. Heavier particles such as sand and gravel settle out more rapidly than fine particles such as clay and silt. Sediment deposition occurs as the velocity of a sediment-transporting stream decreases. This is particularly important in Florida, where nearly all streams have low gradients and low velocities. Deposition, rather than transport, is therefore the dominant process in most Florida aquatic systems. If the available energy of the water is greater than the burden of the sediment load being transported, the moving water erodes the 2 Additional information on wind erosion and its control is available from the NRCS (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) at CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 2 soil to obtain additional sediment. If the load is greater than the available energy, some of the transported material is deposited. Natural or geologic erosion has occurred at a relatively slow rate since the earth was formed. It is a major factor in creating the earth as we know it today. The great river valleys of the Florida Panhandle, the rolling farmlands and orchards of the Central Ridge, and the productive estuaries and barrier islands of the coast are all products of geologic erosion and sedimentation. Except for some cases of shoreline and stream channel erosion, natural erosion occurs at a very slow and uniform rate, and is a vital factor in maintaining environmental balance. Geologic erosion produces about 30 of all sediment in the United States. Accelerated erosion is the increased rate of erosion caused primarily by the removal of natural vegetation or alteration of the ground contour. This type of erosion accounts for 70 of all sediment generated in this country. Farming and construction are the principal causes of accelerated erosion, although any activity that disturbs land can increase the natural erosion rate. 1.2 Types of Water Erosion There are two principal types of water erosion: overland erosion and sheet channel erosion. Overland erosion occurs on denuded slopes when raindrops splash and run off. The largest source of sediment during construction activities, it includes the following: 1 Raindrop erosion or splash erosion results when raindrops dislodge soil particles and splash them into the air. These dislodged particles are then vulnerable to sheet erosion. 2.Sheet erosion is caused by shallow sheets of water flowing off the land. These broad, moving sheets of water are seldom the detaching agent, but the flow transports soil particles detached by raindrops. The shallow surface flow rarely moves as a uniform sheet for more than a few feet before concentrating in low spots on the land surface. 3.Rill erosion develops as the shallow surface flow begins to concentrate in low spots. The concentrated flow increases in velocity and turbulence, which in turn causes the detachment and transport of more soil particles. This action cuts tiny, well-defined channels called rills, which are usually only a few inches deep. 4.Gully erosion occurs as the flow in rills comes together in larger and larger channels. The major difference between this and rill erosion is size. Stream channel erosion occurs as the volume and velocity of flow increase sufficiently to cause the movement of the streambed and bank materials. 1.3 Factors Influencing Erosion The inherent erosion potential of an area is determined by four principal factors: soil characteristics, vegetative cover, topography, and climate (rainfall). Although each of these factors is discussed separately, they are inter-related. CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 3 1.3.1 Soil Characteristics Soil properties that influence erosion by rainfall and runoff consist of those that affect the infiltration capacity of a soil and those that affect the resistance of the soil to detachment and transport by flowing or falling water. Four factors are important, as follows: 1. Soil texture (average particle size and gradation). 2. Percentage of organic content. 3. Soil structure. 4. Soil permeability. Soils that contain high percentages of silt and very fine sand are generally the most erodible. As the clay and organic matter content of these soils increase, their erodibility decreases. Clays act as a binder of soil particles and reduce erodibility. However, while clays have a tendency to resist erosion, once detached from the soil they are easily transported by water and settle out very slowly. Organic matter is plant and animal residue in various stages of decomposition. Soils high in organic matter have a more stable structure that improves their permeability. They resist raindrop detachment and absorb more rainwater, minimizing erosion. Well- drained and well-graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures are the least erodible soils. Coarse gravel soils are highly permeable and have a good absorption capacity that either prevents or delays, and thus reduces, the amount of surface runoff. The study of soil characteristics related to soil erodibility is a complex, technical field. Chapter 2 provides further information about soils. The NRCS developed the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to help simplify the process of determining how much soil erosion will occur when using various conservation practices. However, the accuracy of the USLE in Florida is quite low. It is also not designed to quantify sediment yields from construction sites. 1.3.2 Vegetative Cover Vegetative cover plays an extremely important role in controlling erosion: 1. It shields the soil surface from the impact of falling rain. 2. It holds soil particles in place. 3. It maintains the soil's capacity to absorb water. 4. It slows the velocity of runoff. 5. It removes subsurface water through evapotranspiration. By sequentially scheduling (staging) and limiting the removal of vegetation, and by decreasing the area and duration of exposure, soil erosion and sedimentation can be significantly reduced. Special consideration should be given to maintaining vegetative cover on areas of high erosion potential, such as erodible soils, steep or long slopes, stormwater conveyances, and streambanks. CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 4 1.3.3 Topography The size, shape, and slope of a watershed influence the amount and rate of runoff. Slope length and gradient are key elements in determining the volume and velocity of runoff and the erosion risks. As both slope length and gradient increase, the velocity and volume of runoff increase, and the erosion potential is magnified. Slope orientation can also be a factor in determining erosion potential. 1.3.4 Climate (Rainfall) The frequency, intensity, and duration of rainfall are fundamental factors in determining the amount of runoff. As both the volume and the velocity of runoff increase, the capacity of runoff to detach and transport soil particles also increases. When storms are frequent, intense, or of long duration, erosion risks are high. Seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature define the period of the year with the highest risk of erosion. Land-disturbing activities should be scheduled to take place during periods of low precipitation and low runoff. Exposed areas should be stabilized before the period of high erosion risk. Generally, Florida's wet season occurs from May to November, with a dry season from November to May. Check with your local water management district or FDOT office for more precise climate information in your area. 1.4 Impacts of Erosion and Sedimentation Normally, runoff builds up rapidly to a peak and then diminishes. Erosion creates excessive quantities of sediment, principally during higher flows. During lower flows, as the velocity of runoff decreases, the transported materials are deposited, only to be picked up by later peak flows. In this way, sediments are carried downstream intermittently and progressively from their source. Approximately 10 of this amount is contributed by erosion from land undergoing highway construction or land development (SCS, 1980). Although this number may appear to be small compared with the total, it can represent more than half of the sediment load carried by many streams draining small watersheds undergoing development. This includes development for housing, industrial sites, and highway construction (U.S. Census Bureau, 1987). For very small areas, where construction activities have drastically altered or destroyed vegetative cover and the soil mantle, the sediment derived from 1 CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 5 acre of land may be 20,000 to 40,000 times that obtained from adjacent undeveloped farm or woodland areas. 1.4.1 Physical Impacts Excessive quantities of sediment result in costly damage to aquatic areas and to private and public lands. The obstruction of stream channels and navigable rivers by masses of deposited sediment reduces hydraulic capacity. This, in turn, causes an increase in flood crests, resulting in flood damage. Sediment fills stormwater conveyances and plugs culverts and stormwater systems, necessitating frequent and costly maintenance. Municipal and industrial water supply reservoirs lose storage capacity, the usefulness of recreational impoundments is impaired or destroyed, navigable channels must continually be dredged, and the cost of filtering muddy water in preparation for domestic or industrial use becomes excessive. The added expense of water purification in the United States amounts to millions of dollars each year. 1.4.2 Biological Impacts The biological effects of sedimentation are even more critical. The presence of fine- grained sediments (clays, silts, and fine sands) in an aquatic system reduces both the kinds and the amounts of organisms present. Sediments alter the aquatic environment by screening out sunlight and by changing the rate and the amount of heat radiation. This light reduction inhibits photosynthesis, leading to a decline in benthic plant growth. Consequently, the food chain is disrupted, and the population of consumer species is reduced. The elimination or reduction of benthic organisms decreases the number and variety of food sources for fish, further disrupting the food chain and causing fish to either starve or move away. A moderate concentration of sediment can impair fish spawning, while a high concentration clogs the gills of fish and invertebrates. Coarser-grained materials also blanket bottom areas and suppress aquatic life found on and in these areas. Where currents are sufficiently strong to move the bed load, the abrasive action of these materials accelerates channel scour caused by, or associated with, higher flood stages induced by sedimentation. 1.5 Erosion and Sediment Hazards Associated with Land Development Land development activities affect the natural or geologic erosion process by exposing disturbed soils to precipitation and to surface stormwater runoff. The shaping of land for development alters the land cover and the soil in many ways. These alterations often detrimentally affect onsite stormwater patterns and, eventually, offsite stream and streamflow characteristics. Protective vegetation is reduced or removed, earth is excavated, topography is altered, the removed soil material is stockpiled—often without protective cover—and the physical properties of the soil itself are changed. CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 6 The development process is such that many people may be adversely affected even by a small development project. Uncontrolled erosion and sediment from these areas often cause considerable economic damage to individuals and to society in general. These planned measures, when conscientiously and expeditiously applied during construction, will result in orderly development without environmental degradation and with cost savings. The seven principles listed below should be used to the maximum extent possible. Usually, these principles are integrated into a system of vegetative and structural measures, along with management techniques, that are used in developing a plan to prevent erosion and control sediment. In most cases, a combination of limited grading, limited time of exposure, and the judicious selection of erosion control practices and sediment-trapping facilities are the most practical methods of controlling erosion and the associated production and transport of sediment. CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 7 1. Plan the development to fit the particular topography, soils, drainage patterns, and natural vegetation of the site. Detailed planning should be employed to ensure that roadways, buildings, and other permanent features of the development conform to the natural characteristics of the site. Large graded areas should be located on the most level portion of the site. Slope length and gradient are key elements in determining the volume and velocity of runoff and its associated erosion. As both slope length and steepness increase, the rate of runoff increases and the potential for erosion is magnified. Where possible, steep vegetated slopes should be left undisturbed. Areas with slope and soils limitations should not be used unless sound conservation practices are employed. For instance, where it is necessary to build on long, steep slopes, the practices of benching, terracing, or constructing diversions should be used. Areas subject to flooding should be avoided or used as part of the stormwater management system. Floodplains should be kept free from filling and construction activities since they temporarily store excess runoff, thus helping to avoid erosion and flooding problems downstream. Erosion control, development, and maintenance costs can be minimized by selecting a site suitable for a specific proposed activity, rather than by attempting to modify a site to conform to that activity. This kind of planning can be more easily accomplished where there is a general land use plan based on a comprehensive inventory of soils, water, and other related resources. 2. Minimize the extent of the area exposed at one time and the duration of exposure. When land disturbances are required and the natural vegetation is removed, keep the area and the duration of exposure to a minimum. Plan the stages of development so that only the areas that are actively being developed are exposed. All other areas should have a good cover of either temporary or permanent vegetation, or mulch. Grading should be completed as soon as possible after it has begun. Immediately after grading is completed, a permanent vegetative cover should be established. As cut slopes are made and as fill slopes are brought up to grade, these areas also should be revegetated. This is known as staged revegetation. Minimizing the grading of large or critical areas during the rainy season (the time of maximum erosion potential) reduces the risk of erosion. 3. Apply perimeter control measures to protect the disturbed area from offsite runoff and to prevent sedimentation damage to areas below the development site. These measures effectively isolate the development site from surrounding properties and, in particular, control sediment once it is produced, thus preventing its transport from the site. Diversions, berms, sediment traps, vegetative filters, and sediment basins are examples of practices to control sediment. Vegetative and structural sediment control measures are either temporary or permanent, depending on whether they will remain in use after development is complete. Generally, sediment is retained by (a) filtering runoff as it flows through an area and (b) impounding the sediment-laden runoff for a period so that the soil particles settle out. The best way to control sediment, however, is to prevent erosion, as discussed in the fourth principle. CHAPTER 1: EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 8 4. Apply erosion control measures to prevent excessive onsite damage. The use of erosion control measures on a site prevents excessive sediment from being produced. Keep soil covered as much as possible with temporary or permanent vegetation, or with various mulch materials. Special grading methods, such as roughening a slope on the contour or tracking with a cleated bulldozer, may be used. Other practices include diversion structures to direct surface runoff from exposed soil and grade stabilization structures to control surface water. Lesser types of erosion, such as sheet and rill erosion, should be prevented, but often scheduling or the large number of measures required makes this impractical. However, when erosion is not adequately controlled, sediment control is more difficult and expensive. 5. Keep runoff velocities low and retain runoff on the site. The removal of existing vegetative cover and the resulting increase in impermeable surface area during development increase both the volume and velocity of runoff. These increases must be taken into account when providing for erosion control. Keeping slope lengths short and gradients low, and preserving natural vegetative cover, can keep stormwater velocities low and limit erosion hazards. Runoff from the development site should be safely conveyed to a stable outlet using storm drains, diversions, stable waterways, or similar measures. Consideration should be given to installing stormwater detention structures to prevent flooding and damage to downstream facilities resulting from increased runoff from the site. Conveyance systems should be designed to withstand the velocities of projected peak discharges. These facilities should be operational as soon as possible after the start of construction. 6. Stabilize disturbed areas immediately after the final grade is attained. Permanent structures, temporary or permanent vegetation, and mulch, or a combination of these measures, should be employed as quickly as possible after the land is disturbed. Temporary vegetation and mulches can be most effective under conditions where it is not practical to establish permanent vegetation. Such temporary measures should be employed immediately after rough grading is completed if a delay is anticipated in obtaining finished grade. The finished slope of a cut or fill should be stable, and the design should consider ease of maintenance. Stabilize roadways, parking areas, and paved areas with gravel sub-base whenever possible. 7.