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epanet 2 user s manualIt has been subjected toMention of trade names or commercialAgency are not responsible and assume no liability whatsoever for anyUnder a mandate of national environmental laws, the AgencyTo meet this mandate. EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving environmentalThe National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for investigation ofThe goal of this research effort is to catalyzeIn order to meet regulatory requirements and customer expectations, water utilities are feeling aIt predicts the dynamic hydraulic and water quality behavior within aThis manualEPANET can help assessThese include color-coded network maps, data tables,EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic analysisReaders unfamiliar with the basics of modeling distributionIt discusses the behavior of the physical components thatIt also provides an overviewIt describes the functionsIt shows how to create, open, and saveIt also discusses how toChapter 7 explains how to use the network map that provides a graphical view of theIt shows how to view different design and computedChapter 9 discusses the various ways in which the results of an analysis can beChapter 10 explains how to print and copy the views discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 11 describes how EPANET can import and export project scenarios. AChapter 12 answers questions about how EPANET can be used to model specialThe manual also contains several appendixes. Appendix A provides a table of unitsAppendix B is a list of errorEPANET in its hydraulic and water quality analysis algorithms.If you are not familiar withIt is distributed as a singleThe default folder is c:\Program Files\EPANET2. After theThere is also a pipe leading to aThe ID labels for the various components areThe nodes in the network have the characteristics shown inNodeTo begin, launch EPANET, or if it is already running.http://dorapeyzaj.com/userfiles/dmv-class-a-manual.xml
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Then select ProjectOn the ID Labels page of the dialog, clearIf you wanted to save these choices for allID PiefixSelect the Notation page on this form and check theThese settings will sufficeMainClick the Reservoir buttonClick the Junction buttonNext we will add thePipe 8 is curved. To draw it, click the mouse first on Node 5. Then as you move theComplete the process by clicking on Node 6. Finally we will add the pump. Click the Pump buttonNext we will label the reservoir, pump and tank. Select the Text buttonMap Toolbar and click somewhere close to the reservoir (Node 1). An edit box willClick next to theThen click the SelectionText Insertion mode. At this point we have completed drawing the example network. Your Network MapNote how pipes connected to the node areThe labels can be repositioned in similar fashion. To re-If the Editor is not visible then you can make it appear byJunction 2. Property jX-Coordinate. Y-Coordinate. Description. Tag. Base Demand. Demand Pattern. Demand Categories. Emitter Coeff. Initial Quality. Source Quality j. ValueWe would now enter the elevation and demand for this node in the appropriate fields. You can use the Up and Down arrows on the keyboard or the mouse to movePage Up key to move to the next or previous object of the same type in the database.). Thus we can simply move from object to object and fill in elevation and demand forFor the reservoir you would enter its elevation (700) in the Total Head field. For theNext we will create Pump Curve 1. From the Data page of the Browser window. Curve 1 will be added to the database and the Curve Editor dialog form will appearEPANET automatically creates a complete pump curve from this single point. TheClick OK to close the Editor. Curve Editor. Curve IDDescriptionWe suggest naming the fileIf you wanted to saveTo view the legendFlowHeadlossPipe 3. Pipe 4. Pipe 5. Pipe 6. Pipe? Pipe 8Open! Open! Open!http://feedgrainagri.com/UserFiles/dmv-driver-s-manual-ny.xmlFor this simple example we will use a pattern time step of 6Let's use a 3-day period ofTinas Options. Property. Total Duration. Hydraulic Time Step. Quality Time Step. Pattern Time Step. Pattern Stait Time. Mrs: MmThe multipliers areSince we areTime Period. MultiplierSave.HelpWe now need to assign Pattern 1 to the Demand Pattern property of all of theWe can utilize one of EPANET's Hydraulic Options toIf you bring up the Hydraulic OptionsStandard Toolbar). For extended period analysis you have several more ways inTry doing this with PressureThen begin theFor example, to seeNote the periodic behavior of the water elevation in the tank over time (Figure 2.10).Note that unlike water level, 72 hours is notFor Global BulkYou could edit this valueUse the Time controls on the Map Browser to see howNote how forCreate a reaction report for this run. The report should look likeThe latter reaction isWe have only touched the surface of the various capabilities offered by EPANET. Some additional features of the program that you should experiment with are:Details about how thisAn overviewThe nodes representThe figure below illustrates how these objects can beThe basic input data required for junctions are:Reservoirs. Reservoirs are nodes that represent an infinite external source or sink of water to theThe primary input properties for a reservoir are its hydraulic head (equal to the waterBecause a reservoir is a boundary point to a network, its head and water qualityTherefore it has noHowever its head can be made to vary with time byTanks. Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of stored water can varyThe primary input properties for tanks are:The principal outputs computed overtime are:Tanks are required to operate within their minimum and maximum levels. EPANETEmitters are devices associated with junctions that model the flow through a nozzleThe flow rate through the emitter variesEmitters are used to model flow through sprinkler systems and irrigation networks.http://seasailing.us/node/1530 They can also be used to simulate leakage in a pipe connected to the junction (if aIn the latter case one would use a very high value of thePipes. Pipes are links that convey water from one point in the network to another. EPANETFlow direction is from the end at higherThe status parameter allows pipes to implicitly contain shutoff (gate) valves andThe water quality inputs for pipes consist of:These coefficients are explained more thoroughly in Section 3.4 below.The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe due to friction with the pipe wallsThe Hazen-Williams formula is the most commonly used headless formula in the US. It cannot be used for liquids other than water and was originally developed forThe Chezy-Manning formula is moreEach formula uses the following equation to compute headless between the start andEach formulaTable 3.2 lists general ranges of these coefficients for different types of new pipeWith the Darcy-Weisbach formula EPANET uses different methods to compute theFormula. Hazen-Williams. Darcy-Weisbach. Chezy-Manning. Notes. Resistance CoefficientFlow ExponentMaterial. Cast Iron. Concrete or. Concrete Lined. Galvanized Iron. Plastic. Steel. Vitrified Clay. Hazen-Williams CSee the discussion of Controls in Section 3.2. Minor Losses. Minor head losses (also called local losses) are caused by the added turbulence thatThe importance of including such losses depends on theThey can be accounted forThe minor headloss becomes theAngle valve, fully open. Swing check valve, fully open. Gate valve, fully open. Short-radius elbow. Medium-radius elbow. Long-radius elbowClosed return bend. Standard tee - flow through run. Standard tee - flow through branch. Square entrance. ExitPumps are links that impart energy to a fluid thereby raising its hydraulic head. TheIn lieu of a pumpThe principal output parameters are flow and head gain.http://www.dolciariavarone.com/images/complete-business-statistics-aczel-solution-manual.pdf Flow through a pump isVariable speed pumps can also be considered by specifying that their speed setting beBy definition, the original pumpAs with pipes, pumps can be turned on and off at preset times or when certainA pump's operation can also be described byEPANET can also compute theEach pump can be assigned an efficiencyIf these are not supplied then a set of globalFlow through a pump is unidirectional. If system conditions require more head thanIf more than the maximum flowIn both cases a warning message will be issued. Valves. Valves are links that limit the pressure or flow at a specific point in the network. Their principal input parameters include:The computed outputs for a valve are flow rate and headless. The different types of valves included in EPANET are:PRVs limit the pressure at a point in the pipe network. EPANET computes in whichPSVs maintain a set pressure at a specific point in the pipe network. EPANETFlow through thePBVs are not true physical devices but can be usedThe program produces a warning messageThey can beA valve's status and its setting can be changedCurves are objects that contain data pairs representing a relationship between twoAn EPANET model canPump Curve. A Pump Curve represents the relationship between the head and flow rate that aHead is the head gain imparted to theFlow rate is plotted on the horizontal (X) axis in flow units. A valid pump curve mustEPANET will use a different shape of pump curve depending on the number ofVariable-Speed Pump CurveEPANET adds twoThree-Point Curve - A three-point pump curve is defined by three operating points: a. Low Flow point (flow and head at low or zero flow condition), a Design Flow pointEPANET tries to fit a continuous function of the formMulti-Point Curve - A multi-point pump curve is defined by providing either a pairEPANET creates a complete curveFor variable speed pumps, the pump curve shifts as the speed changes. TheEfficiency Curve. An Efficiency Curve determines pump efficiency (Y in percent) as a function ofAn example efficiency curve is shown in FigureThe curve is used only for energy calculations. If not supplied for a specific pumpA Volume Curve determines how storage tank volume (Y in cubic feet or cubicIt is used when it isThe lower and upper water levels supplied for the curve must contain the lower andAn example of a tank volume curve isA Headloss Curve is used to described the headless (Y in feet or meters) through a. General Purpose Valve (GPV) as a function of flow rate (X in flow units). It providesTime Patterns. A Time Pattern is a collection of multipliers that can be applied to a quantity to allowNodal demands, reservoir heads, pump schedules, and waterSection 8.1). Within this interval a quantity remains at a constant level, equal to theAlthough all time patterns must utilize the same time interval, each can have aWhen the simulation clock exceeds the number ofAs an example of how time patterns work consider a junction node with an averagePeriod. MultiplierHours. DemandControls are statements that determine how the network is operated over time. TheyThere are two categories of controlsSimple Controls. Simple controls change the status or setting of a link based on:They are statements expressed in one of the following three formats:OPEN or CLOSED, a pump speed setting, or a control valveSome examples of simple controls are:There is no limit on the number of simple control statements that can be used. Note: Level controls are stated in terms of the height of water above the tankNote: Using a pair of pressure controls to open and close a link can cause theConsult Appendix D for details.Shorter time steps than normal will occurThese water quality time steps areAs time progresses, the size of the mostThe size of theNew node concentrationsFinally, a new segment will be created at the end of each linkWhenever there is a flow reversal inEPANET can use four different types of models to characterize mixing withinDifferent models can be used with different tanks within a network.The Complete Mixing model (Figure 3.5(a)) assumes that all water that enters a tankThe Two-Compartment Mixing model (Figure 3.5(b)) divides the available storageThe first compartment is capable of simulating short-circuiting between inflow andThe user mustThe FIFO Plug Flow model (Figure 3.5(c)) assumes that there is no mixing of waterWater parcels move through the tank in aThere are no additional parameters needed toThe LIFO Plug Flow model (Figure 3.5(d)) also assumes that there is no mixingHowever in contrast to FIFO Plug Flow,It requires noWater Quality Reactions. EPANET can track the growth or decay of a substance by reaction as it travelsIn order to do this it needs to know the rate at whichReactions can occur both within the bulk flow and with material along the pipe wall. This is illustrated in Figure 3.6. In this example free chlorine (HOC1) is shownEPANET allows aEPANET models reactions occurring in the bulk flow with n-th order kinetics, whereKb has units of concentration raised to the (\-ri) powerEPANET can also consider reactions where a limiting concentration exists on theIn this case the rate expression becomes. The Kb for first-order reactions can be estimated by placing a sample of water in aIf the reaction is first-order, then plotting the natural logKb would then be estimated as the slope of thisBulk reaction coefficients usually increase with increasing temperature. RunningWall Reactions. The rate of water quality reactions occurring at or near the pipe wall can beThe latter termAs with Kb, Kw must be supplied toFirst-order Kw values can range anywhere from 0 to as. Kw should be adjusted to account for any mass transfer limitations in movingEPANET does thisSee Appendix D for details.The wall reaction coefficient can depend on temperature and can also be correlated toIt is well known that as metal pipes age their roughness tendsThere is some evidence to suggest that the same processes that increase a pipe'sEPANET can make each pipe's. Kw be a function of the coefficient used to describe its roughness. A different functionWater Age and Source Tracing. In addition to chemical transport, EPANET can also model the changes in the age ofWater age is the time spent by a parcel ofNew water entering the network from reservoirs or sourceWater age provides a simple, non-specific measure ofInternally, EPANET treats age as aEPANET can also perform source tracing. Source tracing tracks over time whatThe source node can be any node in the network, including tanks or reservoirs. Internally, EPANET treats this node as a constant source of a non-reactingSource tracing is aIt can show to what degree water from a given sourceIt describesIt also shows how to setIt consists of the following userA description of each ofThese include:The Edit Menu contains commands for editing and copying.DescriptionView Menu. The View Menu controls how the network map is viewed.The Project menu includes commands related to the current project being analyzed.Report Menu. The Report menu has commands used to report analysis results in different formats.Window Menu. The Window Menu contains the following commands:There are two suchWhen undocked, they can also be re-sized. TheAdds a reservoir to the map. Adds a tank to the map. Adds a pipe to the map. Adds a pump to the map. Adds a valve to the map. Adds a label to the mapThe location of objects and the distances between themSelected propertiesThe color-coding is described in a Legend, whichA backdrop drawing (such as aThe map can be printed,The buttons at the bottom are usedIt also contains controls for animating the map throughPipe 21 Ml. PropertyDescription. TagValueThe following pointsA Preferences dialogThe following preferences can be set on the General page of the Preferences dialog:Description. Check to use bold fonts in all newly created windows. Check to make the selected node, link, or label on theCheck to display the ID label and current parameterCheck to display a confirmation dialog box beforeCheck to save a backup copy of a newly openedName of the directory (folder) where EPANET writesNote: The Temporary Directory must be a file directory (folder) where the user hasHelpThe Formats page of the Preferences dialog box controls how many decimal placesUse the dropdownUse the spin edit boxes toHelpThey are usuallyFor each type of object one can enter a label prefix orThen one supplies anID Labels. Object. Junctions. Reseivoirs. Properties. ID Piefix. Tanks. Pipes. Pumps. PatternsCancel. HelpThe Properties page of the Defaults dialog form is shown in Figure 5.2. It sets defaultThese properties include:When the Auto-Length property is turned on, pipe lengths will automatically beA node or linkProperty Editor.ID Labels. Default Value. Node Elevation 10 I. Tank Diameter iQ. Tank. Height 20. Pipe Length. Auio Length Off. Pipe Diameter 12. Pipe RoughnessCancelHelpThe most important Hydraulic Options to check when settingThe choice of Headless Formula definesBefore EPANET can useA Calibration File is a text file containing measured data for a particular quantityThe file providesEach line of the file contains the followingThe measurement time is with respect to time zero of the simulation to which the. Calibration File will be applied. It can be entered as either a decimal number (e.g.,For a series of measurements made at the same locationAn excerpt from a Calibration File isNlTo register calibration data residing in a Calibration File:Parametei. Demand. Total Head. Pknon. Quality. Flow. Velocity. Name of Calibration Fila. Nel2-FL.datHelpThis makes them veryThe form also displays certain networkThese objectsAdding a Link. To add a straight or curved-line Link using the Map Toolbar:Pressing the right mouse button or the Escape key while drawing a link will cancelTo add a straight line Link using the Browser:Adding a Map Label. To add a label to the map:Adding a Curve. To add a curve to the network database:To switch to this mode,The properties associated with each of these types of objectsUsing a flow rate expressed in cubic feet,The units used for allX-Coordinate. Elevation. Demand PatternCategories. Emitter. Coefficient. Source Quality. A unique label used to identify the junction. It can consist of a combinationIt cannot be the same as the ID for anyThe horizontal location of the junction on the map, measured in theIf left blank the junction will not appear on theThe vertical location of the junction on the map, measured in the map'sAn optional text string that describes other significant information about theAn optional text string (with no spaces) used to assign the junction to aThe elevation in feet (meters) above some common reference of theElevation is used only to computeIt does not affect any other computed quantity. The average or nominal demand for water by the main category of consumerA negative value isIf left blankThe ID label of the time pattern used to characterize time variation inThe patternIf left blank then the Default Time PatternNumber of different categories of water users defined for the junction. ClickEditor which will let you assign base demands and time patterns to multipleIgnore if only a single demand categoryDischarge coefficient for emitter (sprinkler or nozzle) placed at junction. The coefficient represents the flow (in current flow units) that occurs at aLeave blank if no emitter is present. SeeWater quality level at the junction at the start of the simulation period. CanQuality of any water entering the network at this location. Click the ellipsisSection 6.5 below).It can consist of a combination ofIt cannot be the same as the ID for any otherX-Coordinate The horizontal location of the reservoir on the map, measured in the map'sY-Coordinate The vertical location of the reservoir on the map, measured in the map's distanceDescription An optional text string that describes other significant information about theTag An optional text string (with no spaces) used to assign the reservoir to aHead Pattern The ID label of a time pattern used to model time variation in the reservoir'sThis property is useful if the reservoirInitial Quality Water quality level at the reservoir. Can be left blank if no water quality analysisSource Quality of any water entering the network at this location. Click the ellipsis. Quality button (or hit the Enter key) to bring up the Source Quality Editor (see SectionIt can consist of a combination ofIt cannot be the same as the ID for anyX-Coordinate The horizontal location of the tank on the map, measured in the map'sY-Coordinate The vertical location of the tank on the map, measured in the map's scalingDescription Optional text string that describes other significant information about theTag Optional text string (with no spaces) used to assign the tank to a category,Elevation Elevation above a common datum in feet (meters) of the bottom shell ofInitial Level Height in feet (meters) of the water surface above the bottom elevation ofThis is a required property. Minimum Level Minimum height in feet (meters) of the water surface above the bottomThe tank will not be allowed to dropDiameter. Minimum Volume. Volume Curve. Mixing Model. Mixing Fraction. Reaction. Maximum height in feet (meters) of the water surface above the bottomThe tank will not be allowed to riseThe diameter of the tank in feet (meters). For cylindrical tanks this is theFor tanks whose geometry will be described by a curve (see below) it canThe volume of water in the tank when it is at its minimum level, in cubicThe ID label of a curve used to describe the relation between tank volumeThe type of water quality mixing that occurs within the tank. The choicesSee the Mixing Models topic in Section 3.4 for more information. The fraction of the tank's total volume that comprises the inlet-outletCan be leftThe bulk reaction coefficient for chemical reactions in the tank. Time unitsSee Water Quality Reactions in. Section 3.4 for more information. Water quality level in the tank at the start of the simulation. Can be leftQuality of any water entering the network at this location. Click the ellipsisSection 6.5 below).It can consist of a combination of upIt cannot be the same as the ID for any other link.Start Node The ID of the node where the pipe begins. This is a required property. End Node The ID of the node where the pipe ends. Description An optional text string that describes other significant information about theTag An optional text string (with no spaces) used to assign the pipe to a category,Length The actual length of the pipe in feet (meters). Diameter The pipe diameter in inches (mm). Roughness The roughness coefficient of the pipe. It is unitless for Hazen-Williams orLoss Unitless minor loss coefficient associated with bends, fittings, etc. Assumed 0. Coefficient if left blank. Initial Status Determines whether the pipe is initially open, closed, or contains a checkBulk The bulk reaction coefficient for the pipe. Use a positive. Coefficient value for growth and a negative value for decay. Leave blank if the GlobalWall The wall reaction coefficient for the pipe. Leave blank if the GlobalTo toggle this settingIt can consist of a combination of upIt cannot be the same as the ID for any other link.Start Node The ID of the node on the suction side of the pump. End Node The ID of the node on the discharge side of the pump. This is a requiredDescription An optional text string that describes other significant information about theTag An optional text string (with no spaces) used to assign the pump to a category,Pump Curve The ID label of the pump curve used to describe the relationship between theLeave blank if thePower The power supplied by the pump in horsepower (kw). Assumes that the pumpLeave blank ifUse when pump curve information is notSpeed The relative speed setting of the pump (unitless). For example, a speed settingPattern The ID label of a time pattern used to control the pump's operation. TheA multiplier of zeroInitial Status State of the pump (open or closed) at the start of the simulation period. Efficiency The ID label of the curve that represents the pump's wire-to-water efficiency. Curve (in percent) as a function of flow rate. This information is used only toLeave blank if not applicable or if the global pumpEnergy Price The average or nominal price of energy in monetary units per kw-hr. UsedLeave blank if not applicable or ifPrice Pattern The ID label of the time pattern used to describe the variation in energy priceStart Node. End Node. Diameter. Type. Setting. Loss. Fixed Status. A unique label used to identify the valve. It can consist of a combination of upIt cannot be the same as the ID for any other link. The ID of the node on the nominal upstream or inflow side of the valve. (PRVsThe ID of the node on the nominal downstream or discharge side of the valve. An optional text string that describes other significant information about theAn optional text string (with no spaces) used to assign the valve to a category,The valve diameter in inches (mm). The valve type (PRV, PSV, PBV, FCV, TCV, or GPV). See Valves in SectionThis is a required property. A required parameter that describes the valve's operational setting. Valve Type Setting ParameterUnitless minor loss coefficient that applies when the valve is completelyValve status at the start of the simulation. If set to OPEN or CLOSED then theIf set to NONE, then the valve will behave asIf a valve's status was fixed toThis is a required property. Y-Coordinate The vertical location of the upper left corner of the label on the map, measured inThis is a required property. Anchor Node ID of node that serves as the label's anchor point (see Note 1 below). Leave blankMeter Type Type of object being metered by the label (see Note 2 below). Choices are None,Meter ID ID of the object (Node or Link) being metered. Font Launches a Font dialog that allows selection of the label's font, size, and style.When the map is zoomed in, the label willSimilarly, the Source Quality field in the Property Editor forThe Curve Editor is a dialog form as shown in Figure 6.1. To use the Curve Editor,DescriptionAs you move between cells in the X-Y data table (or press the Enter key) the curve isFor single- and three-point pump curves, theClick the OKYou can alsoThe Pattern Editor, displayed in Figure 6.2, edits the properties of a time patternAs multipliers are entered, the preview chart is redrawn to provide a visual depictionWhen finishedSave.The Controls Editor, shown in Figure 6.3, is a text editor window used to edit bothIt has a standard text-editing menu that is activatedThe menu contains commands for Undo. Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete, and Select All.HelpDemand Editor. The Demand Editor is pictured in Figure 6.4. It is used to assign base demands andThe editor is a table containing three columns. Each category of demand is entered asThe columns contain the following information:The table initially is sized for 10 rows. If additional rows are needed select any cell inNote: By convention, the demand placed in the first row of the editor will beSource Quality Editor. The Source Quality Editor is a pop-up dialog used to describe the quality of sourceThis source might represent the mainThe dialog form, shown in Figure 6.5, contains the followingHelpTo copy the properties of an object toOnce a link has been drawn on theTo select a particular vertex, click the mouseTo leave Vertex SelectionTo do the latter,To use the dialog form:Select a property, relation and value thatFor allThis chapter describesParameters are viewed on the map by using colors, asTo set the map's dimensions:DescriptionMap distance units can be differentThe latter (feet or meters) depend on whether flowEPANET will automaticallyThe backdropFor example, using a street mapFor this reasonThe backdrop can be re-positioned. This allowsThen release the leftA similar method is used to edit the Link Legend. The Legend Editor (Figure 7.2) is used to set numerical ranges to which differentColor Ramp.? I. Reverse ColorsThe Overview Map allows you to see where inThis zoom area is depicted byOverview Map. As you drag this rectangle toClicking the mouse on its title bar will update itsNode Options. The Nodes page of the Map Options dialog controls how nodes are displayed on the. Network Map.Link Options. The Links page of the Map Options dialog controls how links are displayed on theThe Labels page of the Map Options dialog controls how labels are displayed on theNotation Options. The Notation page of the Map Options dialog form determines what kind ofNote: Values of the current viewing parameter at only specific nodes and links canThe Symbols page of the Map Options dialog determines which types of objects areFlow Arrow Options. The Flow Arrows page of the Map Options dialog controls how flow-directionNote: Flow direction arrows will only be displayed after a network has beenBackground Options.