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epa wastewater design manualThe number of onsite systems is increasing, with about one-half million new systems being installed each year. This document provides information on generic types of onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems. It contains neither standards for those systems nor rules and regulations pertaining to onsite systems. Environmental Protection. Agency. Technology Transfer. Design. Manual. Office of Water Program. Operations. Washington DC 20460. Office of Research and. Development. Municipal Environmental Research. Laboratory. Cincinnati OH 45268. Onsite Wastewater. Treatment and. Disposal SystemsIn the past, priorities for water pollution control focused on theWithin the past several decades, migration of the population from citiesWith this shift cameUnfortunately, in many cases, solutions to wastewater problems in urbanWith the advent ofIn many cases the cost of operatingAlthough wastewater treatment and disposal systems serving single homesHowever, research has demonstrated that such systems, if constructed andThis document provides technical information on onsite wastewaterThe intended audience for this manual includes those involved in theThe manual was written by personnelOhio. The technical reviewers were experts in certain areas of onsiteEach provided technical reviewThe membership of each group isDirection: Curtis J. Schmidt, SCSSenior Authors: Ernest V, Clements, Project Manager, SCSContributing Authors: David H. Bauer, SCSReviewers: James Kretssl, MERL, EPA, Cincinnati, OhioChapter Pa9eNumber PageNumber PageNumber PageNumber PageNumber PageNumberNumber PageNumber PageApproximately 18 million housing units, or 25 of all housing units inThe first onsite treatment and disposal systems were constructed byTrenches in the soil absorption system were dug wide enough to accommo-Some health departments suggested that deeper and wider trenches be usedThe purposes of theIt has been estimated that only 32 of the total land area in the United.http://dongnhan.com/uploads/userfiles/dmv-2322-manual.xml
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States has soils suitable for onsite systems which utilize the soil forIn areas where there isCases of contaminated wells attributed to inadequately treated septicAlarmed by the potential health hazards of improperly functioning sys-Unfortunately, the great increases in population have exacerbated theRecently, the situation has begun to change. Federal, state, and localIn this time of population movements to rural and semi rural areas, highThis document provides information on generic types of onsite wastewaterThe intended audience for theTechnologies discussed in this manual were selected because of pastBecause a particular waste-All available technologies should be consideredGroundwater and surface water pollution are major environmental consid-All wastewater treatment andFor onsite systems designed and constructed using Environmental Protec-This manual is only a guide. Before an onsite system is designed andThis manual includes:The emphasis of this manual is on systems for single dwellings and smallAdditional factors must beA wide variety of onsite system designs exist from which to select theThe primary criterion for selectionSecondary criteria are cost and easeThe fate of any residuals re-Figure 2-1 summarizes wastewater management options for onsite systems.http://www.radicalsport.com.br/datamont/userfiles/dmu-2000-service-manual(1).xml Because of the wide variety, selection of the system that prevents pub-Traditionally, subsurface soil absorption has been used almost exclu-A properly designed, constructed, andThis is because of the largeUnfortunately, much of the land area in the United States does not haveNot only are complex systems often more costly to construct, but theyTherefore, the onsiteFigure 2-2 illustrates the onsite system designThe first step in the design of an onsite system is the selection of theSince the site char-Selection of wastewaterTo select the disposalHowever, theTo effectively screen the disposal options, the wastewater to be treatedThe estimated daily wastewater volume and any short- or long-termCharacteristics are presented in. Chapter 4 for wastewater from residential dwellings as well as fromAll useful information about the site should be collected. This may beClient contact andCharacterizationInitial. Site. EvaluationPreliminary. Screening of. Disposal OptionsDetailed. EvaluationDesign SystemSelection of. Treatment. Component(s)Selection of. Disposal OptionFrom this site visit, general site features such as relative soil perme-Sources of informa-Chapter 3.From the wastewater characteristics and site information gathered inThe potentiallyNote that with suffi-As an example, suppose a site for a single-family home has the followingFrom Table 2-1, the disposal options most applicable to the example siteThe design sections in Chapter 7 would be consulted at this point toTrenches. Beds. Pits. Mounds. Fill Systems. Sand-Lined. Trenches or. Artificially. Drained. Systems. Evaporation. Infiltration. Lagoons. LagoonsET BedsETA BedsSite Constraints. Soil Permeability. Very. RapidModerateVery SlowShallowPorousNonporousWater table. ShallowLot. SizeUse trench configuration only.http://www.liga.org.ua/content/carl-lewis-mot20-instruction-manualX means system can function effectivelyWith the potentially feasible disposal options in mind, a detailed siteThe information collected is used to identifyLocal codes should be consultedA careful, detailed site evaluation is needed to provide sufficientThe evaluation should beA site evaluation proce-This procedure is based on the assumption thatThe disposal option selected after the detailed site evaluation dictatesIf suitableWhere suitable soils doThese wastewater quality require-Altering the characteristics of the wastewater generated can have aAlteration can be beneficial in reducing the size or complexity of theSelection ofVarious onsite systems may be synthesized from the data presented in. Chapters 5 and 6. As an example of the synthesis of treatment andExamination of the first two disposal options indicates that onlyThus, two systems might be:If groundwater quality is a constraint, however, it may be necessary toNote that a variety of other systems may be developed as well. TheSeveral treatment options exist if the wastewater is disposed of byFiltration and disinfection may beResiduals produced from the treatment processes also require safeOnce all the components are selected, design of the system follows. Chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 should be consulted for design information.Past experience has shown that onsite management districts have manyManagement districts also facili-These districts can take many forms with varyingThe environment into which the wastewater is discharged can be a valu-If utilizedTherefore, careful site evaluation is a vital part of onsite systemIn general, facilities designed to discharge partially treated waste-The soil has aWhile the assimilative capacity of some surfaceTo achieve the specified quality may require a more costly treatmentTherefore, theSoil is the weathered and unconsolidated outer layer of the earth'sPores or voids between the particles transmit and retain air and water.http://drbillbaker.com/images/complete-solutions-manual-single-variable.pdf Since it is through these pores that the wastewater must pass to beDescriptionsThe soil is capable of treating organic materials, inorganic substances,Physical entrapment of particulate matter in the wastewater may beThis processIf saturated soil condi-However, if the soil is kept unsaturated -byBecause most soil particles and organic matter are negatively charged,The total charge on the surfaces of the soil sys-The charged sites inWhere anaerobic conditions prevail, the ammonium ions may be retained onTherefore, the movement ofNumerous studies have shown that 2 ft to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 m) ofThe needed depth isSoils with rapidWastewater can be returned directly to the hydrologic cycle by evapora-The wastewater can be confined and the water removed to concentrate theLittle or no treatment is required priorEvaporation can take place from a free water surface, bare soil, orIf evaporation is to occur continuously, three conditions must be metThird, there must be aThe first twoSuccessful use of evaporation for wastewater disposal requires thatRates of evap-Therefore, application of evaporationThese areas occur primarily in theIn other areas, evapora-Transpiration by plants can be used to augment evaporation in soil-cov-During such periods, evapo-However, overall monthly evaporation ratesRatios of evapotranspirationCTlSurface waters may be used for the disposal of treated wastewaters ifThe capacity of surfaceIn some cases, because of the potential for humanWhere they can be used, the minimum quality of the wastewater effluentThe objective of a site investigation is to evaluate the characteristicsThis requires that the site evaluation beginAt the completion of theA site evaluation should be done in a systematic manner to ensure theTherefore, the suit-If found to be unsuitable, then theLocation and description of lot. Type of use. Volume and characteristics ofAvailable resource informationRecords of onsite systems inTopography and landscape features. Soil profile characteristics. Hydraulic conductivity. If needed, site suitability forCompilation of all data intoBefore performing any onsite testing, it is important to gather informa-This begins with the party devel-The volume and character of the generated waste-Any wastewater constituents that may poseThis information helps toThe next step is to gather any available resource information about theLocal records of soil tests, system de-This information may lack accu-A plot plan of the lot and the land im-Soil surveys are usually found at the local USDA Soil Conservation Ser-Modern soil survey reports are a collection of aerial photographs of theDetailed descriptions of each soil seriesThe maps are usually drawn to a scaleFigure 3-2. The map symbols for each mapping unit give the name of the soil series,The soil series name is given a two-The specific slope range that eachThe degree of erosion,The legend for the map symbols is found immedi-The soil's suitabiliy for subsur-Engineering properties are also listed, often including depth to bed-Flooding hazard and other important fac-While the soil surveys offer good preliminary information about an area,Because of theThus, there may be inclusions of soils withLimitations ratings used by SCS for septic tank-soil absorption systemsTable 3-2 lists theThey are based on aIn many cases, the limitations can be overcomeTherefore, the interpretations should be usedThe information provided by the soil survey should be transferred to theAn example for aQuadrangles published by the U.S. Geological Survey may be useful inHowever, because of their scale, they areProtectedCommonPermafrost. FloodsPoor Filter. Slope. Large StonesSoil test reports and records of reported failure of onsite systems fromPerformance of systems may be determined from the reported failures. These records are usually available from the local regulatory agency.BoundaryField testing begins with a visual survey of the parcel to locate poten-Soil borings are made in thePercolation testsA visual survey is made to locate the areas on the lot with the greatestThe location of any depres-Locations and distances from a permanent benchmark to lot lines, wells,If a suitable area cannot beThe remain-The landscape position and landform for each suitable area should beFor example, hilltops and sideslopes can beThe type and degree of slope of the area should be determined. The typeSome treatment and disposal systems are limited by slopes. Therefore,Land slopes can be expressed in severalLand slopes are usually determined by measuring the slope of a lineIf an ordinary hand level isA hand level isRidge LineRest the level in the notch or fork and sightAbney Level. Abney Level: On level ground, sight the person working with you toHand Level: Height of eye must be determined. Then sight the point ofTo calculate land slope in percent, divide yourUsing one of the above procedures or other surveying methods, slopes atExperience willSteep slope areasUniform boundaries having straight lines and angular corners indicateFor large areas it may be necessary to drawObservation and evaluation of soil characteristics can best be deter-Hand tools can beSoil pits should be prepared at the perimeter of the expected soilVariable soilSince in some cases subtle differences in color need to be recognized,Natural light willArtificial lighting should not beTexture is one of the most important physical properties of soil becauseThe soil texture is determined in the field by rubbing a moist sampleA water bottle is useful for moistur-While laboratory analysis of soil texture is done routinely by many lab-To determine the soil texture, moisten a sampleThere should be justToo much mois-Gradually pressTable 3-4 and Figures 3-9 and 3-10 describe the feeling and appearanceSand. Sandy Loam. Loam. Silt Loam. Clay Loam. ClayLoose, single grains whichAggregates easily crushed;Aggregates are crushed underAggregates are firm but mayVery firm aggregates andWhen pulverized, the soilAggregates are hard; clodsSqueezed in the hand, itForms a cast which bearsCast can be handled quiteVery slight tendency toCast can be freely handledCast can bear much handlingCasts can bear considerableForms a flexible ribbonSandy. LoamNo Ribbon; Non-Plastic CastLoamRibbons Easily; Plastic CastIf there is a grittyIf there is not a predominance of either theIf a sample feels quite smoothBeginning at the top or bottom of the pit sidewall, obvious changes inBoundaries that can be seen are marked. The texture of each layer or horizon is determined and the demarcationsWhen the textures have beenSoil structure has a significant influence on the soil's acceptance andSoil structure refers to the aggregation of soilThese surfaces of weakness open planar poresSilt. Silty. Clay Loan. Sandy. LoamPlaty. Blocky. Platy. Massive. Brown. NoneIf cracks are not visible, a sample of soilSince the structure can significantly alter the hydraulic characteris-The color and color patterns in soil are good indicators of the drainageSoil properties, location in the land-InterpretationColor may be described by estimating the true color for each horizon orChroma is theNumbers are given to each of the variablesStructureless. Weak. Moderate. StrongNo observable aggregation. Poorly formed and difficult to see. Will not retain shape on handling. Evident but not distinct in undisturbedModerately durable on handling. Visually distinct in undisturbed soil. Durable on handling.Match the soil color withRecord the hue, chroma and value, and theMottling in soils is described by the color of the soil matrix and theEach color may beHowever, it is often sufficientA classification of mottles used by the. USDA is shown in Table 3-6. Some examples of soil mottling are shown onThe well should beThe wells are monitored over a normal wet sea-SolidWall PipeSoil and Cement. MixtureSoil bulk density is related to porosity and the movement of water. High bulk density is an indication of low porosity and restricted flowHowever, inSwelling clays, particularly montmorillonite clays, can seal off soilSeveral methods of measuring the hydraulic conductivity of soils haveThe most commonly used test is the percolationHowever, the percolationTherefore, empirical factors must be used toThe unsaturated hydraulic conduc-PercolationDespite these shortcomings, theIf not, either the test wasFor example, if the texture of aThey are spaced uniformly throughout the area. If soilTo expose a natural soilAutomatic siphons or float valves mayIf, after fillingAny soil that sloughed into the hole duringAt no time during the test is theThe test is continued until two. At least threeThe last water level drop is used to calculate theTo determine theRodDiameterLocationTest hole number. Depth to bottom of hole Data for the winter months are oftenObtaining representative winterApplication of evaporation systems is most favorable in the warm, dryFor these areas, panThe analysis ofWashington and Oregon, Utah, Colorado, and similar areas, requires thatOne method for establishing representative winter evaporation data is toAnother method is to use empir-The Penman formulaFor surface water disposal to be a viable option, access to a suitableOnsite investigations mustSince discharges to surface waters are usuallyAs the site information is collected, it is organized so that it can beOne such method of organization is shown in. Figure 3-16. In this example, two soil observations have been made. The number of soil observations varies. It is important that all perti-Address. Site evaluator. Address. Waste water quantityDepthStructureSoil SaturationGranularSoil SaturationBrownBrownJoseph, Michigan,Champafgn, University of Illinois, JulyIn: Evapotranspiration and ItsJoseph, Michigan, 1966.Soil Survey Manual. USDA Handbook 18,National Environmental Health Asso-Extension FolderThe effective management of any wastewater flow requires a reasonablyThis is particularly trueDetailed characterization data regarding theseFor existing developments, characterization of the actual wastewaters toHowever, for many exis-The purpose of this chapter is toResidential dwellings exist in a variety of forms, including single- andIn all cases, occupancy can occur on aThe wastewater discharged from theseThe characteristicsThe average daily wastewater flow from a typical residential dwelling isThe individual wastewater generating activities within a residence areThe intermittent occurrence of individual wastewater-generating activi-The daily wastewater flow from a specific residential dwelling is typ-Linaweaver, et al. (1). Anderson and Watson (2). Watson, et al. (3). Cohen and Wallman (4). Laak (5). Bennett and Linstedt (6). Siegrist, et al. (7). Otis (8). Duffy, et al. (9). No. ResiStudyStudy. AverageResidence AveragesToilet Flush. Bathi ng. Clotheswashing. Dishwashing. Garbage Grinding. Miscellaneous. TotalMinimum hourly flows of zero are typical. Maximum hourly flows are moreBased on typical fixture and appli-The peak flow rate from a residential dwelling is a function of theThe peak discharge rate. However, attenuation occur-Although field data are limited, peak discharge rates from a single-A crude estimate of the peak flow in these cases can be obtained usingThe characteristics of typical residential wastewater are outlined in. Table 4-3, including daily mass loadings and pollutant concentrations. The wastewater characterized is typical of residential dwellingsIpcd).Total Solids 115 - 170 680 - 1000. Volatile Solids 65 - 85 380 - 500. Suspended Solids 35 - 50 200 - 290. Volatile Suspended Solids 25 - 40 150 - 240. BODs 35 - 50 200 - 290. Chemical Oxygen Demand 115 - 125 680 - 730. Total Nitrogen 6-17 35 - 100. Ammonia 1-3 6-18. Nitrites and Nitrates Residential water-using activities contribute varying amounts of pollu-The individual activities may beWith regard to the microbiological characteristics of the individualTraditionally, high concentrations of these organisms have been used toSince individual water-using activities occur intermittently and contri-Accurate quantifica-An estimate of the type ofThe rural population, as well as the transient population moving throughFor many establishments, the wastewater-For other establishments, however, the wastewater characteristics can beFirst, there is a relatively large number of diverse establishment cate-Sol i ds. Ni trogen. Phosphorus. Garbage. DisposalSinks. AppliancesTotalSol i ds. Di sposalAppliancesWastewaterFurther, many intangible. Influences such as location, popularity, and price may produce substan-Finally, there is considerable difficulty in presenting characterizationIn this section, limited characterization data for nonresidential estab-These data are meant toTypical daily flows from a variety of commercial, institutional, andThe wastewater flows from nonresidential establishments are subject toWhile difficult to quantify accurately, anPeak wastewater flows can be estimated utilizing the fixture-unit methodOne fixture unit was arbitrarily setBased on probability studies, relation-Airport. Automobile Service Station. Bar. Hotel. Industrial BuildingLaundry (self-service). Motel. Motel with Kitchen. Office. Restaurant. Rooming House. Store, Department. Shopping CenterUnit. Passenger. Vehicle Served. Empl oyee. Customer. Employee. Guest. Machine. Wash. Person. Meal. Resident. Toilet room. Parking Space. RanHospital, Medical. Hospital.Mental. Prison. Rest Home. School, Day:School, BoardingBed. Bed. Inmate. Resi dent. EmployeeStudent. Student. StudentSource. Apartment, Resort. Cabin, Resort. Cafeteria. Campground (developed). Cocktail Lounge. Coffee Shop. Country Club. Day Camp (no meals). Dining Hall. Dormitory, Bunkhouse. Hotel, resort. Laundromat. Store Resort. Swimming Pool. Theater. Visitor Center. Unit. Seat. Member Present. Meal Served. Vi si tor. RangeOne bathroom group consisting of tank-operated waterBathtub (with or without overhead shower) 2. Bi det 3. Combination sink-and-tray 3. Combination sink-and-tray with food-disposal unit 4. Dental unit or cuspidor 1. Dental lavatory 1. Dishwasher, domestic 2. Floor drains 1. Kitchen sink, domestic 2. Kitchen sink, domestic, with food waste grinder 3. Lavatory 1. Lavatory 2. Lavatory, barber, beauty parlor 2. Lavatory, surgeon's 2. Laundry tray (1 or 2 compartments) 2. Shower stall, domestic 2. Showers (group) per head 3. SinksUrinal, pedestal, syphon jet, blowout 8. Urinal, wall lip 4. Urinal stall, washout 4. Urinal trough (each 2-ft section) 2. Wash sink (circular or multiple) each set of faucets 2. Water closet, tank-operated 4. Water closet, valve-operated 8The qualitative characteristics of the wastewaters generated by non-Consideration of the waste-gen-If the waste-generating sources present at a particular establishmentIn characterizing wastewaters, quantitative and qualitative character-These para-For residential dwellings,Applying per capita data to predict total resi-Residential occupancy typically ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 persons per bed-For nonresidential establishments, wastewater characteristics areAlthough per capita units areTo account for the potential variability in the wastewater character-For example, ifGreat care must be exercised in predicting wastewater characteristics soPredicting wastewater characteristics from rural developments can be aA flow chart detailing a procedureGather Existing Measured Characterization Data. Applicable to FacilityConduct Characterization. Field Studies at FacilitySimilar OneDepartment of Environmental Studies, JohnsCompletion Report Series No. 66,NASA TN D-7566, Langley Research Center,International Association of Plumbing andThe characteristics of the influent wastewater can have a major impact. To enhance con-Methods for wastewater modification have been developed as part ofAlthough the primary thrust of this chapter is directed toward resi-At the onset, there are several general considerations regarding waste-Further, the number of methods and the diversity of their characteris-In many cases, the methods involve equipmentFinally, theAn extensive array of techniques and devices are available to reduce theThe diversity of present wastewater flowWasteful water use habits can occur with most water-using activities. AUnseen or apparently insignificant leaks from household fixtures and ap-The water flow rate through sink and basin faucets, showerheads, andTo illustrate, the flow rateThe quantity of water traditionally used by a given water-using fixtureCertain tasks may even be accomplished without the use of water. AsEach flush of a conventional water-carriage toilet uses between 4 and 7A variety of devices have been developed for use with a conventionalAdditionally, alternatives to the conventional water-carriage toilet areAlthough great variation exists in the quantity of wastewater generatedThe majorityReductions vary from a negative value to asDevelop-Water Use. Per EventToilet with. Tank Inserts. Displacement devicesVarieties: PlasticPost-installation andToi 1 ets. Devices made for useVarieties: ManyPost-installation andToilets. Variation ofRedesigned flushingVarieties: ManyEssentially the sameGeneric TypeDevelop-Washdown Flush. Toilets. Flushing uses onlyVarieties: Few.Similar toTank. Specially designedVarieties: Few.Similar toCompressed. Air-Assisted. Flush Toilets. Similar in appearanceVarieties: FewPeriodic maintenancePower use - 0.002 KwHGeneric TypeDevelop-Considerations. Operation andWater Use. Per EventTotal Flow. Reduction'5Vacuum-. Assisted Flush. Similar in appearanceVarieties: Several.Pit PrivyHand-dug hole in theMay be sealed vaultWhen full, cover withComposti ng. Privy. Similar to pit privyAddition of organicRemoval andComposti ng-. Small. Small self-containedVarieties: Several.Removal and disposalHeat loss throughComposti ng-. Large. Larger units 'with aVarieties: SeveralPeriodic addition ofRemoval of compostedHeat loss throughGeneric Type3. IncineratorSmall self-containedVarieties: Several. Develop-ConsiderationsOperation andOil Recycle. Systems use a mineralVarieties: few.SignificantShower Flow. Control. Inserts and. RestrictorsReduce flow rate byVarieties: Many. Develop-Consi derationsWater UseShowerheads. Fixtures similar toVarieties: ManyValve. Small valve deviceThermostat-Controlled. Mi xi ng Val ve. Specifically designedGeneric Type3Devel op-Considerations. Water Use. Pressure- Specifically designed. Balanced valve maintains. Mixing constant temperature. Valve of total flowAir-Assisted. Low-Flow. Shower. System. Specifically designedThe operation of conventional clotheswashers consumes varying quantitiesEliminatingIn addition, wastewaterThe wash water recycle feature is included as an optional cycle settingSelection of the recycle featureSince the wash cycle comprises about 45 ofThere are a number of additional devices, fixtures, and appliancesThese are directedExperience with these devices indicates thatWastewater recycle and reuse systems collect and process the entireThe performance requirements of anyDevelop-Considerations. Faucet. Inserts. Devi ce whi ch i nsertsVarieties: Many.Faucet. Aerators. Devices attached toVarieties: Many.Reduced-Flow. Fi xtures. Similar toVarieties: Many.Generic Type3Develop-Consi derati ons. Mi xi ng. Valves. SpecificallyVarieties: Many.Hot Water. Pipe. Insulation. Hot water piping isVarieties: Many.The flow sheets proposed for residential recycle systems are numerousA second strategy for wastewater modification is directed towardUnnecessary quantities of many pollutants enter the wastewater streamA few examples includeThe use of certain cleansing agents can contribute significant quanti-Detergents are readilyDevelop-Considerations. Operation and Maintenance. Total Flow. Reducti onbWastewater QualityDevelop-Considerations. Total FlowWastewater QualityThe use of a garbage disposal contributes substantial quantities ofAs a result,Several toilet systems can be used to provide for segregation andRemoval of human excreta from theA number of potential strategies for management of segregated humanTable 4-4). Its temperature as it leaves the residence is in the range. The organic materi-MicrobiologicalAlthough residential graywater does contain pollutants and must be prop-While diverse strategies haveUntil further fieldDesign allowances should be made only forWastewaters may be contained on site using holding tanks, and thenAn important aspect of wastewater modification concerns the reliabilityThis is of particularDisinfectionSoil Amendme. Human WastesFlush ToiletDisposalRecycle Toilet Toilet. Holding TankDisinfectionLand Sewage. Disposal TreatmentSoil Absorption. AlternativesTreatmentReuse. Surface. Water.