epa process design manual for phosphorus removal
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epa process design manual for phosphorus removalResearch LaboratoryCenter for Environmental Research InformationThis document has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection. Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for publication. Mention of tradeThis document is not intended to be a guidance or support document for a specific regulatoryChapter PageChapter PageNumber PageNumber PageNumber PageMany individuals contributed to the preparation and review of this handbook. ContractOhio. Major Authors. H. David Stensel - University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Contributing Authors. Reviewers. Walter Gilbert - EPA-OMPC, Washington, DC. Wen H. Huang - EPA-OMPC, Washington, DC. James Wheeler - EPA-OMPC, Washington, DC. Richard C. Brenner - EPA-WERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. Francis Evans III - EPA-WERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. Joseph B. Farrell - EPA-WERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. James F. Kreissl - EPA-WERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. James A. Heidman - EPA-WERL, Cincinnati, Ohio. Sherwood Reed - USACOE, Hanover, New Hampshire. Contract Project Officer. Denis J.http://www.farmhousesardinia.com/userfiles/dmr-ez45vebs-manual.xml
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Lussier - EPA-CERI, Cincinnati, OhioThe Environmental Protection Agency has sponsoredLocal and state governmentsThe sources and quantities of phosphorus inThis manual discusses several proven phosphorus-Biological phosphorus removal was not included inAppropriate chemistry for phosphorus removal byThe use of lime as a chemical precipitant forTreatment methods in which phosphorus removalThese will be included in updated versions of theThe information included was obtained from theThe information contained in this manual is orientedCost information from actual phosphorus-removingChapter 2 presents a recommended approach toThe screening process is a step-by-step procedureWhen an NTIS number is cited in a reference, thatThe approach described herein for selecting aAll alternative phosphorus removal technologies areThe selective screening methodology is a step-by-The effectivenessFor each specific phosphorus removal alternativeIt is intended asThe selection procedure must consider all aspects ofImportant factors are: a) degree of phosphorusThe system screening process is presented in. Section 2.4. The basic information needed to applySection 2.3.Required. The information and monitoring data required forThe first step taken in evaluating alternativeThese limits should be determined in as detailed aDetermination of whether an existing facility will bePhosphorus limits may be set as a minimum percentThe necessityThe informationOnce effluent limitations have been determined, theFor a new facility,Table 2-2.http://quintadasluzes.com/userfiles/dmr-ez28-manual-pdf.xml Information Required for Influent WastewaterThe best data on anticipated plant flows andActual characterization dataThe importance ofAlkalinity and pH data are site specific and must beWhere plant influent dataOther information that may have a significantSmaller plants in more rural settings generally offer aChemical alternativesSludge generation can be a significant factorThe typical planning period for new wastewaterHowever, phosphorusWastewater characteristics are determined to a largeIncorporation of phosphorus removal technology intoOnce these basic questions have been addressed,Personnel requirements for operation of existingAlternatives. Detailed descriptions of phosphorus removalThis section briefly summarizes the variousSimplified processMetal salts of aluminum and iron added to wastewaterThese compoundsThey are generally added upstream of either theThe chemicalsThe quantity of metal salt added is determined by theSystems with metal salt addition can achieve 80-95For effluentDetermination of the best point or points of chemicalAdvantages and disadvantages of metal salt additionLime is used to remove phosphorus by addition eitherPhosphorus removal with lime is basically a waterLime removal systems are either low-lime (singleTable 2-4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Lime Addition for Phosphorus RemovalBiological phosphorus removal has been achieved inPhosphorus removal in an SBR has beenThe sludge quantities produced by all the biologicalAchievement of lowerDiscussion of the effect of BOD:P ratios and otherSection 3.3.5. In all these systems, pilot testing is highlyTable 2-5.Selection Strategy. The strategy that is described below for selecting aFigure 2-1. It should be emphasized that this approach isThe approach is notIn general, for newFor existingIn conducting aEvaluate according toEvaluate according toEvaluate according toTable 2-6. Application Criteria Matrix - New or Existing Facility; Type of Nutrient RemovedProcessY - Applicable. N - Not Applicable.https://directori.p2pvalue.eu/explore/cbpp-communities/community/datasheet/carf-manual-2012 Existing Susp. New Facility GrowthGrowthGrowthGrowthIn addition, effluent limitations such as BOD5 andP-removal processes. To help select the processes which can meet theThese matricesSpecific data onStep 3. Step 3 consists of screening the alternativeTables 2-9 through 2-11. The objectives of thisThe Application Criteria Matrices shown as TablesIn using theA brief description of the use of the matrices follows. Table 2-9, Effect of Influent TBOD:TP Ratio on. Process Applicability, is based on research thatTable 2-10, Sludge Production, indicates the effectOperation and maintenance requirements forMore specific data onStep four consists of developing the capital, operationNon-monetary factors areThe results of the comprehensive cost effectivenessProcessAloneTable 2-8. Application Criteria Matrix - Ability of ProcessProcessEffluent TPProcessEffluent TP. ApplicationEffluent TP. ApplicationApplicationConventional secondary biological treatment systemsPhosphorus is an important element inRibonucleicThe deoxyribose molecules arePhosphorus mayA typical phosphorus content of microbial solids isSrinath (2) reported on batch experiments toOver 80 percent phosphorus removal was observedThey termed the highThey also observed volutinAcidification of the sludge resulted in the release ofTheyt proposed that theHigh levels of phosphorus removal were observed atUnited States, including the Rillings Road plant in San. Antonio, Texas (7), the Hyperion plant in Los. Angeles, California (8), and the Back River plant in. Baltimore, Maryland (9). The three plants reportedAll of the plants wereBoth Vacker (7) and Milbury (9) noted phosphorusRiver plants, respectively.https://www.ejnerkaa-landbrug.dk/images/complete-sailing-manual.pdf During the late 1960s toIn addition to the development of the PhostripBardenpho four-stage biological nitrification-During a period of high phosphorus removal in aHe recognized thatThis led him to concludeIt was also noted thatIn a later paper, Barnard (12) proposed the use of aPhoredox wasFollowing Barnard's pilot-plant work, full-scaleAn overall nitrogenOlifantsvlei plant, various combinations of surfaceFigure 3-1. Biological phosphorus and BOD removal due toBased on this work, aJohannesburg Goudkuppies wastewater plant thatIn the late 1970s, aFlorida (16), and a portion of the Largo, Florida facilityThe generally accepted theory for biologicalFuns and Chen (20) examined activated sludge fromYork treatment plants when the plants were exibitingThey concludedContrary to laterOther investigators also reported observing significantLetter (24)Pseudomonas which are capable of polyphosphateAcinetobacter and Suresh et al. (26) found smallAcinetobacter, in samples cultured from anBrodich (27) noted that the removal of phosphorus inAcinetobacter. Letter and Murphy (28) noted anAcinetobacter accomplished denitrification in anoxicHascoet (25) also reportedVarious investigators have observed a decrease inEkama et al. (30) relatedFigure 3-2 shows the decrease in acetateThe molar ratio of acetate utilization to phosphorusFigure 3-2. Acetate assimilation and phosphorus releaseThe amount of phosphorusRelease and uptake of metal ions have beenTable 3-1. The understanding of the biological phosphorusPHB has been found in biologically-removedAcinetobacter by Nicholls and Osborn (41). LawsonSenior (43) hypothesized that certain bacteria willPHB synthesis and degradation are described by. Gaudy (44). PHB is formed in the cell underDuring oxidative conditions, PHB is oxidized toAs described previously, Levin (3) reported findingVolutin granules contain lipids,A high electronSell (46) photographed large masses ofBuchan (22) analyzed the biological species obtainedThe proposed biological phosphorus removalAcetate and other fermentation products areA generally accepted concept is that theseThe fermentationThis assimilation andThe stored polyphosphatePHB. The fact that phosphorus-removingThus, without the anaerobicDuring the aerobic phase, the stored substrateThe above mechanismThe recent developments leading to a betterIt is apparent nowSince these observations,Other options used are the UCT process, sequencingThe three commercial biological phosphorus removalIn 1973, the Seneca. Falls, New York activated sludge plant was convertedCompared to chemical addition to an activated sludgePhostrip process may require a lower chemicalThis potential advantage is a function of wastewaterIn addition, as discussedThe sidestream flow diverted to the anaerobicThe stripper tank also functionsThe average solidsSDT equals the mass of solids in the sludge blanketIt is not known if theFermentationThe released solubleSoluble phosphorus is transferred to the supernatantThe elutriation stream may beThe overflow from the stripper tank is continuouslyTwo approaches haveElutnant. Stripped Sludge Recycle. Primary Effluent. Secondary Effluent. Supernatant ReturnAnoxicAerobicAnoxic. Aerobic. Internal RecycleInfluent 'Anaerobic. StagesOxic StagesThe second is toThe separateA summary of typical recommended design criteriaThe Phostrip process is notPhostrip. Parameter Value. AS System. SRT, days2 --1. HRT.hr3 1-10. Modified. Parameter. SRT, days2. HRT, hr3. Anaerobic. Anoxic 1. NitrificationAnoxic 2. Aerobic 2. Bardenpho. ValueSRT, days2. Anoxic. Nitrification. ValueFeed,SDT, hr. Sidewater. Depth, m. Elutriation Flow,Underflow,P Release. Reactor-Clarifier. Overflow Rate,Modified Bardenpho process is generally designed atThe Modified Bardenpho process, marketed by the. Eimco Process Equipment Company of Salt Lake. City, Utah, is both a nitrogen and a phosphorusIn the first anoxicBOD using nitrate oxygen instead of DO. About 70In the nitrificationThe second anoxic stage provides sufficient detentionIn some designs, theSRT of 20-30 days for the purpose of sludgeAs will be describedTypically, threeThe key featuresCompared toHowever, the use of further sludge stabilizationThe anoxic stage is also divided into three equal-Mixed liquor isNitrate nitrogen removals ofThe use of SBR systems for secondary treatment hasAn evaluationThough not a newSBR treatment concept and operational flexibilityA schematic of an SBR operation for biologicalSBR system is a fill-and-draw activated sludgeThe next step is the react orTable 3-3 (53). Figure 3-6 shows a further modification of the. Modified Bardenpho process. This modification wasAfrica (30) and has been termed the UCT process. As shown, the return activated sludge is directed toThe basis for thisThis results inBOD that would normally be converted toThe relative ratioBOD in the influent to that zone will determine ifTable 3-3. SBR Operating Sequence - BiologicalFill and Anaerobic Mix. Aerate. Settle. Withdraw. IdleTKN:BOD ratio, the effect of nitrate nitrogen in theIn contrast, the anoxic stage of the UCT process isThe recycle of mixed liquorGerber et al. (56) compared UCT and Modified. Bardenpho process performance in pilot-scaleA modified UCT process is also shown in Figure 3-Another approach to accomplish biologicalIn practice,As describedThe plug flowFull-scale U.S. plantWisconsin wastewater treatment facility (47). BothIn addition to the designs presented, otherAlum is added to thePalmetto Bardenpho facility (49). The addition resultsFigure 3-8 shows a combination biologicalThe stripper consisted of a complete mix tank forThis combination achievedRecycle 2. AnaerobicAnoxicAerobicFigure 3-7. Operationally modified activated sludge system for biological phosphorus removal. Return SludgeFigure 3-8. Combination biological phosphorus removal system.Sludge. ClarifierThe activated sludge system was operated with aAn inventory of full-scale biological phosphorusThree were modified. Bardenpho installations, two were operationallyTable 3-4 summarizes the basic design informationThe Seneca Falls. New York plant was a full-scale demonstrationThe Phostrip process isPennsylvania plant. The second-stage nitrificationPrimary treatment is not provided at this plant, but aThe orthophosphorusThe effluent phosphorus concentrations shown for. Adrian, Michigan, are for samples after the second-A first-stageTable 3-5, the plant influent TBOD averaged only 78During these periods sludge was temporarily stored inThe Savage, Maryland plant (also referred to as the. Little Patuxent plant) is a two-stage nitrificationThe Phostrip process is operated within the high-The nitrification stageThe improved effluentStripper underflow was usedThe Southtowns, New York facility has a relatively lowThe Amherst, New. York facility is not operating its Phostrip system, asOperational problems were encountered when theThe full-scale Reno-Sparks, Nevada facility usedElutriation is accomplished by recycling sludge fromDuring portions of the initial startup phase, theSeneca Falls, Landsdale. NY PA Adrian, Ml. Aeration by Oxygen or Air. Aeration mode. Nitrification, 1 - or 2-Equalization. Final filtration. Sludge handling. Strippers, no. Reactor-Clanfiers or. Elutriation source2No. Thickening. Anaer. Dig.No. Vac Fill.Yes. Anaer. Dig.Step FeedYes. Anaer. DtgYes. Filter Press. IncinerationYesSparks, NVPlanned. Anaer Dig.Table 3-5. Performance Data Summary for Full-scale Phostrip Plants. Plant. Seneca Falls, NY. Landsdale, PA. Adrian, Ml. Savage, MD. Southtowns, NY. Amherst, NY. Reno, NV. Design. FlowDatePeriodModified Bardenpho Process Full-Scale Plant. Design Summary.By coincidence, both plants use submerged turbineOther Modified Bardenpho plantsSouth African plants (57,65). The Carrousel oxidationBardenpho designs at Fort Meyers and Orange. County, Florida. The Kelowna plant was designed withThe nitrification zone, forThe last four cellsBoth plants shown in Table 3-6 use low-head,Both plants wereAt the Kelowna plantThis supernatant containsAnother similarity with the two plants is that they doThe practice of sludgeBardenpho biological phosphorus removal plants (12)The sludge is further composted prior to ultimateOne year of plant performance data (April 1981-. March 1982) is shown for the Palmetto facility in. Table 3-7. The data are monthly average summariesDue to the relativelyAs shown, alum wasThe plant also consistently achieved effluent total. Table 3-8 shows a 2-year performance summaryDecember 1984. During this period, a number ofDuring the one-April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Influent. Filtered effluentNov. Dec. Jan. Feb. MarchTable 3-8. Kelowna, Canada Modified Bardenpho ProcessInfluent. Final Effluent. Final Effluent - 1 TrainNitrification. Data periodLargo facility consisted of dewatering, drying, and. Table 3-10 describes operating conditions for aThe existing tankage wasThe treatment performance for different operatingEffluent totalEvaluation of the digester supernatant during thisConsequently, the impact of supernatant recycle onOne explanationAverage effluent TSSInfluent. Reactor. SRT, days. Effluent. Phase IImprovement District main plant in Lake Buena Vista. Florida. The performance of these operationallyThe Reedy Creek plant serves the Walt Disney WorldThe initial third of each basin is unaerated. Backmixing provides sufficient agitation to maintainNitrification and denitrification also occur in theTable 3-12. Operating Conditions for Operationally ModifiedTable 3-13. Average Performance of Operationally ModifiedDetention time, hr. Unaerated zone. Aerated zone. Sec. clar. overflow rate. Return sludge ratio. Primary treatment. Reedy. CreekDAF Thick. Aerobic Dig. Land Spread. DePereDAF Thick. Incineration. The DePere operation involved modifying a contact-The stabilizationA complete mix aerated contact basin was then usedThe detention timesThe plant was operating atTable 3-13 indicates that both plants achievedThis may haveTest dates: June - August 1984. CreekIn evaluating effects on performance, one mustPhostrip system and the mainstream systems. The. Phostrip system has shown the highest degree ofLansdale, Maryland, in spite of an average influentThe critical design and operating parameters thatSuccessful performanceFor such cases, a 50-percent increase in theThe elutriant source can affect the SDT design of theThe least desirableSome of the availableAs conditions change in the plant, the SDT may beThis elutriant sourceAn important plant performance consideration for bothThis is evenMany of the nutrient removal facilities, including. Palmetto, Kelowna, and Payson, have required finalIn these cases, theFiqure 3-9. An effluent total phosphorusThus, unless excellent secondary clarifierIt appears that a conservatively designed secondaryFigure 3-9. Maximum effluent soluble P concentration forDue to the rapidSince the amount of fermentation products producedNicholls et al. (70)They proposed anThe amount ofThey have recommended anAt influent SBOD:SPInfluent SBOD has not been measured at many of theSuch reasons include theIt has been recognizedFigure 3-10 summarizes data showing effluentTBOD:TP ratio of greater than 20-25 to achieve anFigure 3-10. Effluent soluble P concentration vs. influentO Kelowna (62). X Tokyo Pilot-Plant (72). D Pontiac (67). A Baltimore Pilot-Plant (68)The BardenphoAt the same time, the phosphorus content of theMaier et al. (73) found in pilot-plant studies that theThese results indicate that operation at longer SRTTo maximizeSystems thatModified Bardenpho system or extended aerationBarnard (12) was the first to point out that nitrateHowever, anBecause of this, variable results have been observedSimpkins and McClaren (55) reported a totalModified Bardenpho pilot-plant study. During the. Palmetto Modified Bardenpho operation (16), theSimilar effects of nitrate nitrogen on biologicalVinconneau et al. (75) also showed that nitrate couldThe low effluentBOD was available to reduce the nitrate. TheReedy Creek and De Pere (47) also had a relativelyIn the Reedy CreekNitrificationRabinowitz (34) studied the effect of nitrate nitrogenThe substrate consumptionThis ratio is in closeThe ratio inWith nitrateA substrateThe mean substrateSome investigators have also reported onUnder substrate limiting conditions, phosphorusNitrate reduction wasAcinetobacter 21OA (69). The nitrate nitrogen wasReported data on the operation and performance ofPeirano et al. (77) reported that wastewaterReno-Sparks. This is likely the result of having anShapiro et al. (4) showedModified Bardenpho systems have been designed atThis difference is due toPrior to the KelownaPontiac, Michigan, revealed that biologicalThe improvement wasGroenestijn and Deinema (69) reported that theThe phosphorusTwo different laboratory experiments using syntheticAs shown in Figure 3-11,Below a pH of 7.0, a steady decline in the maximumBelow a pH of 6.0 theBetween pH values of 6.5-Their results are alsoAs they increased the pH, they claimed that theNagashima et al. (79) found that total phosphorusUptake Zone. No specific studies have been reported that addressThe mechanism teachesIn the treatment of anRatio of Parameter Rate to theFlammino (74) showed that 80 minutes was requiredMiyamoto-Mills et al. (38) obtained effluent totalAt the higher DOEkama ef al. (80) state that biological phosphorusDO recycled to the first anoxic zone. A resultantConsiderations. The anaerobic zone contact time for Modified. Modified Bardenpho facilities at the Payson and. Kelowna plants. Early full-scale plant investigationsIn a Bardenpho pilot-plantHowever, afterWith the mixers off, improved performance wasIn these cases, it appearsThe necessity for andAnother important aspect of anaerobic contactorAny DO present willThe presence ofThis was also suspected, in combination with a weakAnaerobic fermentation zones have been designed asThey explain thisThree major areas of equipment requirements for the. Phostrip system are the stripper tank, the lime feedStripper tanks are typically sludge thickening tanksUnderflow solids density probes have also beenThe lime feed system will normally include a limeMixing of the lime with theThe chemical treatment units in the Phostrip processIn these units,Heavier floe solids thatA raking mechanismEquipment requirements for the mainstream biologicalSuch mixers haveThe major design considerations for the PhostripThe size of the solidsThis will be determined byThe lime feed rate will beTypical valuesTable 3-2. The stripper design procedure involves the followingThe amount of the return sludge passing through theAnother approach, presented by Peirano et. al. (77),This relationship indicates that phosphorus removal isWastewater and Plant Design Assumptions. Activated sludge recycle flow rate as percentage. Activated sludge recycle solids. Stripper Design Assumptions. Return sludge flow rate to stripper. Design Steps:Processes. A variety of process configurations have beenAnother majorThe anaerobic zone contact time is presently basedA DO concentration of greaterWaste sludge from biological phosphorus removalProvisions may beAn ammonium-No significant differences in sludge production forHowever, if mixed liquor solids are capable of storingThe following example illustrates the increase inAssume:Calculate:Constituent. MgMolecular. WeightMole of PThe sludge yield increased by 8.5 percent for thisIn the absence of bench-scale or pilot-plantThe selection of filtrationThe amount of phosphorus that may be removed in aThe net solids yield is a function of the systemThe fraction of phosphorus in the solids has beenA value for Fp can be selected based on resultsFigure 3-12 shows the. TBOD:TP removal ratio as a function of SRT and anThe net solids yield as aExample. Assume:Calculate:The above example shows the effect of SRT onThe example isThe effect of nitrate nitrogen can be estimated byAssume:TBOD consumed for denitrification:Thus, for She low influent TBOD:TP ratio used for thisFigure 3-13 illustrates the two modes ofIn this zone, theNOa-N. The Modified Bardenpho process has aIn the secondThe design objectives for biological phosphorusThe first step in the design is the preparation of aThe nitrogen content ofAnaerobicPre-. Denitrification. Ne. NitrificationPosl-. Anoxic 2Or to Clanfier. To ClanfierValues of 5-8 percent may be more appropriate:Once NO is determined, the next step is to perform aBardenpho system designs. The rate of nitrateBardenpho):The SDNR has been predicted from the specificWith this approach, good agreement has beenThe SDNR predictionThe SDNR for the post-denitrification zone can beTBOD:NO ratio to determine that there is sufficient. TBOD available for the amount of nitrate nitrogen toIn this case, there is sufficient TBOD available forPerformance. The major performance limitation of biologicalSection 3.3.5.3, wastewaters with lower influent. BOD-to-phosphorus ratios may not produce aAnother means ofVFAs available to the microorganisms. It is generally accepted that the major contribution of. VFAs produced in mainstream biological phosphorusBOD entering the fermentation zone. For manyOsborn and Nicholls (15),The fermentatedModified Bardenpho system. The phosphorus removalOldham and Stevens (62) presented data showing theThe primary sludge at this facility is directed to aThe thickened sludge wasWhen added toRabmowitz and Oldham (89) carried out UCT pilot-The sludge wasFigure 3-15 shows possible design schemes forThe first is termed theThe recycling of thickened fermented solids serves aThe acids produced in the thickener are alsoIn this way, primaryAnother advantage claimedThe sidestream treatment feature of the PhostripAn elutriant sourceActivated sludge systemsAs discussedFor mainstream retrofit alternatives, the design choiceThe retrofit design involvesFigure 3-15. Primary sludge fermentation design schemes.Primary. EffluentSettlingEffluentSome or all ofExcess tank volume may be available for retrofittingFor all of the mainstream processes, the retrofitAerobic digestionRemoval of the sludgeThe choice of the retrofit system will depend onRetrofit economic comparisons are site specific. Numerous factors are involved, and it is difficult toOn the other hand,Treatment needs will also affect the retrofit processIf a high level of nitrogenAn operationally modified activated sludge systemModified Bardenpho processes. However, withMany plants can be easily modified to createIn the latter case, theFor a modifiedOperationally modified activated sludge systems mayAn advantage of theIn summary, biological phosphorus removal processAll the design considerations described for newMaryland. The Little Patuxent (Savage, Maryland) wastewaterThe plant treatment scheme includes primaryThe Phostrip process is incorporated within the first-Partial nitrification alsoSystem operationOperating changes were made in the first-stageThe first-stage activatedDuring the step-Other changes made concurrently with the switch to aApril 1985, the first-stage activated sludge operatingThe elutriation rate to the stripper was decreased in. April 1985 from 121 to 50 percent of the stripper feedThe SDT in theThe return sludgeThe orthophosphorous concentration of the stripperThe overflow rate of the reactor-clarifier used forThe lime dosage was aboutThe remainder wasApril 1985 treatment performance for the first-stageTable 3-15. Summary of Phostrip Process TreatmentTotal NCanada. The city of Kelowna, Canada, is located in the. Okanagen Valley in the Province of British Columbia. Okanagen Lake is generally considered to be in anSeveral treatment schemes were consideredBardenpho process on the basis of lowest cost. The existing facility had a design capacity of 11,400The existing inlet works, primaryRaw wastewater flowsDuring the design phase, the Modified BardenphoAs discussed in Section 3.6, the thickened sludgeTurbine aerators were selected for the processThe startup date for the Kelowna plant was MayThe floors of the new structures were laid in a 3-mThe treatment performance of the Kelowna plant,In Section 3.6, theBoulevard Plant have been described in SectionSignificant conclusions from this full-scale evaluationIt should be noted that the wastewater characteristicsSRT needed for nitrification. The influent TBOD:TPThe project also illustrated that an existing activatedThe retrofit effort involvedThis involved the addition of wooden baffles andThe costs for biological phosphorus removalIf nitrification isAn analysis was performed to compare the cost ofNitrogen removal wasThe analysisPontiac, Michigan, was well below these costA key economic factor in the above cost analysis andThis will be a function ofSRT, and other parameters that affect activatedCost curves for new plants have been presented in aBiological Removal of Phosphorus (48). Tables 3-16News Record Construction Cost Index of 4367 (May. EPA Escalation Index of 3.83. The four cases are. Case 1. Phosphorus removal only with a required effluent totalCase 2. Same as Case 1 except the required effluent totalCase 3.