Error message

  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Notice: Trying to access array offset on value of type int in element_children() (line 6489 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).
  • Deprecated function: implode(): Passing glue string after array is deprecated. Swap the parameters in drupal_get_feeds() (line 394 of /home1/dezafrac/public_html/ninethreefox/includes/common.inc).

7

ebrd procurement manual

LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF

File Name:ebrd procurement manual.pdf
Size: 3847 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook

Category: Book
Uploaded: 8 May 2019, 20:58 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 583 votes.

Status: AVAILABLE

Last checked: 12 Minutes ago!

In order to read or download ebrd procurement manual ebook, you need to create a FREE account.

Download Now!

eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version

✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.

✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)

✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.

✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers

ebrd procurement manualThe policy is effective for projects that are passing the Concept Clearance stage at the Bank’s Operational Committee (or delegated authority) after 1 November 2017 as well as for projects where there is a written agreement between the client and the Bank to apply this new version of the policy. These issues concern both the process by which the Concession has been awarded as well as the fairness and reasonableness of the Contract terms and conditions. The Concession Policy was revised in 2015 and approved by the Board on 11 November 2015. The revised policy will apply to all concessions reviewed by the Bank after this date. Use of these SPDs is mandatory for open tendering and competitive selection procedures and may also be adapted for other procedures under the Bank’s Procurement Policy and Rules. Clients should also note that the version of the SPD’s used in the EBRD Client E-Procurement Portal (ECEPP) may differ from these versions and clients using ECEPP should download documents from ECEPP. Clients are therefore advised to ensure that the contract conditions are suitable and complete in respect of any particular contract. Some notices may still be re-published on ebrd.com for an interim period. It also carries out procurement policy dialogue with the authorities in EBRD Countries of Operations to promote procurement as an efficient transition tool. PPAD runs numerous capacity development projects in cooperation with other institutions. But there are also a limited number of opportunities to tender for contracts involving internal EBRD projects and departments. We offer open and fair competition in all our procurement activities. Learn more Learn more. And what does the Consultancy Services Unit do? I want to participate. Who should I contact? And what does the Consultancy Services Unit do? It is also responsible for maintaining procurement quality and reviewing complaints.http://www.dentamaks.ru/userfiles/crownline-operators-manual.xml

    Tags:
  • ebrd procurement manual, ebrd procurement manual pdf, ebrd procurement manual model, ebrd procurement manual jobs, ebrd procurement manual software.

EBRD uses a secure Internet application ( eSelection ) to allow consultants to register and participate in the selection process -- the application will also send automatic alerts of upcoming opportunities as they arise. View the selection pages. The EBRD is unique among multilateral financial institutions in that it has had an environmental mandate since its inception. I want to participate. Who should I contact? Every procurement notice also includes the contact details of the person to whom all queries should be addressed. For specific assignments the Bank or its clients may require participants to demonstrate a minimum turnover or company size to qualify; in such cases the notice will clearly specify the requirements. The nature of some services procured by the Bank (e.g. maintenance, cleaning services etc) would necessarily require the proximity of the supplier, but this is by no means necessary in the majority of cases. It is recommended that suppliers regularly visit the Bank’s web site to keep up to date with any changes in the notices including any possible extension. Our contact us page provides details of who to contact for this purpose. To ensure the fairness of the process, evaluation criteria and methods are always defined in the tender documents. At the end of procurement process, when the contract has been signed, the contract details are published in the relevant section of the Bank’s procurement web site. At this point the notification of the contract award is published on the Bank’s web site. The Final Work Plan 2013 will include a precise and confirmed with the Government of Armenia and international donors Work Plan including specific targets and milestones for working on public procurement reform in 2013. Final Road Map and Work Plan will be provided in English and Armenian. Establish RA functional requirements by reference to procurement planning decree and consultation with RA stakeholders. Review technical solutions against RA requirements.http://www.agriturismomonteistulargiu.com/userfiles/crowther-audio-double-hotcake-manual.xml Establish if Procurement planning best done within or outside ARMEPS. Review the Armenian government budget planning system (LS Budget) to make sure that information related to the procurement plan can be imported from there (or any other third party information system). Review possible technical solutions against RA requirements and document final business requirements, aligning with procurement decree, procurement planning decree and framework agreement decree. Prepare statement of requirements document in preparation for procurement of the e-catalogues module. Phase 1 - Legislation adopted in 2013. Phase 2 - Procurement skills: regulatory, procuring entities, suppliers, including SMEs. Phase 3 - Legislation adopted in 2014 Necessary amendments have to be made also in the Armenian version of the text. The final English text of the Road Map has to be submitted to the OL by the end of January 2014. The report has to provide information on whether after the update the system is able to work without discrepancies and if this is not the case contain list of bugs necessary to eliminate.Updated User Manuals have to include all new features of the system regarding FA. The report must contain information on whether the produced tool can be used as an ARMEPS procurement planning module, whether the databases can be transferred and systems can be interoperable. Establish RA functional requirements by reference to procurement planning and reporting decrees and consultation with RA stakeholders. Specifications and functionality update considering new GFMIS system implementation project activities. Phase 2 - Procurement skills: regulatory, procuring entities, suppliers, including SMEs. Phase 3 - Legislation adopted in 2014 The Final Work Plan 2013 will include a precise and confirmed with the Government of Armenia and international donors Work Plan including specific targets and milestones for working on public procurement reform in 2013.http://afreecountry.com/?q=node/3654 Final Road Map and Work Plan will be provided in English and Armenian. Road Map was approved by the government stakeholders’ meeting at the Prime Minister’s office on 20 February 2013. Regarding the ARMEPS system current issues and changed schedules, the Roadmap was outdated. See the revised Work Plan in annex. New revised version of roadmap will be issued during June 2014. Establish RA functional requirements by reference to procurement planning decree and consultation with RA stakeholders. Review any other and RA technical solutions against RA requirements. Establish if Procurement planning best done within or outside ARMEPS Review any other technical solutions against RA requirements, and document final business requirements, aligning with procurement decree, procurement planning decree and framework agreement decree. Prepare statement of requirements document in preparation for procurement of the e-catalogues module. Phase 1 - Legislation adopted in 2013. Phase 2 - Procurement skills: regulatory, procuring entities, suppliers, including SMEs. Phase 3 - Legislation adopted in 2014 Necessary amendments have to be made also in the Armenian version of the text. The final English text of the Road Map has to be submitted to the OL by the end of January 2014. The report must provide information on whether after the update the system is able to work without discrepancies and if not, to list the bugs to be eliminated.Updated user manuals must include all new features of the system regarding FAs. The report must contain information on whether the produced tool can be used as an ARMEPS procurement planning module, whether the databases can be transferred and systems can be interoperable. Establish RA functional requirements by reference to procurement planning and reporting decrees and consultation with RA stakeholders. The Concept Note was sent to the Government staff on 27 th of Aptil 2015. It was redrafted and sent to the Government staff once again on 1 June 2015.http://energysatrap.com/images/capresso-impressa-f7-manual.pdf The Concept Note was sent to the Government staff on 27 April 2015. It was redrafted and sent to the Government staff once again on 1 June 2015. Phase 2 - procurement skills: regulatory, procuring entities, suppliers, including SMEs. Phase 3 - legislation adopted in 2014 The main aim is to provide primary information to the business people on how they can participate to public procurement, how to use ARMEPS, etc. In October-November 9 regions out of 10 were visited by Consultants. Syuniq regional seminar was postponed due to weather conditions. Georgia: Turn, Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 participants NALAG under the support of SlovakAid. The project utilizes the SlovakThe objective is to train the participants in theEngineers, Contractors, Funding Agencies, Employers, Insurers, local Experts, Officials, Design. Engineers and Operators of Waste Water Treatment Plants, local Governments. Ministries, NGOs, Manufacturing Organisations, representatives of the EU, EBOR and other donor organizations, as well as representatives from the Legal andDuring the training EnglishThe Guidelines describes the tendering andContracts currently in use. Primarily an overview of the FIDIC Contracts and forms were presented, focusing on the allocation of functions, particularly designOleriny is the Main Expert for this project. He is an acknowledged expert in FIDIC contractsLaw, Tendering Procedures, Public Procurement Procedures. Contracts, Pricing and Claim Management. Central and Eastern Europe, the CIS and Balkan countries. Thanks to his good knowledge of both. English and the Russian language he provides services in multicultural surroundingsEU-based Infrastructure Projects (Water, FS, and WWTP) for Tendering Documents,Conditions. Within the project he utilizes his expertise in the approximationHe has obtained hisDepartment at the Slovak National Council and also at the Ministry of. Environment and, at present, at the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic. It is vitalEBRD funds and the application of their methodologies in the planning andEU directives and requirements in the water sector to improve the livingThis criticalDevelopment and Infrastructure of Georgia, the Ministry of Environment and the. Georgian project partner NALAG. EBRD methodologies, is therefore the main objective of the project developedNISPAcee are intended to assist Contracting Authorities in the country to prepare responsive Tender Documents in conformity with Standard Documents used for EBRD projects, as well as for EUGuidelines describe minimumThe Guidelines describe the tendering and contractual environment andHowever, this will not coverGuidelines should be observed by all parties involved in public infrastructureGeorgia and, usually, the information in this area is obtained throughThe Guidelines also serve groups that are not involved on a daily basis in Public. Procurement, but still need toThe GuidelinesProcurement procedures. Contracting Authority. All other entities and local municipalities are therefore encouraged toHowever, it is our expectationGuidelines and how to overcome them The ability to increase theThese hinder investment,If there are to be significant delays then. Tenderers are to be given the opportunity to vary their tender. Order Procedure Are there differences between excusableWWTP projects due to signed Contracts taking the SCC into consideration. One of the main targets regarding Standard DocumentsClaim and Disputes represent a risk ofIt is necessary,It is also responsible forProcurement Department maintains international cooperation with otherBank’s Countries of Operations for the improvement of public procurement,Use of these STDs is mandatory for open tendering andHowever, the Bank is not a party to the. Contract and does not accept legal responsibility for the adequacy of the. Contract forms contained in these documents. Clients are therefore advised to ensure that the Contract conditionsSIDA are acting EIB (European Investment Bank) and are actually preparing waterThis flexibility incurs problems for allEuropean Commission has a financing agreement (under indirect management). Procedures there are differences linked primarily with several financialTherefore EU Standard. Documents offer possibilities for financing, either from the EU Budget or EDFGuide (PRAG). A. PRAG explains the contracting procedures applying to all EU external actionsDevelopment Fund (EDF). Any deviation from PRAG and its Annexes requires eitherThe annexes cover both the award phase and theThe Guide outlines the contracting procedures to beFinancial Regulation, the common rules and procedures for the implementation ofEIDHR for actions financed from the EU budget, and the Cotonou Agreement forSupervising Supervising. The expected outcome of the project was the enhancement of the system for protection of rights in public procurement procedures. Lear firstly developed two training programmes, one targeted to the staff and officials of the Serbian Republic Commission for Protection of Rights to strengthen their professional capacity; and one targeted to bidders from the Western Balkans region. Finally, Lear produced a Report with a comprehensive analysis of the system for protection of rights in Serbia and a Manual on Protection of Bidders Rights in public procurement, consisting in a practical toolkit that provides any tenderers or interested parties with essential information on how to use legal remedies in Serbia. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Ok Read more. Parameter name: String Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code.Parameter name: String Source Error: Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below. EBRD is accountable to its shareholders, which include countries from both the region and the rest of the world, plus the European Union and the European Investment Bank. EBRD is not an IATI member but started publishing to the IATI Registry in May 2015. It has published on at least a monthly basis since 2018. Notably, it improved its published sub-national locations data and scored 100 percent across the indicators in this component, which made it one of four donors in the 2020 Index to score full points here. Since 2018, it had also published conditions data, which were available for 50 percent of the activities it published to the IATI Registry. EBRD sometimes made contracts and tenders available in other formats, but these were not easily searchable or did not contain full contractual information. EBRD had an online data portal where users could search for projects. However, it did not make these data available for bulk download or offer them under an open license. EBRD scored for objectives and has, since 2018, improved the pre-project impact appraisals that it published to the IATI Registry. It did not make data for other indicators, such as results and reviews and evaluations, consistently available. It published disbursements and expenditures across less than 20 percent of activities in the IATI Registry. However, it made full commitments and full three-year forward-looking budgets available. It should ensure that its data portal is user-friendly by offering it under an open license and allowing users to bulk download data. We check for any public commitments to aid transparency. We also make sure audits are in place and if planning documents have been published, including by parent organisations (including national governments) where applicable. We make note of any Freedom of Information laws and critically, we make sure that organisations have tried to make their information easy to access and understand. You should not have to be an expert in open data to be able to find and use this information. We expect to find the total budget of the organisation being assessed, right down to individual transactions for each development activity. In particular, forward-looking budgets from donors are important for partner country governments to be able to plan their own future finances. Format: Website Project budget Score: 0. Publication status: Sometimes Format: Website Project budget document Score: 0. Publication status: Not Published Commitments Score: 3.33 ? Format: IATI Disbursements and expenditures Score: 1.94 ? Format: IATI Budget Alignment Score: 2.37 ? Format: IATI Total organisation budget Score: 4.17 ? Format: IATI Information like this is important as it is often the entry point for data users to quickly understand what a project is about. We also look for other information that helps to put a project in context, such as its sub-national location (rather than simply being pin pointed to a capital city or the centre of a country) or the sector that the project deals with, for example, education or agriculture. Format: IATI Planned dates Score: 0.95 ? Format: IATI Actual dates Score: 1. Format: IATI Current status Score: 1. Format: IATI Contact details Score: 1. Format: IATI Sectors Score: 3.5 ? Format: IATI Sub-national location Score: 3.5 ? Format: IATI Implementer Score: 3.5 ? Format: IATI Unique ID Score: 3.5 ? Format: IATI There is a diverse nature of flows, activities and actors within the development sector. Aid and development finance data needs to be effectively linked and connected with the rest to provide a full picture for the user. This can be particularly important for partner country governments, who need to integrate information on aid with their own budgets and systems. Tenders publication status: Sometimes Format: Document Contracts publication status: Sometimes Format: Document This includes things like baseline surveys, progress against targets, mid-term reviews and end of project evaluations. This information is important to hold donors to account and also to share knowledge with others on what worked and what did not during a project. Format: IATI Pre-project impact appraisals Score: 5. Format: IATI Reviews and evaluations Score: 0. Publication status: Sometimes Format: Document Results Score: 0. Publication status: Not Published It must include the right of access to information, this right has to be enforceable and there must be compliant, court and high court appeal possibilities. Decrees are included if they meet the same standards. In addition, the FOIA must be in use for at least the executive part of the government; therefore, FOIAs which are only adopted, approved or still in draft form are not counted. For multilateral donors, international finance institutions (IFIs) and private foundations, a disclosure or transparency policy is accepted as equivalent to a FOIA. Publish What You Fund completes an assessment of the quality of these disclosure policies based on the overarching approach taken in the Global RTI Rating. These are scored using three criteria: 1) the portal allows free, bulk export of data; 2) it contains detailed disaggregated data; 3) the data is published under an open licence. The same data source is used for all three checks This should be forward looking. This should be backward looking. Relatively general documents or web pages outlining which countries, themes and institutions the agency will fund are accepted, as long as this is forward-looking and not wholly retrospective.This must fully explain the criteria on which decisions are made and could be in a single procurement policy document or attached to each tender.For private foundations, this is their grant making policy. For this indicator coun try strategies and MoU’s are taken together. A country or sector strategy will be accepted. Where one cannot be found, a MoU signed by the donor organisation and recipient country government will be accepted. A country strategy paper sets out the organisation’s planned approach and activities in the recipient country. For it to be accepted it needs to be a detailed document, rather than just a paragraph on the organisation’s website. Audits up to date with regular audit cycles are accepted, i.e. if the organisation publishes biennial audits, the most recent document within this time frame is accepted. Audits conducted by official government agencies such as State Audit Offices or Controller General Reports are accepted for this indicator. The figure could be indicative. The IATI reference for this indicator is: Annual forward planning budgets for recipient countries (recipient-country-budget). Projected figures disaggregated along thematic and sectoral priorities, at a near similar level of detail to total organisation budgets are accepted. IFIs and DFIs sometimes publish “road maps”, which contain this information. The IATI reference for this indicator is: Budget or Planned Disbursement. It is often a document published on the organisation’s website. Budget documents cannot simply be at the country level. If an activity budget is included in a larger country-level document, it is only accepted if the budget for the activity is broken down line by line.These must include the specific reasons for the redactions and must clarify why the information is commercially sensitive and would cause material and direct harm if published. This is generally a high-level commitment rather than a detailed breakdown of the activity budget. Each activity is likely to have several transactions.There are two parts to this indicator. The first part captures the percentage of the total commitment allocated to or planned for capital expenditure. When publishing in IATI, a number between 0 and 100 should be used, with no percentage sign. The definition of capital expenditure follows the IMF GFS definition approved by WP Stat in February 2016. Capital spending is generally defined as physical assets with a useful life of more than one year. But it also includes capital improvements or the rehabilitation of physical assets that enhance or extend the useful life of the asset (as distinct from repair or maintenance, which assures that the asset is functional for its planned life). Capital includes all aspects of design and construction that are required to make the asset operational. The IATI reference for this indicator is: capital spend. The second part checks that the activity is not using broad “multisector aid” or “sector not specified” sector codes. It checks that the activity is using one of the detailed “voluntary” CRS purpose codes and not aggregated “parent” codes. This is money going to the organisation and can be indicative. The IATI reference for this indicator is: Annual forward planning budget (total-budget) In many cases, total budgets are established annually, once total financial figures of all investments are taken into account. However, they do have projected total spend figures that they sometimes publish. If published, these projected figures are accepted for this indicator. Similarly, for private foundations and humanitarian agencies, indicative figures of available funds are accepted. This is preferably the formal name of the activity but does not have to be. The title needs to be complete with any abbreviations or acronyms explained. The description of the activity needs to contain a minimum of 80 characters in order to be considered a description rather than just a title. Both month and year are required to score on this indicator in recognition of recipient countries needing to be able to map activities to their own financial year rather than the calendar year. If there is only one set of dates but they are not explicitly stated as planned or actual dates, then it is assumed they are planned dates. The IATI reference for this indicator is: Activity status. This does not have to be the contact information for an individual or project manager and could refer to a central contact or information desk. Contacts for either the funding organisation or the implementing organisation are accepted. It does not count if it is just mentioned incidentally within the title or description. It needs to be stated separately and explicitly. This may be a province or city, or it could be geo-coded (whereby the precise longitude and latitude is published). It needs to be stated separately and explicitly. For activities that are relevant at a country or regional level, information on the location where the funds are sent to or where the recipient is located are all accepted for this indicator. The IATI reference for this indicator is: IATI identifier. This has to be explicitly stated per activity OR once in a country strategy paper OR in a single place on the organisation’s website if there is only one flow type for all activities, e.g. “all aid is ODA”, or “we only provide private grants”. This needs to be explicitly stated per activity OR once in a country strategy paper OR on a clear place on the organisation’s website if there is only one aid type for the whole organisation, e.g. “all aid is project-type interventions”. This needs to be explicitly stated per activity OR once in a country strategy paper OR clearly on the organisation’s website if there is only one finance type for the whole organisation, e.g. “all aid is grants”. Investment type (e.g. loan, equity) can be interpreted as equivalent. The IATI reference for this indicator is: Default tied status. The conditions should include loan repayment terms if the activity is financed by a loan. For IFIs and DFIs, this includes loan repayment conditions or special terms and conditions. This could be on a procurement section of the organisation’s website, on a separate website or on a central government procurement website. If an activity contract is included in a larger country-level document, it is only accepted if the contract mentions the activity specifically and in detail.They may be on a separate website, possibly on a central government procurement website.For private foundations, calls for grant submissions are accepted. For humanitarian agencies, documents that provide guidance on securing funding are accepted. Environmental impact assessments as well as impact assessments that explain what objectives the project itself intends to provide are accepted. IFIs and DFIs tend only to publish impact appraisals if regulations require them to but given the link they have to the eventual impact and results of the activity all organisations are scored on this indicator. This information may be on a specific evaluation section of the organisation’s website. If the activity under assessment is not completed but interim evaluation or review documents are available, these will be accepted.This information often refers to log frames and results chains and may be within a specific results or evaluation section of the organisation’s website.China Works, 100 Black Prince Road, London, SE1 7SJ UK Company Registration Number 07676886 (England and Wales); Registered Charity Number 1158362 (England and Wales). The Policy and related Performance Requirements were approved by the EBRD.This is in broad Robert Hogan Hogan Assessment Systems S. Bartholomew Craig North Carolina State University and Kaplan DeVries Inc. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime. Report this Document Download Now Save Save EBRD Procurement Guide For Later 0 ratings 0 found this document useful (0 votes) 60 views 107 pages EBRD Procurement Guide Uploaded by Ugljesa Milovic Description: EBRD procurement guidelines and tips Full description Save Save EBRD Procurement Guide For Later 0 0 found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0 0 found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 107 Search inside document Browse Books Site Directory Site Language: English Change Language English Change Language. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Procurement Policy and Co-operation with Other Multilateral Development Banks By Jedrzej Gorski What should the multilateral development banks do. By Willem H Buiter Germany's Geo-economic Power, the New MDB Landscape and the Asian Development Bank By Dorothy-Grace Guerrero READ PAPER Download file. Drafting responsibility for Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland Training of trainers in procurement Strategic advice on reform process Countries concerned: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Morocco, Peru, Senegal and Tunisia.