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dynamo subwoofer manual

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dynamo subwoofer manualPage Count: 24 Once you have it operational, please take the time to read, in depth, the rest of the information in this manual. It will give you perspective on how to attain the greatest po s si b le pe r fo r ma n ce fr o m t hi s m o st ex a ct i ng wo o fe r s ys tem. If yo u exp er ien ce an y dif fic ult ies i n set up o r ope rat ion o f the Dynamo, please refer to the Placement, R oom Acoustics and Connections and Control Settings sections. Should you encounter a persistent problem that cannot be resolved, please contact your authorized MartinLogan deal er. Th ey wi ll p rovi de yo u wi th th e ap prop riat e tec hnic al analysis to alleviate the situation. Step 1: Unpacking Remove your new Dynamo subwoofer from its packing. Pl ea s e no te, D yn am o' s g ri ll cov e r sh ou ld no t be us ed in t he st andard down firin g con figurat ion. T he gr ill cover is supplied for use while the Dynamo is ori- entated in the optional fro nt firing configuration (see page 14). Step 2: Placement Ideally, place the D ynamo in a corner n ear the fr ont of the ro o m. Th i s is a goo d pl ac e to st ar t. Ple as e se e th e Pl ac e men t section (page 13) of this manual for more details. Step 3: Signal Connection Use the bes t ca bles you ca n. H igh qual ity cable s, avail able from your specialty dealer, are recommended and will give you superior performance. If you plan to connect your Dynamo using speaker level (high level) inputs, please refer to the 2- Channel Mode Using Speake r L evel Inputs sectio n (pag e 9) o f this manua l for more details. Step 4: P ower Connection (AC) (see warning) Make sure the level knob is set at 0. Plug the Dynamo subw oo f e r in t o a wa ll ou tl e t. R e v i e w t h e A C P ow e r Co n n e c t i o n section (page 12) of this manual for more details. Step 5: Setting the Controls Se t t h e l ev el kn o b t o a m e di um vo l um e pos it i on (1 2 o ' cl oc k ). Step 6: Listen and Enjoy Now, you may adjust your system and enjoy!http://www.flavorsofindiaflorida.com/userfiles/cormen-algorithms-solution-manual.xml

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3 Installation in Brief 3 I NST ALLA TION IN B RIEF The lightning bolt flash with arrowhead symbol within an e qui la te ral t ri an gle i s in te nde d to a le rt t he us er t o th e pre sen ce of uni nsul ate d “ dang erou s v olt age ” w ith in the pro duc t’s e ncl osu re th at may b e o f suf fic ien t m agn itu de to constitute a risk of electric shock. The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user to the pr esence of important operating and maint enance (servicing) instructions in the literature accompanying the appliance. Y ou have invested in one of the wo rl d' s premier subwoofers. The MartinLogan Dynamo represents the extension of an int e nsive, dedicated team research program direct - ed t oward establishing a world class line of reference s u b w oo f e r s u s i n g l e a d i n g- e d g e t e c h n o l o g y, w i t h o u t compromising durability, re liabili ty, craf tsma nsh ip or a es - thetics. The Dynamo subwoofer uses a 10-inch high- excursion aluminum element driver to achieve deep, tight, well- defined bass. A proprietary amplifier is used to drive the output stage with precision and extremely high efficiency. L ow-pa ss filte rin g an d ph ase cont rol have been des ign ed to make int egrat ing the Dyna mo subwoo fer with Ma rtinL oga n and no n-M arti nL og an pro duct s b oth se aml ess and si mpl e. The ma ter ia ls i n y our ne w D yna mo sub wo ofe r a re of t he highest quality and will provide years of enduring enjoy- ment and deepening respect. The cabinetry is constructed from the finest composite material for acoustical integrity and is finished with an attractive custom coating. This User's Manual will explain in detail the operation of your Dynamo subwoofer and the philosophy applied to its design. A clear understanding will insure that you obtain maximum perfo rmance and pl easure from this mo st exa ct - ing subwoofer.http://darivan.ru/cite_imgs/cormen-leiserson-rivest-stein-introduction-to-algorithms-solution-manual.xml A rule of thumb is that the subwoofer should not draw attention to itself, but should simply make the systems low end seem more extended and accurate. Low P ass Filter Knob When the Dynamo is connected in multi- channel mode (via its LFE input), the low pass filter is not active and your processor handles the bass management. As a general rule the low pass filter should be set at the op ti on a pp ro xi ma te ly eq ua l to 70 of y ou r sp ea ke r’s lo we st frequency response. Example: The MartinLogan Aeon i’s lowest frequency response is 43Hz. 70 of 43Hz equals 3 0. 1, so y o u s h o u l d s e t th e D yn am o ’ s l o w pa ss fi lt e r t o 3 0H z. Remember, this is a general rule. W e advise that once you try the recomm ended se tting u sing the formul a above, you sh ou ld t r y th e su r ro un di ng s et ti ng s t o se e w hi ch s ou nd s b es t. Phase Control Switch The phase control is entirely dependent on the size and config uratio n of your listen ing envi ronmen t, the pl acemen t of the un it, and you r seating ar rangement. Due to the w ay ba s s so un d wa v es d ev e lo p in d if f er e nt r oo m s, t he r e is no ru le of thumb for setting phase. F or instance, if your room has a peak at the subwoofer crossover area, you may wish to set t h e p h as e s o th e ac t ua l ac o us t ic o ut p ut s of th e su b wo o fe r an d main speakers are out of phase. Experiment, try dif- ferent settings and be patient. The 'On' s e tt i ng p re v en t s t h e D yn a mo f ro m en t er - in g e n e r gy sa v i n g mode. The 'Standby' setting forces the Dynamo into energy saving mode. While set to 'Standby ’, th e D yn a mo wi l l no t p e rf or m. Status Light The Dyn amo is equ ippe d w ith a m ulti -color LE D to in dic at e th e s ubw oo fer s c ur re nt sta tu s. The f oll ow ing li st ex pl ain s the meaning of the different colors: No color: No power. The Dynamo is not plugged in. Red: Energy saving mode and safety mode.https://labroclub.ru/blog/bose-remote-control-user-manual This also indica tes if the Dynamo’s temperature has exceeded nominal operating ra ng e. The Dyn am o wi ll res um e no rm al pla y mo de w he n th e temperature- sensor reports a safe operating temperature. G r e e n: Pl a y m o d e. A BOUT THE C ONTROLS About the Controls 5 Figure 1. Dynamo controls. Before beginning to connect your Dynamo, please review the controls discussed in the last section. An understanding of these will help speed you along as you connect and integrate your Dynamo with your system. All signal connections are done at the signal input section o n the rear connections panel of the Dynamo. Make certain that all of your connections are tight. WARNING! T urn your Dynamo subwoofer to standby bef ore ma king or br eak ing an y si gna l con nec tio ns! 2- Channel Mode This setu p is re commended if your Dy namo will be used in a 2-channel system with main speaker s playing full range. Signal Connection (see figure 2): 1 Connect the left and right outputs of your preamplifier to the left and right inputs of the Dynamo using quality RCA inter conn ects. If your pream plif ier only has on e set of ou tp ut s yo u ma y n eed to obt ain Y ad ap ter s fr om y ou r de al er. Recommended Control Settings (see figure 3): 1 Set the low-pass filter switch to the closest option equal to 70 of yo ur l oud spe ake rs low est fre que ncy re spo nse. 2 Wh il e p la yi ng mu si c w it h ba ss co nt en t, tu rn th e l ev el c on - trol up until the music has deep extended bass, being careful to avoid levels that become overwhelming. 3 T ry the phase control in different settings until the best blending is obtained. Before Connecting the Dynamo 6 Connections and Control Settings Figure 2. Signal connection for 2-channel mode. Figure 3. Control settings for 2-channel mode. WARNING! Based on the performance of most processors, it is recommended that MartinLogan center and effect s type speak ers (i. e.https://www.agence-immotech.com/images/canon-lc-730i-user-manual.pdf Cin ema i, Theate r i an d S c r i p t i) n ot b e ru n in l ar ge, wi de o r fu ll r an ge m od e. Doing so may potentially damage the speaker if th e p ro c es s or at te m pt s t o d ri v e t he s p ea k er b e yo n d its rated frequency range. This warning also applies to products from other manufacturers. It is recommended to run center and effects type speakers in limited or narrow mode. W e recommend that you do not use this option. F ollo w th e in str uct ion s in you r pr o - ces sor manual to fine-tune the subwoofer level. 2 If yo ur pr oc es s or of fe rs th e o pt io n to s et up cr os s ov er s for a su b wo ofe r, we r ec o mm end t ha t yo u st ar t wi t h t h e f ol l ow ing settings—Cros sover: 70Hz, High-P ass: 12dB, and Lo w- P ass: 24dB. Connections and Control Settings 7 By following this setup, you will allow your processor to handle most of the bass manage - ment while runn ing in multi-channel mode, and relinquish control of the low pass filter to the Dynamo when running in a 2-channel mode. Signal Connection (see figure 6): 1 Con ne ct th e l ef t a nd r igh t out put s of yo ur pr eam pl ifi er to the lef t and ri ght in put s of the Dy nam o us ing qua lit y RCA interconnects. Recommended Control Settings (see figure 7): 1 Se t y o ur fr o nt sp ea ker s f o r wi d e, la r ge o r ful l mode in yo ur processor. Set the center and effects type speaker s in limit ed or n arrow mode (s ee the warni ng on page 7). 2 Set the low-pass filter switch to the closest option equal to 70 of yo ur l oud spe ake rs low est fre que ncy re spo nse. 3 W hi le p la yi n g mu si c wi th b as s c o nt en t, tu rn th e l e v el c o n t r ol u p un ti l t h e m u s i c h as d e e p b a s s th at i s n o t o v e rw he l m i n g. 4 T ry the phase control in different settings until the best bl en di ng is ob ta in ed. F ollow the instructions in your processor ’s manual to fine -tune the subwoofer level. 6 If y o ur pro ce ss o r of fer s t he o p ti on to s et u p cr oss ov er s f or a su b wo ofe r, we re c om m en d th at yo u st ar t wi th th e fo ll ow in g setting s—Crosso ver: 70Hz, Hig h-P ass: 12dB, and L ow- P a s s: 2 4d B.Signal Connection (see figure 8): 1 Connect the left and right outputs of your amplifier to the left and right speaker level (high level) inputs of the Dy na mo using quality speaker cable. If your amplifier only has one set of outputs you may connect your amplifier to your speakers as normal and run a n add iti onal set of c abl es fr om yo ur sp eake rs to the Dyn amo ’s left an d r igh t s pea ker lev el (hi gh lev el) inp uts. It is also possible to connect the left and right outputs of yo ur amp lifier to the left and right speaker level (high level) inputs of the Dynamo and run an additional set of cables from your Dynamo to the speakers. Recommended Control Settings (see figure 9): 1 Set the low-pass filter switch to the closest option equal to 70 of yo ur l oud spe ake rs low est fre que ncy re spo nse. 2 Wh il e p la yi ng mu si c w it h ba ss co nt en t, tu rn th e l ev el c on - trol up until the music has deep extended bass, being careful to avoid levels that become overwhelming. 3 T ry the phase control in different settings until the best b le nd in g i s o bt ai ne d. S ig nal co nn ect io n f or 2-ch an nel mo de us in g s pea ke r l eve l inp uts. Connections and Control Settings 9 Signal Connection (see figure 10): 1 Connect the left and right outputs of your preamplifier to the left and right inputs of the Dynamo using quality RCA in t er co n ne c ts. 2 Co nnect the left and right outputs of your Dynamo to the left and right inputs of your amplifier using quality RCA in t er co n ne c ts. Recommended Control Settings (see figure 3): 1 Set t he cont rols a s recom mended on pa ge 6. Figure 10. Sign al conne ction fo r 2-channel mode wi th 2-channel output. 2- Channel Mode W ith 2- Channel Output Signal Connection: 1 Connect the first Dynamo to your system using one of the five modes previously described. 2 Co nne c t t h e Su b Ou t of th e pre vio u s D y na m o t o ei t h er th e LFE or the Ri ght (o r Le ft) i nput o f t he nex t Dyna mo us ing a qualit y RCA int erconn ect. Connec ting to t he LF E in put allows additional subwoofers to perform as dedicated LFE channels (see figure 11). Connecting to the Right (or Left) input allows additional subwoofers to perform as dedicated 2-channel subwoofers (see figure 12). 3 R ep eat ste p 2 fo r ea ch add it ion al Dyn am o su bwo of er in the chain using the same input for every connection. Recommended Control Settings: 1 Adjust the control settings of the first subwoofer using the recommended control settings from the connection method used to connect the master Dynamo with your audio system. 2 Adjus t the con trol se tting s of each additi onal su bwoof er usi ng the recommended control settings from the con - nection method used to connect the master Dynamo with your audio system. Note: While the settings of each subwoofer should be similar, you will probably find that each sub will need to be tweaked for optimal performance because of its unique room placement. Regardless of how you use your subwoofer, experimenta - tion can often result in better sound. Don't be afraid to try different settings. Y ou can always return the controls to their previous locations. Sub Out—Using Multiple Dynamo's Figure 12. Signal connection for using multiple Dynamos for stereo. Figure 11. Signal connection for using multiple Dynamos for LFE. Connections and Control Settings 11 The IEC power cord should be firmly inserted into the AC power receptacle on the rear connection panel of the Dynamo, then to any convenient AC wall outlet. The Dynamo also integrates a signal sensing power supply tha t aut omat ica lly switch es off aft er sen sin g no music signal for several minutes (this will occur when the power switch is set to 'Auto'). Y our D yn amo su bw oo fer is wi re d f or t he po we r se rv ic e s up - pl i ed i n t he c ou n tr y o f or i gi n al co n su m er s al e. T he A C po w er ra ti ng ap p li ca bl e t o a p ar ti cu la r un it is s pe ci fi ed bo th o n t he pac king carto n and on the seri al num ber plate attac hed to th e s ub w oo f er. If you remov e your Dynam o subw oof er fro m the co untr y of or ig in al sa le, b e c er ta in th at A C p ow er su pp li ed in an y s ub - se q ue nt lo c at i on is s u it a bl e b ef o re co n ne c ti ng an d o p er at i ng th e s ub wo o fe r. Break -In Our custom made woofers require approximately 50 hours of break -in at moderat e listenin g levels before their optimal pe rf or ma n ce oc c ur s. T hi s w i ll fa c to r i n on a ny c ri ti ca l li st en i ng an d j ud g me n t. 12 Connections and Control Settings A C Power Connection R eplacing the Fuse Figure 13. IEC power cord AC receptacle and fuse. However, this can also exagger- ate the subwoofers output making blending difficult. W e recommend starting by placing the Dynamo in a corner. If, after the full range of tuning techniques have been employed, the s u bw oo fe r s ou nd s li k e it ha s to o m uc h upp er ba s s ene rg y tr y pul ling it a way from the wall, towar d th e li s - tenin g po sitio n. This will lessen the reinforcement of these problematic frequencies from the wall and likely smooth out the respon se. Repeat the tuning techniques with the woofer controls after you move it (see figure 14). Ask Y our Dealer Y our MartinLogan dealer can suggest many options for optimal subwoofer placement. They also have many tools at their disposal, such as experience, familiarity with the associa ted equip ment and ev en sound an alysis eq uipment wh ic h m ay m ake t he ta sk o f d et er mi ni ng op ti ma l s ub wo of er placement easier. Enjoy Y ourself The Dynamo is a very refined subwoofer and will benefit from care in setup. W ith the above placement tips in mind you will find, over months of listening, that small changes can result in measurable differences. As you live with your subwoo fer, do not be afraid t o experi ment wit h positi oning until you find the optima l relationship between your room, setting s and subwoo fer th at giv es you the best r esults. Y our efforts will be rewarded. Listening P osition Figure 14. N ote the corner placement of the Dynamo at the front of the listening room. Whe n inst all in g th e Dyna mo in a cab ine t it is re com me nde d th at th e s ub wo of e r be c o nv er te d t o a fr on t f ir ing co nf i g ur ati on. Con ver tin g Dy nam o t o F ront Fir ing Con fig ura tio n: 1 P repa re a flat su rf ac e with a blan ke t to prot ect th e Dyn amo 's finish. Unplug signal and power connections. T urn the Dynamo upside down. Install the grill cover onto the front of t h e Dy na m o ( s e e f i g u r e 18 ). Installing Dynamo in a Cabinet Figure 15. Placing the Dynamo in a cabinet requires a minimum of three inches of open space on the front and back. Figu re 1 6. S tep 1—Co nver tin g th e Dy namo to a fr ont firi ng c onfi gura tion. Figu re 1 7. S tep 2—Co nver tin g th e Dy namo to a fr ont firi ng c onfi gura tion. Figu re 1 8. S tep 3—Co nver tin g th e Dy namo to a fr ont firi ng c onfi gura tion. Y our room is actually a component and an important part of your s ystem. This co mpone nt is a larg e varia ble and ca n dr a ma tic a ll y ad d to or s ub t ra ct f r om a g r ea t so n ic e xp e ri e nc e. All sound is composed of waves. Each frequency has its own wave size, with the lower, or bass frequencies literally encompassing from 10 feet to as much as 40 feet. Y our ro om participates in this wave experience like a swimming pool w i th w av e s ref l ec tin g an d be c om i ng e nh a nc e d dep end - in g on the size and shape of the room and the types of surfaces in the room. Remember that your audio system can actually generate all of the information required to recreate a sonic event in time, space, and tonal balance. Acoustically, the role of an ideal room would be to neither delete nor contribute to that information. However, nearly every room does to some degree. Standing W aves Sound coming from a speaker bounces around in a room until a pattern emerges—this is called a standing wave. T ypically, this is only a problem with frequencies below 100Hz. When this happens different parts of your room experience either an excess or a lack of bass. Some people believe that having a room without parallel walls w ill eli minate t his eff ect. The truth is that no n-paral lel walls only generate different standing wave patterns than those that occur in rectangular rooms. Usually, you can excite most of the standing waves in a room by putting the Dynamo in a corner. Listening posi - tion determines which standing waves you will experience. F or instance, if you sit in a corner you will hear most of the standing waves. This can be an overpowering experi- ence. S it ti ng n ex t t o a wa ll ca n al so in te ns if y th e l ev el s of th e st an ding waves that are experienced. Resonant Surfaces and Objects All of the surfaces and objects in your room are subject to the frequencies generated by your system. R OOM A COUSTICS Y our Room Spike Installation Instructions: 1 Carefully lay the Dynamo on its side to gain access to the bottom. 2 R emove existing feet or spikes. Thread new spikes into holes and screw them in all of the way. 3 T ighten jam nut snugly by hand. Do not over tighten the nut. 4 Right the subwoofer. Caution: Make sure your hands and any cabling are clear of the spike s. D o no t sl ide t he s ubwoo fer as sp ikes are sharp and can damage your floor or carpet. 5 Adjust to level by rotating spikes. Tighten the jam nut securely when satisfied that the subwoofer is level. C a ut i o n: W a l ki n g t he D y n a mo m a y re s u l t i n a b ro k e n s pi k e. Solid Footing Figure 19. The Mini ET C Spike. E ve n th ou g h th e s ou nd w a s gr ea tl y i mp ro ve d, it was still mono and limited by the broadcast signal. At the same time video screen sizes began increasing. In fact, the sonic performa nce of som e video formats exceeded audio - only formats. Each piece of a surround system can be purchased sepa - rately. T ake your time and buy quality. No one has ever complained that the movie was too real. The following list and descriptions will only give you a brief outline of the responsibilities and demands placed on each speaker. Front Left and F ront Right I f t h e s e sp e a k e r s wi l l al s o be th e sa m e tw o us e d fo r yo ur st e r e o pl a yb a ck t he n t h ey s ho u ld be o f ver y hi g h q ua l it y an d a b le t o pla y l oud (ov er 102 dB ) a nd repr odu ce bas s b elo w 80 Hz. Center Channel Many experts believe this to be the most important speak- er in a home theater system, as almost all of the dialogue and a large portion of the front speaker information is rep rod uce d by the center channel. It is important that the same manufacturer o f the fro nt speake rs desig n the cent er speak er and that it is recommended for use as a center speaker. This is not the place to cut corners. Surround Speakers W e recommend that the surround speakers play down to 70 hz. T he su rr ou nd, o r e ff ec t s pe ak ers c on tai n cri ti ca l i nf or - mation. In films, sound effects are vital to the director in delivering a complete experience and the rapid technical increase in the discreet capacity of these effects channels ha s made their quality vital. This is equally true in music pl ay back because of the emerging high definition, multi- channe l music onl y formats. F ull range instrum ents, voic es an d a mb ient queues are being routed to the effects chan- nel. In the past, some may have suggested that this was th e pl ac e to save money by purchasing small inexpensive sp ea ke rs. I f y ou choose to do so, be prepared to upgrade in the future. Subwoofer With any good surround system you will need one or more high quali ty subwoof ers (the.1, in a 5.1 channe l surround system). Most movie soundtracks contain large amounts of bass information as part of the special effects. Good subwoo fer s wi ll p rov ide a f ound ati on f or the res t of the sys- tem. H OME T HEA TER Home Theater 17 Figure 20 Dynamo Subwoofers as the LFE (effects) channels, MartinL ogan Clarity speakers as front and surround (effects) channels, MartinLogan F resco as the center cha nnel. W e recommend a specialty cloth (available through the Xt at ic s ho p at ww w.mar ti nl og an.c om ) th at cl ea ns b e tt e r th a n anythi ng els e we h ave tri ed. Is it safe to set things on my subwoofer. Whi le y our Dyna mo i s des ign ed wi th a dura ble, st ain -re sis- tant surface, we advise you not to set anything on your Dy n am o— especially containers holding liquids. W e r eco mme nd 3 feet bet wee n the Dyna mo subw oo fer an d video components that are susceptible to magnetic fields. Should I unplug my subwoofer during a thunder - storm. Frequently Ask ed Questions Troubleshooting The equalization used is specifically designed to counteract the respo nse of th e woofers sealed box response. This equalization leads to minimal group delay and proper transient response. T o obtain the Limited 3- Y ear W ar ran ty co ve rag e you n eed t o com pl ete a nd re tur n th e C er ti f ic at e o f R eg is tr at io n, in cl ud ed w it h y o ur su bw oo fe r, and provid e a copy of your dealer receip t, to Mar tinLoga n within 30 days of purchase. F or y o u r co nv e n ie nc e Ma rt i n L o g a n al s o o ff er s o nl in e w ar ra n ty reg ist rat ion at www.mar tinl oga n.c om. Marti nLo gan ma y not honor warra nty se rvice claims unles s we have a completed W arranty Registration card on file. If you did n ot rece ive a C ertifi cate of Re gistra tion w ith you r new Dynamo subwoofer you cannot be assured of having received a new unit. If this is the case, please contact your authorized MartinLogan dealer. Service Sho ul d you b e us ing y ou r Mar ti nL og an pr od uct i n a co unt ry other than the one in which it was originally purchased, we ask that you note the following: 1 The appointed MartinLogan distributor for any given co un tr y i s res po ns ib le f or wa rr an ty se rv ic in g o nl y on un it s distributed by or through it in that country in accor - dance with its applicable warranty. 2 Should a MartinLogan product require servicing in a country other than the one in which it was originally purchased, the end user may seek to have repairs per - formed by the nearest MartinLogan distributor, subject to that distributor's loca l servicing policies, but all cost of repairs (parts, labor, transportation) must be born by the owner of the MartinLogan product. 3 I f, af te r o w n i n g yo ur s u b w o o f er f or s i x m o n th s, y o u r e l o c a t e to a cou ntry ot her than the one i n which you purc hased your subwoofer, your warranty may be transferable. Contact MartinLogan for details. General Information 19 G ENERAL I NFORMA TION W arranty and Registration Specifications Ac ti v e cr o ss ov er. U se s a ct iv e dev ic es (t ra n si st or s, IC s, tu b es ) and some form of power supply to operate. Amplitude. The extreme range of a signal. Usually mea- sured from the average to the extreme. Arc. Th e v isib le s park s g ener ated by an elec tric al disc harg e. A TF. The abbreviation for advanced thin film. Bass. The lowest frequencies of sound. Bi- Ampl ifi ca tio n. Us es a n e le ctr oni c cr oss ove r, or li ne-l eve l passive crossover, and separate power amplifiers for the high and low frequency loudspeaker drivers. Capacitance. That property of a capacitor which deter- min es how much charge can be stored in it for a given potential difference between its terminals, measured in farads, by the ratio of the charge stored to the potential difference. Capacitor. A device consisting of two or more conducting pl at es s ep ar ate d f rom on e an ot her by a n in su la ti ng m at eri al and u sed f or sto ri ng an el ect ric al ch arg e. So met ime s cal led a condenser. Cli ppi ng. Dis tort ion of a si gna l b y its be ing ch opp ed off. A n overload problem caused by pushing an amplifier beyond its capabilities. The flat-topped signal has high levels of harmonic distortion which creates heat in a loudspeaker and is the major cause of loudspeaker component failure. CLS. The abbreviation for curvilinear linesource. Cros sove r. An elec tric al c ircui t t hat divi des a fu ll bandw idth sig nal in to the de sir ed fre que ncy ba nds fo r t he lou dsp eake r components.T h e d if f er en c e i n d ec ib e ls be tw e en tw o sou n ds is t e n t i me s t he B a s e 1 0 l o g ar i t h m o f t h e r a t io o f t h e i r p o w e r le v e l s. DC. Abbreviation for direct current. Diffraction. The breaking up of a sound wave caused by s om e t y p e o f me c h a n i ca l i n t e rf er e n c e su c h a s a c ab in e t e d ge, grill frame or other similar object. Dia phra gm. A th in fle xib le mem bran e or con e t hat vi bra tes in response to electrical signals to produce sound waves. Distortion. Usually referred to in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) which is the percentage of unwanted har - monics of the drive signal present with the wanted signal. Generally used to mean any unwa nted cha nge intro duced by the device under question. Driver. See transducer. Dynamic Range. The range between the quietest and the loudest sounds a device can handle (often quoted in dB). Ef f ic ie n cy. T he ac ou s ti c pow er de li v er ed fo r a gi v en el ec t ri ca l input. Mean t here as the combination of a dynam- ic woofer with an electrostatic or A TF transducer. Hz (Hertz). Unit of frequency equivalent to the number of cycles per second. Im agi ng. T o mak e a re pr es ent at io n o r i mit at io n o f t he ori gi - na l sonic event. Impedance. The total opposition offered by an electric cir cui t to the flow of an alternating current of a single fre - quency. It is a co m bi na t io n of r es is t an ce a nd r ea c ta nc e an d is me a su re d in ohms. Remember that a speaker ’s imped - ance changes with frequency, it is not a constant value. 20 Glossary of Audio Terms G LOSSARY OF A UDIO T ERMS It is measured in henrys. Inductor. A device designed primarily to introduce induc- ta n ce into an electrical circuit. Sometimes called a choke or coil. Linearity. The extent to which any signal handling process is accomplished without amplitude distortion. Mi d ra n g e. The middle frequencies where the ear is the mos t sensitive. NA C. T he ab bre viat ion f or na tur al amb ien ce co mpe nsat ion. P assive crossover. Uses no active components (transis - tors, ICs, tubes) and needs no power supply (AC, DC, battery) to operate. The crossover in a typical loudspeak - er is of the passive variety. P assive crossovers consist of capacitors, inductors and resistors. Phase. The am ount b y whic h one s ine wa ve lea ds or l ags a second wave of the same frequency. The difference is described by the term phase angle.