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color computer basic manualPlease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a high level language with simple syntax that makes it easy for novices to write simple programs. Color BASIC is interpreted, that is, decoded as it is run. Interpreted BASIC is simple to edit and debug but execution is significantly slower than for programs written in assembly language or typical compiled languages of the time (like Pascal, compiled BASIC or C ).Color BASIC 1.0 was released with the original 4k TRS-80 Color Computer in 1980. It resides on 8k bytes of ROM, and is responsible for all 'housekeeping' duties on the system. This includes hardware initialization, memory management, interrupt processing, etc.Variable names in Color BASIC have the first two characters significant. The first character of the variable name must be a letter. The second can be either a letter or number.In the case of an array, the element address is enclosed with a parenthesis:This can be a fixed number, a variable, or other operation or function that returns a numeric quantity.This can be a static string value (in quotes), a string variable, or other function or expression that returns a string of characters.By default, device 0 (screen and keyboard) is assumed.When in EDIT mode, you get a reprint of the line, and a second copy that you SPACEbar across chars. You cannot use arrow keys.If no name is specified, the next program is loaded If no name is specified, the next program is loaded If not specified, device 0 (keyboard) is assumed. An optional prompt can be printed on the screen for the input statement Either start or end can be omitted, or if both are omitted, the entire program will be listed If the test is true THEN commands are executed, otherwise (ELSE) other commands are executed.http://www.alfavs.eu/userfiles/file/diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-of-mental-disorders-5th-edition-ebook-pdf.xml
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If the no ELSE is specified, and the test is false, the next line of the program will be run If step is omitted, 1 is assumed By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Includes articles on classic games and obsolete computers. GamesYouLoved.com ?? RETROGAMING COMMUNITY on Twitter “Clearly not playing here. Buy a Color Computer, for sale on ebay. Computer didn't control the tape itself.you had to press play and then go do something else for a while. World's leading marketplace. Display Tandy Color Computer 3. Pinterest Explore Log in Sign up Privacy. Site contains emulators, programs, manuals, books, patches, games, hints, discussions, questions, forums, and tons more. The ever extending copyright code has ensured that the TRS-80 and many other items will, regrettably, be lost to the ages. These magazines are NOT downloadable at this site. If the data is intact, I can read them into “virtual disk files” (DMK files) which will serve not only to archive the disk forever, but would also allow you to use those virtual disks in an emulator on your current computer, and to extract the data to your current computer if you wanted to.Timely, reliable shipping from Australia. Check out the store HERE. In addition to the capabilities of Extended Color BASIC. Color Disk BASIC adds the following.Give variable names to parts of the file bufferUpper-case words areThe extension can be up to threeThe drive number is a single digit, from zero up to the highestThe examples in the manual always load this address from locations. I have not tried using this, so I don't know it will work if you putThis data structure is seven bytes long:See that for more details. If you are not in North America, you may me happier making a link to You may also be interested to see my ownNow, on with the show.Table Of Contents Color Computer history. Back to a time when there was NOTHING.York Daily News for a new Radio Shack computer which, like the.http://www.sensas.com/UserFiles/diagnostic-and-statistical-manual-of-mental-disorders-adhd-criteria.xml Intellevision, had game cartridge capabilities, an important featureFor the refund price of the Intellevision. TRS-80 Color Computer. It was January 9th,Every attemptThose of you who orderedCoCo came into existence: Motorola.Computer is born.MC6883 Synchronous Address Multiplexer (SAM) chip.MC6809 microprocessor, reports circulated that it would be Microsoft,Videotex terminal, Tandy publicly displays its three new computers forBasic 1.0, a 53 key calculator-type keyboard, built-in modulator toC-boards were sold.Diagnostic program. Color Basic ROM, which is only a month away.MICROCOMPUTER NEWS that, when the machines were ready to ship, theAlways thinking of us.Christmas sales that prompted the decision to ship with incompleteShack store (probably the person who sold you the computer) or from. Tandy's customer service.If you were lucky enough to find aAnother dead end.When anythingDid anyone else get that feeling? If so,Computer information explosion, occured in the opening months of 1981ANDREW PHELPS, are released in January. Accompanied by documentationINVADERS. They were also in the process of developing MAGIC BOX whichHunter Scales, the article contained the most comprehensiveGREEN's 80 MICROCOMPUTING, you missed out on lots of materialThe April issue alsoComputer.CER-COMP, FRANK HOGG and others were in the pages of 68 MICRO longComputer.Did I say ads. Yup!Color Computer in its first year, it may come as a surprise, theEIGEN SYSTEMS wasThe WOLFBUG monitor from MIKE. WOLF accessed 64K of RAM.Both Tallgrass and ATOMTRONICS were developing disk systems, and Steve. Odneal's Color Computer FLEX conversion was reportedly just aboutThe next 12 months, however, would witness theThis periodDirect Connect Modem I, signing up with Compuserve, buying an LP VII. EXATRON disk system.Nelson's word processor.Suffice it to say that, by JanuaryThe following day it is ready for aThe amount of generated. RFI made the screen unreadable.Computer.Color Computer publications had sprung to life.LAGERQUIST's CHROMASETTE MAGAZINE. Instant software on a monthly basisVII), that no expense was spared in putting together this latestThe debut issue wasRosen's BBS was crawling with Color Computer information left by WAYNEVideotex, a very limited piece of.When off-line, the onlyIf so, I stand corrected but, The Micro. Works did get theirs to market first.Technologies' disk system, and 64K RAM adapter board, and THE FACTS, a. Color Computer technical manual from Spectral Associates.Radio Shack's TRS-80 MICROCOMPUTER NEWS, replied to MARK GRANGER'sA time for learning,Although not mentioned, the upgradeWritten by Andrew. Phelps, author of The Micro Works' CBUG, 80C Disassembler, and SDS80C,Computerware also starts marketing. MAGICUBE (a Rubick's Cube game), and COLOR DATA ORGANIZER.According to Steve, the Exatron expansion board was the key, as itSteve, whileCOMPUTER USERS NOTES in 68 MICRO, plus the release of AARDVARK-80'sThis was the first lower-case board forIf you ordered immediately you wereComputer its first BBS download capability.Color Computer, THE ARK, to my knowledge, was the first to actuallyCallers include STEVE DEN. BESTE, SHAWN JIPP, Bob Rosen, and ED MARCH.Computer Club was responsible for the sale of about 10 pieces. Some, nicknamed it the TRS-80CC, other the TRS-80C, still others theShack is using half-good 64K chips in its 32K upgrade, and anWithin a couple of months of its November release, TELEWRITER, was theIt supportedBob Rosen, upon receiving his flyer,The rest, as they say, is history.Shack waking up, the CoCo's future seemed secure but, into each life,A Dennis Kitsz article put a stop to all thatAlthough Eigen ran his own separate ads, Bob's BBS probably accountedWith every BBS sign-on beingMARTIN CONSULTING's SMART TERM, MOSES ENGINEERING's LIGHT PEN, TOM. MIX's MOON LANDER, and Frank Hogg's CCFORTH.Telewriter undergoing final testing, STEVE BLYN (soon to start.https://connylahnstein.com/images/colonna-sonora-del-film-manuale-d-amore-2.pdf COMPUTER ISLAND) markets his first educational software, and violentlyColor Computer magazine ever published. The issue was special forDiStefano's article on running machine language programs from disk,Frank Hogg's article details the steps required to enable your RadioShack upgrades may have contained the half-bad 64K chips, most 32KRadio Shack's 32K upgrade alsoCOMPUTER FAIR in San Francisco.Odneal's conversion which, at the time, utilized the Exatron diskIf I hear aboutWonderful information for hamPRICKLY-PEAR SOFTWARE, AUTO RUN from Sugar Software, the first hi-resWorth to build Color Computers. AlsoSeems like everywhere Wayne Green looks, there are CoCos! (dieing ofACCESSORIES, DISK DOCTOR from SUPERIOR GRAPHICS, SPELL 'N FIX from. Star-Kits, and from Aardvark, the first BASIC COMPILER. SPECTRUM. PROJECTS also debuts as Bob Rosen drops the name Connection-80.What is he really like? The briefIt was fun reading. Writer from Nelson Software.Compuserve starts its Color Computer SIG with a membership of 52 and. WAYNE DAY as sysop.Connection-80 BBS.LCA-47 lowercase kit (the first kit featuring switch selectableRAINBOW magazine, certification insures that the product does, inCoCo began but, unfortunately there would be no winners that yearWith year 1 shrouded in mystery, and year 2CoCo? Did anyone out there buy one of these??SOMMER of Seattle, WA.E-board CoCo to 64K.CCN programming contest are announced. They were: J. VENTLING for the. GEORGE C. SCOTT portrait, GARRY HOWARD for the WILLIAM TELL OVERTURE,Associates' EPROM board, COLOR PORT from MAPLE LEAF SYSTEMS, BOTEK. INSTRUMENTS' serial to parallel printer interface, plus SHAWN. McCLENAHAN's article describing the installalation of a Mod IIIThere was the editorial, plus several full-page ads for his products,It seemed like CCN had turned into the. Frank Hogg magazine.Both Basic Aid andWORKSAVER offered much more than the first such utility, SSM's Master. Control.Whenever I sit at myCCXREF from MIKE DONAHUE, a fine debugging utility used to locateF-board which would soon start showing up in the CoCo. Speculation wasThis, for me, marks the beginningAn American versionKITSZ lowerkit) had folded, and Radio Shack would market a 64K upgradeOther marketings are. DUNKEY MUNKEY from INTELLECTRONICS, and MONKEY KONG by KEN KALISH ofLonnie also hints atBill Sias devoting more ad and column space to FLEX, OS-9, GIMIX, andGimmie a break!!!ROM-PAK. Now, don't get me wrong, I thought POLARIS was one of Radio. Shack's best games but, why a SECOND review. The first review appeared. Maybe Bill Sias was trying to get on Tandy'sThis was the best game ever done for the CoCo.If the program is. The understanding being that thePeter is a real innovator both in softwareIt will be held in. Chicago, April 22-24th.Works ads. Something was happening?The productsEdited by KERRY LEICHTMAN, THE COLOR. COMPUTER MAGAZINE (TCCM for short) premiered with articles from Jake. Commander, Bob Rosen, WILLIAM BARDEN JR., and Dennis Kitsz.Mark Data keyboard.Canada (not to mention Great Britain, Germany, Hawaii, and the Yukon)RAINBOWFEST! Estimated attendance for this 3 day bash is placed atNelson, Steve Bjork, and Charles Roslund, to name just a few. PLAY. What's in a name?ANDREW HUBBELL, and a list of differences for BASIC 1.2, EXTENDED. BASIC 1.1, and DISK BASIC 1.1.First: the long. Second: another Color Computer magazine. HOT COCO, a Wayne GreenWell in July, theirSOFTWARE, and PBJ's 80 COLUMN CARD. KITSZ's 128K bubble memory upgrade which appeared in July's TCCM.August, which brought to 5, the number of dedicated magazines for the. CoCo.Sugar Software, and Chromasette goes to disk.Star-Kits also markets theSeptember, you might try the newly released CoCo II but, don't botherEXPO'83 in Pasadena, CA. November 4-6.England, is now available in America. What makes the DRAGON worthy ofColor Computer.CoCo's in many ways with one major exception: They are both on A. SINGLE HN4827128G-30 28 pin EPROM. While DRAGON's BASIC chip (IC 18)CoCo's POLLCAT routine, for instance, is at. This fact prevents Color. Computer machine language programs from running on the DRAGON. BASIC and the 1.0 EXTENDED BASIC equivalents.For example, a CoCoIndications supporting The keyboard matrix incompatibility is the factThis condition does not effect any CoCo. BASIC programs running on the DRAGON (unless you are PEEKing theThe DRAGON turns my lightningThe inability to accept a double keystrokeWhile in the 32K mode, the cursorFor instance, the system usesThis eliminates having to specifyDRAGON's 64K mode ROMCoCo's ROMS are there.Writer had become the official word processor for the DRAGON.October 14-16) was a walking tour of Tandy's new CoCo Plant. The sameSCREEN from Mark Data, PASCAL from DEFT SOFTWARE, the BASIC UNRAVELLEDThings are not looking good for this CoCoEXEC FILE from MICROCOM SOFTWARE. ELECTRONICS marketed the first ever 128K upgrade.ELITE-FILE from Elite Software, plus a name change from the Computer. Shack to MICHTRON.In an attemptShack, and VIP CALC from VIP Software. New product releases came from. Prickly-Pear Software with their DISK TRIVIA software, and the Tom MixLtd. (British parent company) is under receivership.TRS-80 MICROCOMPUTING NEWS published its last issue.The issue alsoRumors appear about a new Radio. Shack keyboard, and the folding of Chromasette!The softwareLtd. company.Dennis Lewandowski debuts his 128K upgrade. Other first timers include. NOMAD the robot from Frank Hogg, GRAPHICOM II from WHITESMITH, and aThis is the third CoCoThe October issue is its lastDennis!Check out the November issueChinitis. Good luck to all!LOWERCASE (using the new Motorola 6847-TI VDG chip) which won't beTANDY users. The bang came from the debutThe whimper isProduct debutsNews, Chromasette, and The Color Computer Magazine as the fourth major. CoCo publication to fold within the past 17 months.Looks like the DRAGON lives on.COMPLETE RAINBOW GUIDE TO OS-9, authored by DALE PUCKETT and PETER. DIBBLE, plus, from our Canadian friends at DRAGONFLY WRITING, aEleven months in San JoseNice to have you back home. Bob.Seems they folded last month, leaving a lotWhat a shame!! EarlyPeripherals of Farmingdale, NY.After 4 years, theyTheir absence will be keenlySpeech Systems starts marketing its Electronic Audio Recognition. System (EARS for short).Causing quite a stir is Steve. Odneals fully portable CoCo, complete with disk drive and monitor. Although only a prototype, Steve uses the show to judge user interest.This time it'sAlso announced are the OS-9 Level II operatingI receive a call telling me they're holding my 128K CoCo III!Makes it look like moreThis will be the L A S T In the words of StarMany of these folks (IN BOLD. LETTERS) also provided valuable information used in writing the COCOJournal, Andrew Phelps of The Micro Works, BOB ROSEN of Spectrum. Projects, Wayne Green of 80 Microcomputing, MARK DAVIDSAVER of Eigen. Sias of Color Computer News, KEVIN MORAN, JIM FARRELL of Motorola,Sector Marketing, KENT MEYER of Leroy, Dennis Lewandowski of DSL. Marty Goodman for a different point of view, Exatron, Dave Lagerquist. GOLDWYN, Green Mountain's Dennis Kitsz, Mark Data Products, Fred. Scerbo of IMB, Howard Cohen of Cognitec, Greg Zumwalt, ALAN ROGERS and. CAROL WOLVERTON, Armadillo Software, Lance Leventhal and Carl Warren. Bill Tubbs, and (of course) Nelson Software. Thank you, one and all!Donna Greaves SmithJonathan EricksonLance Leventhal. Andrew Staugaard JrDale ChathamWilliam Barden, JrRadio ShackDon Inman with DymaxRadio ShackDisk 'N DataNanos SystemsAndrew Staugaard JrArt Margolis. William Barden JrRichard HaskellWilliam Barden JrRadio ShackRadio ShackSpectral AssociatesSpectral AssociatesWillis, Miller, JohnsonSpectral AssociatesWilliam Barden JrDoug MosherCoCo as well.St. Austell East Herrington. Cornwall PL25 5JE Sunderland SR3 3RX. Tel: 0726 73456 Tel. Product: Games Products: GamesLutterworth Road Dunvant. Blaby Swansea SA2 7PF. Leicester. Tel: 0533 773641 Tel: 0792 205491. Product: Games Product: LIGHT PENBalderton 60 Sir Johns Road. Newark Selly Park. Notts Birmingham B29 7ER. Tel: 0636 705230 Tel: 021-472 7610. Product: Games Product: EducationMargam, Port Talbot Weston-super-Mare. West Glam, SA13 1WD DU385, 4 Rein Gardens. Palmer Green Tingley. London, N13 5XA West Yorkshire, WF3 1JRBirmingham Seaford Enfield. East Sussex, BN25 2BS Middlesex, EN2 7PTBook(A). MC6809 COOKBOOK. Warren. Book(B). EXTENDED COLR BASIC. Haskell. Bulletin Board. ELECTRONIC CALL BOARD (NYC). Bobby Ballard. Computer. 64K COCO I (E board). Radio Shack. Disassembler(A). 80C. The Micro Works. Disassembler(B). DISASSEMBLER. Spectral Assoc. Disks. BASF. BASF. Disk system. EXTENDED ADOS-3. SpectroSystems. Disk Utility. DISK UTIL. Jeff FrancisEdtAsm(A). MACRO 80C. The Micro Works. EdtAsm(B). CCEAD. Eigen Systems. Game(A). DOUBLE BACK. Radio Shack. Game(B). LINUS. unknown. Graphics prog. GRAPHICOM. Chesire CatKeyboard. HJL. HJL. Lowercase. LOWERKIT. Green Mountain Micro. Magazine. RAINBOW. Falsoft. Magazine Article. 32K FOR FREE. Frank Hogg. Modem. STAR 2400e. AMT. Monitor prog. CBUG. The Micro WorksPrinter. FX-80. Epson. Reference card. NANOS. Nanos Systems. Terminal prog. ULTIMATERM. Ken Johnston. Word Processor. TELEWRITER (128). Cognitec. Learn more - opens in a new window or tab This amount is subject to change until you make payment. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab This amount is subject to change until you make payment. If you reside in an EU member state besides UK, import VAT on this purchase is not recoverable. For additional information, see the Global Shipping Programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab. Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Contact the seller - opens in a new window or tab and request a postage method to your location. Please enter a valid postcode. Please enter a number less than or equal to 11. You're covered by the eBay Money Back Guarantee if you receive an item that is not as described in the listing. Find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab. All Rights Reserved. User Agreement, Privacy, Cookies and AdChoice Norton Secured - powered by Verisign. Something went wrong. Looks like this page is missing. If you still need help, visit our help pages. All Rights Reserved. Some edgewear; prev.To use an X-pad -- 16k or 32k color computer with extended color Basic; color tv. Check all categories that are of interest to you. That should keep you occupied for a bit - get searching! However this was dropped and all CoCos sold as Radio Shack computers were called TRS-80 in spite of the processor change. To cut production costs, the case was shortened by about 25 and a new, smaller power supply and motherboard were designed. Aside from the new look and the deletion of the 12 volt power supply to the expansion connector, the computer was essentially 100 compatible with the previous generation. The deletion of the 12 volt power supply crippled some peripherals such as the original floppy disk controller, which then needed to be upgraded, installed in a Multi-Pak interface, or supplied with external power. Production in the USA and Korea happened in parallel using the same part numbers; very few, if any, differences exist between the USA built and Korean built CoCo 2 machines. Internally this model was redesigned to use the enhanced VDG, the MC6847T1. This enhanced VDG allowed the use of lower case characters and the ability to change the text screen border color. However, for compatibility reasons neither of these features were used and are not enabled in BASIC. The red, green, and blue shapes were replaced with red, green, and blue parallelograms. It was the last one they had in the store, probably the last one anywhere in the country. I bought it as I had been using a Dragon 32 I had been given and the Tahdy was 64KB so could do more but did everything the dragon could using the same programs and hardware. I cleaned it out and it has worked fine ever since. I did not touch another computer until 1995 when Microsoft introduced something new. Please quote this reference ID in any communication with the Centre for Computing History. These children deserve a space which is engaging and instructive, where they can feel a sense of adventure, exploration and surprise. Used: Very GoodVery minimal writing or notations in margins not affecting the text. Possible clean ex-library copy, with their stickers and or stamp(s).Please try again.Please try again.Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. In true cloak-and-dagger style, there was no accompanying letter, so I'm assuming the sender is using me as a forum. It concerns a new version of the Color Computer and is reprinted exactly as I received it.For instance, non-standard Texas Instruments RAM chips are installed. The 16K computer uses TMS4416 chips which are 18-pin 4x16's so only two sockets are required, not the eight sockets that we are accustomed to. Because these chips require a 256 (versus a 128) cycle refresh, a new SAM chip is required--aBasic is now version 1.3 and is soldered in rather than socketed. If a non-extended 16K computer is made with this board, it will be supplied with a 24-pin Basic chip plugged into a 28-pin socket, or maybe soldered into theThey are: a new Western Digital 1773, which is a 28-pin floppy disk controller chip, and seven others (74LS74, 74LS14, 74LS139, 74LS02, 74LS273, and two 74LS16s).It shows how difficult it can be for independent third-party suppliers to keep abreast of Tandy's intentions at the hardware level. The Color Computer continues to be rejuvenated--maybe Tandy hopes that it will become their Apple IIThey denied it all as usual. But you can tell. There's a prototype or two somewhere....I've taken a look at two disk operating systems for the Color Computer. The first is ADOS from SpectroSystems. The second is Spectrum DOS 1.0 from Spectrum Projects. The products share many similarities, but I'll go over each one separately rather than comparing side by side. ADOSThe first involves switching to a memory map whereby 64K of RAM is addressed. This 64K contains the new DOS. The other way is to extract the ROM from the diskSo ADOS can be implemented either from RAM in 64K mode or from ROM if you have the ability get an EPROM burned in.The manual for ADOS consists of 11 pages of clearly written text which I though was OK. This isn't glossy magazine stuff. It is a concise description of the DOS commands and how to use them written for someone who already understands Tandy's DOS.I wish all operating systems (disk or otherwise) had this facility. How often have you typed in a long command line only to have the computer throw it back at you for a single typo. ADOS lets you edit the last command line using the Basic line editor. Simply entering a slash brings up the entire last line input with the edit mode invoked. You simply correct any typos and press Enter. The command is then handed back to the computer as if you had retyped it. This is a nice feature.I use Dennis Kitsz's lowerkit and constantly find myself in lowercase simply because it is less ugly than the Tandy inverse uppercase. Hence, the computer keeps complaining about syntax errors just because of the case I happen to be in while typing. ADOS brings some sanity back to that scenario by happily working in either case.This lets you choose 42.51 or 64 characters per line. I wish 32 characters per line had been included so you could have a simulated low-resolution lowercase driver. However, this is only a barebones utility which doesn't react visibly to a CLS command or the Clear key.The PRT ON option is apparently used when using the DIRP and CATP commands. DIRP sends the output of the DIR command to the printer and CATP sends the output of a CAT command to the printer. DIR is the same as the Tandy DIR commandCAT gives a two-column directory, letting you get more information on a single line. Using CATP gives a printed directory suitable for attaching to a disk envelope.I don't like that. I think it is the responsibility of the operating system to deal with such situations.This lets you list the contents of an ASCII file or gives you the addresses involved with a machine code file. However, interrupting a file scan with the Break key requires a CLOSE command to be issued to avoid a subsequent AD error. This is only a minor problem, but it seems such a pity to allow the hard work involved in writing a DOS to be compromised by simple Break-key trapping. (Maybe previous Tandy Gram columns will help!)Many operating systems are equipped with facilities for debugging and this simple version makes up for the omission in Tandy's DOS. Spectrum DOS 1.0Customizing utilities are also provided. The run-down of Spectrum DOS 1.0 commands is shown in Table 2.The manual is not a strong point, I'm afraid. I would never have dared turn anything like this over to my English teacher. Also, at a mere six pages, this DOS is ill served by its manual. A little more discussion of some of the commands would serve both to illustrate and encourageI shouldn't even have to comment on a feature such as this which should be standard in any DOS whether it be for a Cray, a Color Computer, or a programmable calculator. Tandy was not thinking when they left if out. Spectrum DOS also lets you use any number of tracks on your drive so you can hook up an 80-track drive if you wish.A keyboard repeat feature is part of the package; to repeat a key, simply hold it down and the character shifts to second gear.It doesn't feel like a separate software driver. The Clear key and the CLS command both work properly, and it is simple to revert back to normal low-resolution graphics with the NORMAL command.Both commands allow you to copy Basic lines from one part of a program and place them in another. LMOVE deletes the old lines, whereas LCOPY leaves them intact. Another nice command is OLD. Have you ever had that flash of panic when you typed in NEW and realized you hadn't saved the program first. Nasty isn't it? Salvation is at hand with the OLD command. As long as you don't add any line numbers after your NEW command, OLD will restoreTyping HELP brings to the screen a display of all the new commands along with the required syntax for their use. SummaryAs for which one is better, I find it difficult to decide. Spectrum DOS 1.0 may have a slight edge, but I'm not comfortable with the thought that I could crash it so easily. ADOS stayed intact during my wild forays into its commands. A scan through the features of each DOS versus your own particular requirements will be your best guide. Most CoCo games would start up with a title screen and invited the user to press the reset button until the colors were correct. The CoCo 3 fixed the clock-edge problem so it was always the same (holding F1 during reset would choose the other). On a CoCo 3 with an analog RGB monitor, the black and white dot patterns do not artifact; you'll need to use a TV or composite monitor, or patch the games to use the hardware 128x192 four color mode (where the GIME chip allows the color choices to be mapped).Several adapter boards were available as third party add-ons that would allow the CoCo to display real lowercase characters.Its other changes were mainly to reduce parts count by incorporating an internal data latch. The lower case capability of this VDG is not enabled by default on this system and is not even mentioned in the manual. Only through some tinkering and research was this feature discovered by intrepid CoCo users.Later, due to changes in the keyboard design, it was found that the 6822 IIA (industrial interface adapter) was better suited to the keyboard's impedance. Later the 6822 was discontinued by Motorola but was produced for Tandy as an ASIC with a special Tandy part number- SC67331P. Functionally the 6821 and 6822 are identical and one can put a 6821 in place of the 6822 if that part is bad. Some external pull-up resistors may be needed to use a 6821 to replace a 6822 in a CoCo for normal keyboard operation.This means that precise software controlled timing loops are easily implemented. This reduces hardware cost, but reduces system performance as the MPU is unavailable during these operations. While this is happening, the CoCo cannot do anything else as this uses all the CPU time. Similarly, to read data off the cassette, the CoCo must count waveform crossings and thus cannot do anything else until either an error occurs or the operation ends.The only differences were in packaging and some integration of some functions into small ASICs.