8086 assembly language reference manual
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8086 assembly language reference manualPlease consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. ( November 2017 ) The instructions are usually part of an executable program, often stored as a computer file and executed on the processor.The updated instruction set is also grouped according to architecture ( i386, i486, i686 ) and more generally is referred to as x86 32 and x86 64 (also known as AMD64 ).Later Intel's documentation has the generic form too. NEC V20 and V30 (and possibly other NEC V-series CPUs) always use base 10, and ignore the argument, causing a number of incompatibilities Later CPUs use 0x0F as a prefix for newer instructions. The assembler will translate these to a RETN or a RETF depending on the memory model of the target system. Takes two operands: the amount of storage to be allocated on the stack and the nesting level of the procedure.Usually used to change between little endian and big endian representations.If equal, set ZF and load ECX:EBX into m64. Else, clear ZF and load m64 into EDX:EAX.Resumes from System Management Mode (SMM)They are usable for both integer and floating point operations, see below.This instruction is provided for software testing to explicitly generate an invalid opcode. The opcode for this instruction is reserved for this purpose.Note that on the Pentium Pro, the CPUID instruction incorrectly reports these instructions as available.This is the polynomial used in iSCSI. In contrast to the more popular one used in Ethernet, its parity is even, and it can thus detect any error with an odd number of changed bits.The operand of this instruction is always 64 bits and is always in memory. Does not affect other flags than the carry.Does not affect other flags than the overflow.They are shared with the FPU registers.The upper bits of the register are filled with zeros.For video encodingThe bundle did not include the full set of Intel's SSE4 instructions, making it a competitor to SSE4 rather than a successor.https://www.cnsostudios.com/images/dea-prescribers-manual.xml
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AMD chose not to implement SSE5 as originally proposed, however, derived SSE extensions were introduced.Not supported by any intel chip as of 2017.FMA4 was realized in hardware before FMA3.The other half of the destination is unchanged.Alternatively, conditionally writes any number of elements from a SIMD vector register operand to a vector memory operand, leaving the remaining elements of the memory operand unchanged. On the AMD Jaguar processor architecture, this instruction with a memory source operand takes more than 300 clock cycles when the mask is zero, in which case the instruction should do nothing.Used when switching between 128-bit use and 256-bit use.Used when switching between 128-bit use and 256-bit use.These are register versions of the same instructions in AVX1. There is no 128-bit version however, but the same effect can be simply achieved using VINSERTF128.The other half of the destination is unchanged.Alternatively, conditionally writes any number of elements from a SIMD vector register operand to a vector memory operand, leaving the remaining elements of the memory operand unchanged.Allows variable shifts where each element is shifted according to the packed input.Allows variable shifts where each element is shifted according to the packed input.They can be found in various sources across the Internet, such as Ralf Brown's Interrupt List and at sandpile.org It interacts with ICE mode.The instruction brings down the upper word of the doubleword register without affecting its upper 16 bits. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Retrieved 11 December 2014. Retrieved 2010-11-07. Retrieved 2010-11-07. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. LA - undYou are free to copy, distribute and use the database; to produce works from the database; to modify, transform and build upon the database.http://fechart.com/userfiles/deacon-manual-caring-ministries.xml As long as you attribute the data sets to the source, publish your adapted database with ODbL license, and keep the dataset open (don't use technical measures such as DRM to restrict access to the database). The datasets are also available as weekly exports. For more details of the operation and a summary of the exceptions, refer to the Intel 486 Microprocessor Family Programmer's Reference Manual from Intel Corporation. The operand-size is either 16 or 32 bits. An instruction that accesses 16-bit words or 32-bit longs has an operand-size attribute of either 16 or 32 bits. For example, the following indicates that an 8-, 16-, or 32-bit immediate value is permitted in an instruction: The 80387, 80486 deals with three data types: integer, packed decimal, and real. If the operation is on an integer, the following suffixes apply: none for Intel's short (16 bits), l for Intel's long (32 bits), and ll for Intel's longlong (64 bits). If the operator applies to reals, then: s is short (32 bits), l is long (64 bits), and t is temporary real (80 bits). If there is a choice between operand sizes, the assembler will choose the smallest representation. The 16-bit segment registers are: cs, ds, ss, es, fs, and gs. The test registers are: tr6 and tr7. An operand can be any of the following: The direction is opposite of that described in the IA 486 Microprocessor Family Programmer's Reference Manual. For more information on specific instruction descriptions, please refer to the Intel 486 Microprocessor Family Programmer's Reference Manual from Intel Corporation. Load the desired port number into the DX register and the desired destination address into the DI or EDI index register before executing the in s instruction. After a transfer occurs, the destination-index register is automatically incremented or decremented as determined by the value of the direction flag (DF). The increment or decrement count is 1 for a byte transfer, 2 for a word, and 4 for a long. Use the rep prefix with the ins instruction for a block transfer of CX bytes or words. Load the desired port number into the DX register and the desired source address into the SI or ESI index register before executing the outs instruction. Use the rep prefix with the outs instruction for a block transfer of CX bytes or words. The bits (lsb to msb) are: sign, zero, indeterminate, auxiliary carry, indeterminate, parity, indeterminate, and carry. Stores a word in FLAGS; stores a long in EFLAGS. For a long, SP - 4 and copies EFLAGS to the new top of stack pointed to by SS:eSP. External interrupts disabled at the end of the cli instruction or from that point on until the interrupt flag is set. When an immediate byte is added to a word or long, the immediate value is sign-extended to the size of the word or long operand. When an immediate byte value is subtracted from a word, the immediate value is sign-extended to the size of the word operand before the subtract operation is executed. When an immediate byte value is subtracted from a word, the immediate value is sign-extended to the size of the word operand before the subtract operation is executed. If an operand greater than one byte is compared to an immediate byte, the immediate byte value is first sign-extended. Use the add instruction with an immediate value of 1 to change the carry flag. Does not change the carry flag. To change the carry flag, use the sub instruction with an immediate value of 1. The result of a bit-wise logical AND is 1 if the value of that bit in both operands is 1; otherwise, the result is 0. test discards the results and modifies the flags. The OF and CF flags are cleared; SF, ZF and PF flags are set according to the result. The second variation left shifts by a count value specified in the CL register. The high-order bit is shifted into the carry flag; the low-order bit is set to 0. The second variation right shifts by a count value specified in the CL register.https://pazayac.com/images/808-manual-battery.pdfThe second variation divides by a count value specified in the CL register.The result is stored in that particular word or long. The result is stored in that particular word or long. The upper and lower bounds are specified by a 16- or 32-bit register or memory value. If the signed array index value is not within the bounds, an Interrupt 5 occurs; the return EIP points to the bound instruction. Store the result in the DX register: Store the result in the EDX register: The quotient is stored in the AL, AX, or EAX register respectively. The size of the divisor (8-, 16- or 32-bit operand) determines the particular register used as the dividend. The size of the divisor (8-, 16- or 32-bit operand) determines the particular register used as the dividend, quotient, and remainder. Non-integral quotients are truncated toward 0. The remainder has the same sign as the dividend; the absolute value of the remainder is always less than the absolute value of the divisor. The top nibble of AL is set to 0. To convert AL to an ASCII result, follow the aaa instruction with: The top nibble of AL is set to 0. To convert AL to an ASCII result, follow the aas instruction with: The result is less than 100 so it can be contained in the AL register (the low byte of the AX register).The least-significant digit is in AL; the most-significant in AH. Before executing the move instruction, load the index values into the SI source- and DI destination-index registers. A source operand, however, can span segments; the default is DS. Before executing the move instruction, load the index values into the DI destination-index register. Before executing the lods instruction, load the index values into the SI source-index register. The result is discarded; only the flags are set. The destination operand must be addressable from the ES register; it cannot span segments. AL should be the unsigned index into a table addressed by DS:BX (16-bit address) or DS:EBX (32-bit address). Each prefix causes the associated string instruction to repeat until the count register (CX) or the zero flag (ZF) matches a tested condition. When the called procedure completes, execution flow resumes at the instruction following the lcall instruction (see the return instruction). Both forms of the lcall instruction push the CS and IP or EIP registers as a return address. When the called procedure completes, execution flow resumes at the instruction following the call instruction (see the return instruction). For rel16, the upper 16 bits of EIP are cleared to zero resulting in an offset value that does not exceed 16 bits. After the procedure completes, the offset is popped by a near ret instruction within the procedure. This address is usually placed on the stack by a call instruction. Issue the ret instruction within the called procedure to resume execution flow at the instruction following the call. Typically, these bytes or words are used as input parameters to the called procedure. The CS register remains unchanged. Release the next 16-bytes of parameters. This address is usually placed on the stack by an lcall instruction. Issue the lret instruction within the called procedure to resume execution flow at the instruction following the call. Typically, these bytes or words are used as input parameters to the called procedure. The offset is popped first, followed by the selector. In Protected mode, an intersegment return causes the processor to check the descriptor addressed by the return selector. The AR byte of the descriptor must indicate a code segment of equal or lesser privilege (or greater or equal numeric value) than the current privilege level. Returns to a lesser privilege level cause the stack to be reloaded from the value saved beyond the parameter block. Release the next 16-bytes of parameters. The imm16 operand specifies the number of bytes of dynamic storage allocated on the stack for the routine being entered. The imm8 operand specifies the lexical nesting level (0 to 31) of the routine within the high-level language source code. The nesting level determines the number of stack frame pointers copied into the new stack frame from the preceding frame. A subsequent ret nn instruction removes any arguments pushed onto the stack of the exiting procedure. Conditions are checked for by the particular form of loop you used. If the conditions match, a short jump is made to the address specified by the disp8 operand.Prior to using the loop instruction, load the count register with an unsigned iteration count. Then, add the loop instruction at the end of a series of instructions to be iterated. The disp8 operand points to the beginning of the iterative loop. For rel16, the upper 16 bits of EIP are cleared to zero resulting in an offset value not to exceed 16 bits. In Protected mode, both long pointer forms consult the AR (Access Rights) byte of the descriptor indexed by the selector part of the long pointer. The jmp performs one of the following control transfers depending on the value of the AR byte: The imm8 (0 to 255) operand specifies an index number into the IDT (Interrupt Descriptor Table) of the interrupt routine to be called. In Protect Mode, the IDT consists of an array of 8-byte descriptors; the descriptor for the interrupt invoked must indicate an interrupt, trap, or task gate. In Real Address Mode, the IDT is an array of four byte-long pointers. In Protected and Real Address Modes, the base linear address of the IDT is defined by the contents of the IDTR. Some of these interrupts are used for internally generated exceptions. Interrupt procedures return via the iret instruction, which pops the flags and return address from the stack. In Protected Mode, the setting of the nested task flag (NT) determines the action of iret. The IOPL flag register bits are changed when CPL equals 0 and the new flag image is popped from the stack. If the returned code is less privileged, iret pops SS and the stack pointer from the stack. The code that follows iret is executed if the task is re-entered. LDTR is stored into the two-byte register or the memory location. STR is stored into the two-byte register or the memory location. The operand (word) contains a selector to a local GDT (Global Descriptor Table). The descriptor registers are not affected.The task state segment LDT field does not change. The loaded task state segment is tagged busy. A task switch does not occur. VERR and VERW determine if the indicated segment can be reached in the current privilege level and whether it is readable (VERR) or writable (VERW). If the segment can be accessed, the zero flag (ZF) is set to 1, otherwise the zero flag is set to 0. For the zero flag to be set these conditions must be met: The validation results are indicated by the zero flag. The value of the selector cannot result in an exception. If the operand-size attribute is 32-bits: The designated register is loaded with the double-word (high-order) of the descriptor masked by 00FxFF00, and the zero flag is set to 1. The x in 00Fx. indicates that these four bits loaded by lar are undefined. The zero flag is cleared if the selector is invisible or of the wrong type. If the 16-bit operand size is specified, the lower 16-bits of this value are stored in the 16-bit destination register. The descriptor type must be accepted by lsl, and the source selector must be visible at the CPL weakened by RPL. ZF is then set to 1. Otherwise, ZF is set to 0 and the destination register is unchanged. A page value limit in the descriptor is translated by lsl to a byte limit before lsl loads it in the destination register (the 20-bit limit from the descriptor is shifted left 12 and OR'd with 00000FFFH). The TS Flag is set by the 80386 for each task switch. The TS Flag is used as follows: The fault handler resets the TS Flag and saves the context. The first operand is a 16-bit word register or memory variable that contains the value of a selector. The second operand is a word register. If the RPL field of the second operand is greater than the RPL field of the first operand, ZF is set to 1 and the RPL field of the first operand is increased to match the RPL field of the second operand. Otherwise, no change is made to the first operand and the ZF is set to 0. Normally, the second operand of arpl is a register that contains the CS selector value of the caller. If the bits are all zero, ZF is cleared. Otherwise, ZF is set and the bit index of the first set bit, found while scanning in the forward direction, is loaded into the destination register. If the bits are all zero, ZF is cleared. Otherwise, ZF is set and the bit index of the first set bit found, while scanning in the reverse direction, is loaded into the destination register Use condition codes: Use condition codes shown for fucom. Then pop the stack. Use condition codes shown for fucom. Then pop the stack twice. The specified register determines the operand-size attribute if the instruction. The USE attribute of the segment containing the second operand determines the address-size attribute. The descriptor table entry for the selector contains the data for the register. The DS and ES registers can be loaded with a null selector without causing an exception.Special actions and checks result from loading a segment register under Protected Mode. The result is stored in the destination register by movsx. The result is stored in the destination register by movzx. However, the SP value is not loaded into SP, It is discarded.DI is the first register popped. However, the ESP value is not loaded into ESP, it is discarded.EDI is the first register popped. The stack pointer is decremented by 16 by pusha to hold the eight word values. The stack pointer is decremented by 32 by pushad to hold the eight doubleword values. The registers are pushed onto the stack in the order received; the stack bytes appear in reverse order. DI or EDI is the last stack pushed. The carry flag (CF) is included in the rotation. The most significant bit is rotated to the carry flag, the carry flag is rotated to the least significant bit position, all other bits are shifted to the left. The result includes the original value of the carry flag. The value is either the contents of the CL register or an immediate number. For a single rotate, where the first operand is one, the overflow flag (OF) is defined. For all other cases, OF is undefined. After the shift, the carry flag bit is XORed with the most significant result bit. The carry flag (CF) is included in the rotation. The least significant bit is rotated to the carry flag, the carry flag is rotated to the most significant bit position, all other bits are shifted to the right. After the shift, the carry flag bit is XORed with the two most significant result bits. The most significant bit is rotated to the carry flag, the carry flag is rotated to the least significant bit position, all other bits are shifted to the left. The result does not include the original value of the carry flag. The value is either the contents of the CL register or an immediate number. After the shift, the carry flag bit is XORed with the most significant result bit. The least significant bit is rotated to the carry flag, the carry flag is rotated to the most significant bit position, all other bits are shifted to the right. The result does not include the original value of the carry flag. The first operand value indicates how many times the rotate takes place. The value is either the contents of the CL register or an immediate number. After the shift, the carry flag bit is XORed with the two most significant result bits. If the condition is not met, set cc stores a zero byte. The following table lists the set cc condition options. Similar condition options are separated by commas, followed by the flag condition. During the exchange, BUS LOCK is asserted (regardless of the value of IOPL or the LOCK prefix) if a memory operand is part of the exchange. If a lock prefix is used with any other instructions, an undefined opcode trap is generated. The previous instruction: The xchgl eax, eax instruction is an alias for the nop instruction. Address PrefixData PrefixExecution is resumed by an nmi or an enabled interrupt. After a halt, if an interrupt is used to continue execution, the saved CS:EIP or CS:IP value points to the next instruction (after the halt ). The register used before the stack top-pointer is decremented, is the register number used if the source is a register. The destination can be a single- or double-real memory operand or another register. The destination can be a single-, double-, or extended-real memory operand, or another register. Then pop the stack register. This error has been made in many IA-32 assemblers and would probably cause problems if it were fixed. AH accumulator high-order byte (8 AL accumulator low-order byte (8 BX accumulator (16 bit). BH accumulator high-order byte (8 BL accumulator low-order byte (8 CX count and accumulator (16 bit). CH count high order byte (8 bit). CL count low order byte (8 bit). DH data high order byte (8 bit). DL data low order byte (8 bit) DS data segment (16 bit). SS stack segment (16 bit). ES extra segment (16 bit) SI source index (16 bit) BP base pointer (16 bit). IP instruction pointer (16 bit) Every memory reference uses one of the four segment registers plus an offset. The segment register isThe code segment register isThe stack segmentThe extra segment is general purpose segment register. The data segment register is the default register to calculate data operations,For exampleTheir are three elementsThe first element is a base register, this can beThe second element is one of the index register, SI or DI. The third elementOFFSET. This directive makes the assembler calculate the distant from theFor example The source can only be a general purpose register. Only the general purpose registersOverflow OF Set when their is a carry from the most significant bit Sign SF Set if the last operation resulted in a negative number. Zero ZF Set if last operation resulted in a zero. Carry CF Show carry out or borrow into leftmost bit position. Parity PF Set if last operation resulted in an even parity. Aux Carry AF Indicates carry or borrow for eight bit operation These instructions are unique to the 80x86 family of processor. They provide. FAST efficient string manipulation techniques. LODSB moves a byte DS:SI AL. LODSW moves a word DS:SI AX. STOSB moves a byte AL ES:DI. STOSW moves a word AX ES:DI. MOVSB moves a byte DS:SI ES:DI. MOVSW moves a word DS:SI ES:DI. SCASB compares bytes AX ES:DI. SCASW compares word AX ES:DI. CMPSB compares bytes DS:SI ES:DI. CMPSW compares word DS:SI ES:DI After each execution ofTo uses theseThe direction register can be set with either: CLD Clear direction flag for increment. STD Set direction flag for decrement Some of this information is common toThere are evenTheir are several ways to tell theThe programmerThe same name can be usedEach time the name is encounteredThis allows for 64K segments. This allows for up to 4 GbSegments withThe optionsMemory referencesMemory referencesNo data array can exceed 64K. All references are FAR. No data array can exceed 64K. All references are FAR. Data array can exceed 64K. Pointers to elements within an array are far. This register is the default segment register used for all memory referencesThe user isThe most common way ofThis directive is toP3 Number 0038. P4 Word DGROUP:0004 Equates are defined but are not part of the object code. Error messages areThe first part of the Symbol tableThe next section contains theThe last section contain a summary of theAn error messageAssembler Reference Guide AH accumulator high-order byte (8 AL accumulator low-order byte (8 BX accumulator (16 bit). IP instruction pointer (16 bit) Overflow OF Set when a carry results from the MSB. Direction DF Indicates the direction for the string Sign SF Set if last operation resulted in a Zero ZF Set if last operation resulted in a zero. Carry CF Show carry out or borrow in. Parity PF Set if last operation resulted in an even Aux Carry AF Indicates carry or borrow for eight bit LODSB moves a byte DS:SI AL. CMPSW compares word DS:SI ES:DI CLD Clear direction flag for increment. STD Set direction flag for decrement This directive is to. By using our website and services, you expressly agree to the placement of our performance, functionality and advertising cookies. Please see our Privacy Policy for more information. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience for this site. Try Findchips PRO After assembling the source input, MCCAP produces an assembly listing and machine-readable, overlay. It assembles,, automatic subroutine handling, conditional assembly and extended instructions. These features significantly These features, presented in the manual. After assembling the source Input, MCCAP produces an as sembly listing and Emulator pod assembly for 6809E, 68A09E, and 68B09E.Assembly language programmers must ensure their code observes the policy, too. Though some user module API, -bit DACs that are internal to this user module are used to set the reference for the lower and upper, reference DACs. The choices are 1.3V and 2.6V. RefHigh Configures the high reference of the DAC output voltage.Software topics are given moderately detailed CQverage. The manual serves as a reference source during, vehicles for modular, high level language programming (in addition to assembly language programming). The, assembly language programming which emphasizes register based data and linear programs. Over the last, ) are not generally written in assembly language. They are developed in individually compiled modules The remaining chapters describe in The manual is written to complement,.1-11 6. Assembly Language Interface. 1-11 7. Parameter S ta, language is beyond the scope of this manual, we assume that the reader is familiar with the following, you have at least a basic knowledge of the 6811 assembly language.Due to variations in assembly methods and normal yield loss A short time later, interrupt controller This manual can be divided into two parts. The first part describes the MUART in detail, printer multiplexer and some useful reference information. DESCRIPTION OF THE MUART The MUART can be, crystal frequency for the 8085 results in a 3. 072MHz frequency from the 8085 's CLK pin.) If the system This means that the 8085 clock oscillator is operating (or if an The assembler translates symbolic 2920 assembly language programs into the machine operation codes. The user can load the codes into the 2920, capacitor connections for the input signal sample and hold circuit. Many mathematical formulas are broken, and there are likely to be other bugs as well. These will most likely not be fixed. You may be able to find more up-to-date versions of some of these notes at. This document starts with pointers to IA-32 assembly language documentation and then continues with some specific details that might be more directly relevant to the course. Then move on to the See the gas manual for an extensive discussion of this. A less authoritative guide to x86 assembly written in gas syntax can be found at. With sufficiently clever use of this feature you can keep most of your code in C and use assembly only for very specific low-level tasks (like manipulating segment registers, calling BIOS routines, or executing special-purpose instructions that never show up as a result of normal C code like int or iret ). See the gcc documentation for more on using the asm mechanism.The main advantage of real mode is that you have a flat 20-bit address space running from 0x00000 to 0xFFFFFF and no memory management or protection issues to worry about. The disadvantage is that you only have 16-bit address registers to address this 20-bit space. The trick that Intel's engineers came up with to handle this problem was to us segmented addressing. In addition to the four 16-bit data registers AX, BX, CX, and DX and the four 16-bit address registers BP, SP, DI, and SI there are four 16-bit segment registers (later extended to six) CS, DS, ES, and SS.An instruction is written as an opcode followed by its operands separated by commas. Perhaps the most useful opcode is mov, equivalent to an assignment. If you don't add the size tag the assembler picks one based on the size of the destination operand. But we can always specify the segment register explicitly as in the last example. Targets are labels which are followed by a colon (think goto in C): loop:These push or pop the IP register on the stack as appropriate. The int and iret instructions are slightly more complicated variants of these used for simulating interrupts; we'll run into these more later. See the documentation for many more instructions. CategoryOperatingSystemsNotes.