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capital letter after colon chicago manualI noticed you didn’t do that. (“Check it out in printed books and magazines and newspapers: you probably won’t find any double periods after abbreviations.”). Get Grammarly It's Free Real-time suggestions, wherever you write. Get Grammarly It's Free Capitalization After Colons Grammarly Basics Capitalization: First Word After a Colon Grammarly can save you from misspellings, grammatical and punctuation mistakes, and other writing issues on all your favorite websites. Read on for details. Many writers avoid this punctuation mark because they’re unsure how to use it properly. Colons can be quite useful, though. Not only do they introduce lists, but they also alert the reader to an explanation of the previous sentence. Colons provide a way of expounding upon information in such a way that connects the ideas in two or more sentences. As with so many things in the English language, capitalization with colons can be complex, and many times, it’s more of a style issue than one of correctness. According to APA Style, the first word after the colon is capitalized only if it begins a complete sentence. Consider the examples below: In their view, the word following a colon should be capitalized only if there are two explanatory sentences following the colon. Look at the examples below: She also likes the way it looks. It is never ok to capitalize the word after a colon when the word introduces a list. The following sentences illustrate this hard-and-fast rule: Get Grammarly for free Works on all your favorite websites Related Articles Writing 9 Powerful Writing Apps for Any Type of Writing Project Basics What Is a Writing Assistant.View Comments Write with confidence. Get real-time suggestions wherever you write. To see search results from any of these areas of The Chicago Manual of Style Online, click on the appropriate tab.In an indented.index, no punctuation is used after the main heading. A colon is also used in a cross-reference to a. The Chicago.http://www.lustigersteirer.at/userfiles/crown-160ma-manual.xml
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The Chicago Manual of Style Online. The Chicago Manual of Style is a registered trademark of The University. However, you can use our simplified guide below to help you spend less time Googling and more time writing. However, there are some general guidelines that are universal regarding capitalization after a colon: When a colon introduces an incomplete sentence, do not capitalize the first letter unless it is a proper noun. According to some style guides, you may capitalize the first letter following a colon if the colon introduces a complete sentence. Read on for more details. Karen had very peculiar eating habits: She refused to eat anything green. She also had to drink carbonated water with every meal. Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises begins with an abrupt introduction to a key supporting character: “Robert Cohn was once middleweight boxing champion of Princeton.” It rained for one week straight: The residents of the village stayed locked in their homes. Share them in the comments below! The information provided is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial, tax, or legal advice.This compensation may impact how and where products appear on this site (including, for example, the order in which they appear). The strategy I happen to use is pretty brain-free, which is to say that it follows AP style. Lucky for us, AP and Chicago agree on one thing before they part ways. AP (p. 366): Lowercase the first word unless it is a proper noun or the start of a complete sentence. These are some of my favorite things to have for dinner: ravioli, Ethiopian food and breakfast. She told me her secret ingredient: It was butter. Chicago (6.61): Lowercase the first word unless it is a proper noun or the start of at least two complete sentences or a direct question. I finished reading my friend’s first draft: it was painful. We can do several things this weekend: We can watch King’s Speech. We can do our taxes. Or we can have a tequila party.http://polipack.ru/content/crown-1000-manual.xml AP and Chicago agree on one thing before they part ways. In my work, I come across some pretty bizarre colon usage which I’d like to eradicate. Therefore, please commit the following to memory: Don’t use more than one colon in the same sentence. Don’t add anything else to a sentence after you’ve finished introducing the element(s). For that, I prescribe a pair of em dashes to set off the element(s) instead. Lose the colon before a subtitle, or secondary title, when the title is displayed on a book cover (or movie poster); by convention, the colon is understood. Don’t use a semicolon instead of a colon to introduce a clause. A note about colons and spaces: Although I, too, was raised to put two spaces after periods, colons, exclamation points, and question marks by a typewriting teacher who was alive during the Great Depression, it is no longer correct to do so, especially in this age of beautifully typeset materials. The fastest way to clean extra spaces from your copy is to use Microsoft Word to “find” two spaces and “replace” them with one space, and then repeat until two spaces cannot be found. Though AP only gives the colon a scant 7 column inches of space compared to Chicago’s 2 pages’ worth, it goes out of its way to tack on a little note barring the combination of a dash and a colon. Log in to Reply Jeff Finley on September 3, 2015 at 4:44 pm Thank you; this is helpful. Log in to Reply Holly on October 28, 2015 at 10:27 pm Thanks!! Log in to Reply Emily Parrino on November 8, 2015 at 6:15 pm This is helpful. I love the Oxford comma, but I have to use AP. Knowing when to use a colon—and how to use it properly—is difficult. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. “Edit or Die” T-Shirts “Edit or Die” Mug Offended. Visit My Other Site My Editors of Color Database. BE THE FIRST TO KNOW about new musings and merch via emails from AP vs. Chicago. I super care about your privacy. Opt out anytime. PLEASE GIMME Now you've done it. Data submitted by this form will be used only by Quiet Press and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Pin It on Pinterest Share This Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest. For the best experience, this site requires Internet Explorer 10 or higher. Click here to learn about upgrading. While most of our site should function with out, we recommend turning it back on for a better experience. Do you capitalize the first word of that second sentence. Why would you use a colon between the two sentences rather than a period or a semicolon? If two or more sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first word of each sentence following. Garlic also enhances the flavor of lasagna, one of my favorite dishes. Now, should you capitalize the first word after a colon if it begins a list rather than a new sentence? You will also find more inventory and friendly sales help. 3. I need the following items from the store: Bread, salt, and sugar. You will also find more inventory and friendly sales help. 3. I need the following items from the store: bread, salt, and sugar. Or should the first word “do” not be capitalized if only one sentence? Do we have a case here of British English vs. American English? When things are done differently from what we are used to seeing, they can look strange. After all, paragraphs are treated independently. If two or more sentences follow the colon in the same paragraph, capitalize the first word of each sentence following. Anytime you start a new paragraph, you would capitalize the first word. Are capitals required. And is a period required only after the last item in the list? If each bullet or numbered point is a complete sentence, capitalize the first word and end each sentence with proper ending punctuation. The rule of thumb is to be consistent.” Since none of your numbered points are complete sentences, capital letters and periods are not required. Which of these would be correct?http://eurocomes.com/images/capacitor-manual-pdf.pdf Heads of state like the very president of the United States, T. F. Roosevelt, as well as his minister Wallace. Poets like the Indian Rabindranath Tagore. Artists like the Americans Robert Edmund Jones and Rockwell Kent, or the Spaniard Ignacio Zuloaga. Musicians like the Russians Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Koussevitzky, or the American Leopold Stokowski. Writers like George Bernard Shaw, Herbert George Wells, and Ernest Hemingway. And filmmakers like Charlie Chaplin. You should not capitalize after semicolons since the semicolons are simply separating units in a series that contains commas. Nor should you use periods, since the phrases are not complete sentences. The article the is unnecessary before invaluable. Since this is a very complicated sentence, you may also want to consider breaking it into two or more sentences. Where is the event? The a following the fourth point is not necessary. The reason for my confusion is that if “On” began a second sentence, that second sentence would not be a sentence, at all, but a fragment, right? The word “on” should not be capitalized. You are correct that if “on” begins the sentence, it is a sentence fragment. (Writers beware: some word processing programs automatically capitalize the first letter following a period, requiring that you manually change it back to lowercase.) To my eye, a capital letter after a colon LOOKS better and I believe it helps in understanding, too. Your capitalization of the word “bread” may look better to you, but since bread is not a proper noun, nor is it the first word in a complete sentence, it does not make sense, grammatically speaking, to capitalize it. Note: you can also create campaigns. Capitalizing a sentence after a colon is generally a judgment call; if what follows a colon is closely related to what precedes it, there is no need for a capital. My feeling is that if you cannot capitalize after a semicolon without changing the sense, then a colon would have done anyway ! You slow down, then stop at the end of the second sentence.” Therefore, it is incorrect to capitalize after a semicolon. We assume there will be an introductory sentence that includes a colon. If only one sentence follows the colon, it is often not necessary to capitalize the first word of the new sentence. If two or more sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first word of each sentence following. Your list contains more than one sentence. Therefore, capitalize the first word and end each sentence with appropriate ending punctuation.We recommend using a space after the parenthesis in each point. Example: I came to some conclusions after visiting your website today: 1) I like your website. 2) Grammar is very tricky. 3) I wish I would have paid more attention in my grammar class. Poetry and the development of oral fluency: a study using poetry in EFL instruction. Poetry and The Development of Oral Fluency: A Study Using Poetry in EFL Instruction. Your example is a title, not a sentence. The colon is used to separate the main title from the subtitle. If the title belongs to a book, it should be italicized. If it is an unpublished work or an article, use quotation marks. We recommend capitalizing and punctuating as follows: Poetry and the Development of Oral Fluency: A Study Using Poetry in EFL Instruction OR “Poetry and the Development of Oral Fluency: A Study Using Poetry in EFL Instruction” Garlic is NOT used generously in Italian dishes in Italy; it is used generously in supposedly Italian-looking dishes across the world (all right, admit that sometimes Italian restaurants catering to foreigners submit to their expectations). We Italians make a very sparing use of garlic, and actually most people avoid it like the pest because of the smell it leaves on you.In this way, multiple-choice tests are styled much like unnumbered vertical lists. Capitalizing a sentence after a colon is generally a judgment call; if what follows a colon is closely related to what precedes it, there is no need for a capital. Is it proper to capitalize the first letter for the definition, or is it rather a part of an ongoing list? e.g.: Many regulatory noise limits are specified in terms of dBA, based on the belief that dBA is better correlated with the relative risk of noise-induced hearing loss. In the first, why is dBA in parentheses after the colon. We suggest you choose a method and remain consistent throughout the document. If a complete sentence follows a colon, it is up to the writer to decide whether to capitalize the first word. Unless the word following the ellipsis is a proper noun, it is not capitalized. Please see our rules for ellipses and our post Ellipsis Marks for more information. Why have “up to yous” in some structures and not in others. If the case is to give freedom to the writer, then why not to have freedom in all grammatical structures. If the purpose of grammar is to establish a consistent way of writing, then giving “up to the writer or editor” choices forfeit it. We, the students, are following “professors” that still don’t have solid criteria. With this, I mean the rules’ makers, not the rules’ instructors. In those cases we recommend that the writer exercise consistency. For instance, you wrote “professors” that. Many people would have insisted on “professors” who. Thus you have demonstrated judgment in your own writing. Unrelated comments may be deleted. Your email address will not be published. We use it to mark time (he arrived at 3:15 pm), identify the source of biblical passages (Psalms 23:4), in mathematical ratios (the horse is running at 12:1), and, of course, in Web addresses ( ), among many other places. It’s sometimes used when it’s not needed, or not used when it is. And the biggest question is how to deal with the text that follows one. It signals to a reader that what follows is a list, an elaboration or definition, or something else that continues the thought. It says that what follows is so closely related to the first part of the sentence that a period is too abrupt, but not so close as a comma would indicate. In a driving metaphor, think of a colon as a tap on the brake before moving the car into a curve. Stay with us.” Take the sentence “She has decided: She won’t have surgery to hide the scar.” The phrase “she has decided” warns the reader that the next phrase is directly connected, but also warns the reader that is not a continuous phrase. If you’d used a comma or semicolon there, the reader wouldn’t have gotten the emphasis of the decision as strongly. The colon can also emphasize a single word: “Just one word of advice for you, Benji: plastics.” Take the sentence “His wish list included: Transformers, Hot Wheels, Minecraft figures and Legos.” The colon isn’t needed there, because the word “included” does the same thing the colon would: tells a reader that what follows is a list. It makes little sense to capitalize the beginning of a list (unless it begins with a proper name), but what about when what follows is a single word or other prose? Here are two examples in its “Use of the colon” entry: Yolanda faced a conundrum: She could finish the soup, pretending not to care that what she had thought until a moment ago was a vegetable broth was in fact made from chicken. She could feign satiety and thank the host for a good meal. Or she could use this opportunity to assert her preference for a vegan diet. When a colon introduces two or more sentences,” as in the second example above, “the first word following it is capitalized.” Help us by joining CJR today. Free-floating fact-checking initiatives have lately become big (non-profit) business. In an industry—the written media—whose. That can make you scratch your head and wonder what got into that author. Then, you notice someone else doing it, and you flush hot red, wondering, “Was I supposed to be doing that all along?” Confusion sets in. You just want to distract yourself from the uncertain complexity and move on, not stop what you’re reading and look up niggling rules about something so miniscule. The answer is: sometimes. Maybe? Sorry. Photo by Connor Pope on Unsplash OK, let’s break it down Of course, you’d capitalize the word after a colon if it’s a proper noun or “I.” Or if after the colon comes a quote. But those are obvious, and there really was no question about that. Ahhhh. Big breath. Now it’s time to adult. Never capitalize a word after a colon in these circumstances The colon is introducing a list. It’s used for emphasis with a word or phrase after it, like this — “Archie Andrews knew what he wanted: justice.” There is a fragment after the colon rather than a complete sentence (an independent clause that can stand alone.) There’s a complete sentence, you’re using the Chicago Manual of Style throughout your piece, and there are no more explanatory sentences after the colon. Hm. Kind of weird, I know. Capitalize the word after a colon in these circumstances You’re using MLA, and after the colon is a rule or principle. After the colon, you have a complete sentence, and you’re using APA or AP Style Guide throughout your piece of writing. Capitalize a complete sentence after a colon if you are using either the Chicago Manual of Style, or MLA, and there are multiple explanatory sentences after the colon. Gah! You mean we’re back to this again. Thought we could let that go and move on? Well. How about an example of that? “Jughead wears a crown-like beanie with two buttons most of the time in Riverdale: T hat kind of a cap with sharply scalloped edges is a style that was popular for a while. That wardrobe choice makes sense in the TV show because the crown hat that Jughead worse in the comics was also a popular style for a while.” Maybe? It’s apparently a little hard for people to interpret how strictly to take the style manuals that say you should capitalize after a colon. Many article-writers only say that capitalization is recommended rather than required and that you have a choice. However, the style guides themselves sound pretty certain about the whole thing. Photo by Element5 Digital on Unsplash Which style are you using. Many casual writers, such as bloggers, don’t even realize they’re supposed to chose a style. Since you learned MLA in high school as if it’s the only style, and if you quit studying after that or went on to major in the humanities, you could easily assume you’re supposed to continue going by the same MLA style rules that you were brought up with no matter what or where you write. Many people are required to style prescribed by their department or publisher, however. Citations, such as footnotes, differ dramatically in the various styles. The ones I’m listing here are only a few of the many styles. There are literally thousands. It’s possible in casual writing such as blogging to pick and choose from each style as long as you’re consistent. Your topic matters for which style you pick. Many sources that define what subjects the styles are used for contradict the other sources. There’s quite a bit of overlap in the subjects listed below in which the style guides are common. So prepare yourself. MLA (Modern Languages Association) is popular for liberal arts and humanities studies, particularly related to language and literature (such as literary criticism), cultural studies and film and media studies, dance, philosophy and religion. It is used for classroom instruction, scholars, academic journals and also sometimes for commercial presses. It’s particularly used for arguing a point of analysis. This is what you learned in school. It’s not as extensive as the other style guides and is mostly focused on citation, so if you want guidance on punctuation, another guide like Chicago could be preferable. And if you’re not writing scholarly work, you probably would do well to move on to AP (for news) or Chicago (for books.) Example: Signal phrases are in present tense — “Shakespeare writes,...” APA (American Psychological Association) is commonly used for original research papers and reporting on other research, lab reports, scholarly journals and books, and is core to the psychological sciences, including behavioral, social science, anthropology, politics and sociology. It’s also used for nursing, education and business. If you like to research psychology, you’ve dipped into this one. It’s not as ubiquitous as the others listed here, but if you blog or write books about psychology, this is your familiar. Example: APA focuses on non-biased words regarding gender, race, ability, orientation, etc. CMS (Chicago Manual of Style) is expected with journalism, editorials, humanities, economics, academics, historical journals and corporate style guides. It’s also used in business writing, copywriting, blogging, technical writing. Book publishing, whether fiction or non-fiction, favors this. It’s the most comprehensive style guide and is flexible, allowing writers to make many choices as long as they stay consistent. Your favorite industry-standard traditionally published novel uses this. Example: Chicago and MLA use lowercase for any-length-prepositions in a title. AP (Associated Press) is normally used for corporate mass communications, PR, marketing, news, current events, press releases and journalism. It’s in the news stand. And independent book authors sometimes adopt it. If you write for a newspaper or blog about news, you will probably choose this style. Example: Italics aren’t used in AP Style. Titles of books, movies, etc.Reminder So, if you’re using Chicago, which is probable if you’re a blogger unless you’re focused on news reporting, literary criticism or the sciences, capitalize the first word if the colon introduces multiple sentences that explain what came before that colon. That’s a relatively rare situation, and the only time you need to capitalize, so that’s why you almost never see it happening. Photo by Timothy L Brock on Unsplash Summary So, we’ve gone over the rules for capitalization after colons according to the four most common style guides in American English. We also covered what fields the style guides are used for, so you can determine which one to employ. If you write news, it’s AP, and if you write popular novels, it’s Chicago. If you’re writing Comparative Lit papers, it’s MLA, and if you write psychology research, it’s APA. If you blog, pick which of those topics you cover most. If you write about all sorts of topics, most likely Chicago is right for you. In that case, you only need to capitalize the word after a colon if there are multiple sentences explaining or demonstrating what comes before the colon.:-) Tantra Bensko, MFA, teaches fiction writing with UCLA Extension Writing Program, Writers.com and Online Writing Academy, though which she also edits magazines as well as through Book Butchers. She has hundreds of short stories in magazines, and some of her novels sport gold medals. The Writing Cooperative A community of people helping each other write better. Follow 220 1 Sign up for The Write Up By The Writing Cooperative The Write Up delivers writing advice, encouragement, and challenges right to your inbox each month. The Writing Cooperative is a community of people helping each other write better. Take a look Get this newsletter By signing up, you will create a Medium account if you don’t already have one. Review our Privacy Policy for more information about our privacy practices. Check your inbox Medium sent you an email at to complete your subscription. Writing Punctuation Style Guides Capitalization Grammar 220 claps 220 claps 1 response Written by Tantra Bensko Follow Gold-medal-winning psychological suspense novelist, writing Instructor, manuscript editor living in Berkeley. Follow The Writing Cooperative Follow A community of people helping each other write better. Follow Written by Tantra Bensko Follow Gold-medal-winning psychological suspense novelist, writing Instructor, manuscript editor living in Berkeley. The Writing Cooperative Follow A community of people helping each other write better. On Medium, smart voices and original ideas take center stage - with no ads in sight. Watch Make Medium yours Follow all the topics you care about, and we’ll deliver the best stories for you to your homepage and inbox. Explore Become a member Get unlimited access to the best stories on Medium — and support writers while you’re at it. By Erin Wright Leave a Comment My previous post, “ How to Use Colons,” explains that colons can introduce lists and quotations, conclude salutations, and link titles with subtitles. Today’s post tackles the question of whether you should capitalize the first word of a sentence after a colon. This topic deserves its own post because there is no “absolute” answer. Instead, the decision to use a capital or lowercase letter will depend on your style guide. And as usual, the style guides don’t always agree. Here is a summary of the recommendations provided by four of our primary style guides: The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago style), MLA style from the Modern Language Association, 1 The Associated Press Stylebook (AP style), and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style). Capitalization after Colons — Chicago Style and MLA Style The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago style) and MLA style from the Modern Language Association recommend lowercasing the first word of a sentence after a colon unless the colon precedes multiple closely related sentences, in which case the first word should be capitalized. 2 The train is scheduled to arrive forty-five minutes late: a herd of cattle is crossing the tracks. The train is scheduled to arrive forty-five minutes late: A herd of cattle is crossing the tracks. The cows are taking their time. Note that Chicago style’s student version, commonly called Turabian, also capitalizes the first word after a colon if the colon comes before more than one related sentence. 3 Capitalization after Colons — AP Style and APA Style The Associated Press Stylebook (AP style) and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA style) suggest capitalizing the first word of any complete sentence following a colon. 4 The writer debated the future of her long-unfinished work: Should she finish the novel or start a new one. What about Colons before Quotations. In some cases, colons can introduce run-in quotations that are complete sentences. They can also introduce block quotations beginning with a complete sentence. In both situations, the first word of the quotation is capitalized. Bartholomew answered: “Yes, of course I want more pretzels.” See the following posts for more information about using colons with quotations: How to Introduce Run-in Quotations Block Quotations, Part 1: How to Introduce Block Quotations If you haven’t chosen a style guide and are wondering which one to follow, I always recommend Chicago style for general writing, business writing, and writing geared to traditional publishing. Check out “ Which Style Guide Is Best for You? ” for more information on the guides mentioned here and “ Alternative Style Guides ” for several additional options. References The MLA Handbook does not address capitalization after colons, so all the MLA style information presented here comes from the MLA Style Center website, which is the handbook’s official online extension. Meet the Editor Hello. My name is Erin. I am a professional freelance copy editor specializing in business, research, and technical content. Notify me of new posts by email. Learn how your comment data is processed. Primary Sidebar Are you ready to take your writing and editing to the next level. Visit my Amazon store to see many of the books and supplies I use in my own business. (As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.) Never Miss a Tutorial. Enter your email address to receive notifications of new posts. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Erin Wright with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. We hate grammatical errors with passion. Learn More We hate grammatical errors with passion. Learn More Such as, “The blue sky was beautiful: The sky resembled a cascading fall into the bountiful white clouds.” Should I also capitalize the T in “The”? In the case of a list, it's not necessary. However, in the example you cited, there is almost a new sentence.Capitalization should only occur in the case of the beginning of a new sentence or the in the use of a proper noun. While the two parts of the sentence may be independant clauses, the author has grouped them into one sentence using a conjuntive tool (:). The author is incorrect, and the editors did not know or did not care about the error. Even though, as tk stated, it would commonly be capitalized, it doesn't mean it is correct. In fact, the English language is commonly butchered. The sky was blue; It resembled the ocean.The sky was blue; It resembled the ocean. Buh? The semi-colon is also a conjunctive tool, thus there need not be a capitalization after such. I am amazed, and I like you.I think.