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botswana roads design manualChecking your browser before accessing This process is automatic. Your browser will redirect to your requested content shortly. The document is a work in progress, and all versions are beta version. Download full-text PDF Compiling a docum ent on guidelines in different countries is also one step towards identifying current best practice in des ign. This document provides an overview of what the current standards are in a num ber of different countries. The details are as accurate as cou ld be prepared at the time of publication, but th ere are no claims that they are either complete or full y up to date. 1.2 Structure This document has four main sections: Part A Introduction 1. Introduction with some background notes on guidelines a nd standards 2. Month section this edition has some back ground notes on Ghana 3. Discussion Background discussion on standards a nd guidelines Part B Detail pages The detail pages are grouped into three sectio ns: 4 Country pages - notes on guidelines and standards presented on a cou ntry-by-country basis 5 Multi-country pages - notes on standards which were designed to cov er more than one country 6 Special topics - single page notes listing documents on one or t wo special topics Started to add charts (one onl y in this edition). 05.01 October 2015 Introductory text updated and extended. Page h eaders modified. Section divider sheets ad ded. Several country pages added, other pages upd ated or checked. Some more multi- country standards added. Some updates to the text notes. Deta iled tables modified, with symbols sho wing availability (and with “availability” notes deleted). Version 4 04.03 July 2015 Some pages added, other pages updated or chec ked (here the page titles are usually in red in this version) Also started adding “special topics ” pages. 04.01 March 2015 Modified detail page layout, m inor changes to introduction and text section, new “Multi-c ountry standards” section added, details on severa l more countries added. 03.http://www.lospinello.it/public/news/boyu-fish-tank-manual.xml
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01 July 2014 Modified detail page layout, added intro duction, added more countries, added intr oduction 1.4 Cover notes, disclaimer, copyright This is a research document. The best eff orts have been made to make sure the f igures are correct. However no liability can be taken for an y of the details, information or analysis in this docum ent. The layout, look and feel of this docum ent is copyright.Curr ently focussing on highway geom etrics and parking studies he has also developed new ideas on subjec ts such as GIS and the study of soc ial justice, urban land use classification, and network management systems. Invited to present papers at conferences organised by the EC, the US Institute of T ransportation Engineers, the UK's AGI, and others. Current engineering work: includes techn ical research in highway design standard s and applications in areas such as urban planning and hig hway engineering. Considerable practica l experience with leading UK and international consultancies, co ntractors and government organisa tions in Europe, the Middle East, and South-East Asia. Transport and infrastructure work presentl y involves publications on the dimensions of vehicles, and on road hier archy and streets design. Countries of work experience include: Albania, De nmark, Germany, Holland, Hon g Kong, India, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, P.R.China, Qatar, Rom ania, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, T anzania, UAE, Uganda and the UK. Robert Bartlett has a LinkedIn profile at 1.6 Contact This is a “work in progress” document.Som e 24 of the population live below the national povert y line ( link ). Poverty is worse in the northern p art of the country, whilst Ghana’s population, incom e, and mineral resources are concentrated in the sou thern half of the country. This m anual published in the 1991 was led and funded by the Japanese. It gives a standard for quality design in the Gha naian context.http://modern-pro.ru/files/bozak-mixer-manual.xml Ghanaian Consultants and Regulators regularly consult foreign manuals and other publications in the pursuit of design excellence. It has become fairly common for American, European and British publications to be consulted in the design process where the Geometric Design Manual is found wanting.However, the majorit y of people living in the study neighbourhoods (Abura and Sim iw) do not own personal vehicles. In Greater Acc ra, where jobs are concentrated and roads are bic ycle-unfriendly, 31 percent walk and 2 perc ent only bicycle to work. New technology Ghana may be lacking in terms of modern road design standards, but the countr y seems to very interested in applying new technolog y to the study, planning and development of its r oad networks. Consequently foreign firms may sometim es bring in designs which may not work and th ere’s no way of knowing this by Ghanaian Standards. It is important that as the country strives to attain its Hum an Development goals, this road network will be improved to help the effort.The huge amount of information related to transport infrastructure in Ghana could be put together for its most efficient utilization in planning, design, construction, maintena nce and management of the transport system”. It might also be said that using new techniques such as GIS with in consistent, out-dated and even wrong techniques such as geometric design standards, will l ead to black-box approaches to road planning which will be certain to fail. Companies sell the same goods in scor es of countries, people from one country go on business or holiday trips in other countries and reg ions, most of the time without any particular problem. W e could say the same about road transport - virtually the same cars are sold in every country, people from one country into and through in other countries, ag ain generally without any particular problem. If the same cars and the same people can b e seen on the road in different countries, then perh aps road design manuals should say the sam e thing regardless of country. And if they d on't, then maybe highway engineers could benefit from a study of the differences. But you cannot b egin such a study if you don't actually know what the various c urrent design manuals are. The idea is therefore to prepare a list of road design standards for as man y countries as possible. After that the preparation of summ ary notes should be quite straight-forward. Of course, life isn't that simple. It turns out that: It is also not clear what exactly a “countr y” is. For example, some parts of the wo rld are not actually independent - they may be dependent or non self-governing territories. Some countries m ay be so small that - for the purposes of this docum ent - they can be ignored. For example the popu lation of Palau is less than 21,000. But Samoa, with a population of some 200,000, has its own roa d standards; and Iceland (population aroun d 323,000) certainly has som e interesting standards of its own.) A country may be part of another coun try - for example, Scotland is part of t he UK.And some countries may be defined as fragile (or f ailed) states, ones perhaps where, from Wikipedia: “central government is so weak or ineff ective, that it has little practical control over m uch of its territory; non-provision of public services; widespread corruption and criminality; ref ugees and involuntary movement of populations and sharp eco nomic decline” There is even a “ fragile states index”. Ho wever even a fragile state may have som e useful standards on road design, as for example Nigeria (rank ed as “high alert” in the index). Other terms for these documents inc lude “manual”, “guideline” and “handbook”.http://www.cseforyou.it/images/botswana-roads-design-manual.pdf There ma y be differences in these “standards”; for exam ple, a standard when as a guideline contains inform ation which the engineer may choose to use; but standards may also be issued as instructions which conta in information which an engineer is exp ected to use. 3.1.3 Different standards for different road types I initially thought that a standard would co ver all road types - for example, I expected that s urface friction (whatever value the standard suggested) would be the same for all road t ypes and classes. In fact this is not the case; some m anuals give different values for surface friction de pending on road class. The problem with this is that there is no agreement on what road types or what road classes there are even in English (that is, without ad ding the complication standards being deve loped in different languages). 1 Ref. 1648 - UN Country classification 2012 Once again, life proves to be m ore complicated. In some countries, “standards ” are issued by several different levels of governm ent (in the USA, by state and city authorit ies) and by some independent and professional organ isations (again, in the USA, e.g. b y NACTO). There is no reason to expect the different documents to sa y the same thing about any design parameter (otherwise what would be the point of them ). The question then becomes, how ca n someone tell which of the different standards off ers the best solution for a particular design problem. 3.1.5 Different countries, different standa rds Many countries produce their own standards. T here is no reason to suppose that these a ll say the same thing, although in a different language. T his situation can present the design engine er with a problem, where for example he has to desi gn a road in a country where the standard is out of date (such as Ghana), or where the road link he is designing crosses a countr y boundary. 3.1.bentzendesign.se/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1627079b29d6d8---bostitch-air-compressor-user-manual.pdf6 Multi-country standards There are arguably three types of standard which are not necessarily related to any particu lar country:textbooks, topic-specific standards,and multi-country standards. A multi-countr y standard is one which is issued by an organisation and is intended to be applied by several countries (o ne example is the design standard for the Asia n Highway Network). Some of these appear to be too simplistic; they don’t give the same advice; th ey may not be updated as frequently as a cou ntry’s own standards; and they may anyway not give the best advice. 3.1.7 Standards change over time Standards change with time, In the USA for example, editions of the AASHTO do cument “A policy on the geometric design of highwa ys and streets” were published in 1994, 2001, 200 4 and 2011. The advice given in a new edition will not alwa ys agree with the advice in earlier edition s. 3.1.8 Standards are published in differ ent languages This can be the case even within one countr y (Switzerland, for example). The problem is that good ideas in road design may be published in a lan guage which few engineers in the world ca n speak, and so are not given the acceptance which the y deserve. Denmark and Finland are e xamples. 3.2 Standards in this document This document includes details of what a ppear to be national standards, and of ten of other standards issued by organisations within the countr y. So for the USA there is reference to the AA SHTO standard and also to some State DOT standards. T here are separate sections for “m ulti-country” standards, and for “special topics”. The following table represen ts a subjective classification of the s ome of the countries’ standards considered so far.baocaosudanang24h.com/uploads/image/files/brinks-timer-44-1020-manual.pdf Colombia Costa Rica Czech Republic Estonia Georgia (Caucasus) Greece Honduras Hong Kong India Indonesia Italy Nigeria Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovenia Turkey UK USA American Samoa Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Belgium Botswana Croatia Cyprus French Guiana Ghana Libya Mozambique Samoa Zambia The following table represen ts a subjective classification of the s ome of the multi- country standards considered so far.The page layout is almost the same in each s ection. The exception is an initial “countr y” column in the special topics pages. Each page has four sec tions: a documents table, som e notes, some notes on sources, and some weblinks. The documents table has straight-forward deta ils such as document name, publi sher and year. The column on the right, headed “Ref. No.”, R efers to the document identification num ber in the Editor’s Document Management System (DMS). The first column in each table (column A) som etimes contains a colour symbol.This indicates the document is avail able in the DMS. The notes section provides additional inf ormation about the standards listed for the particu lar country. The “source notes” section gives an indication of whether the country’s standar ds are substantially derived from those of another countr y. The Links section gives a few links f or follow-up research. English 1972 ? Roadway design manual version 2 Abu Dhabi department of municipal affairs 2014 English 2166. Transportation impact study guidelines version 1.1 Abu Dhabi Department of Transport 2009 English 2275. Trip generation and parking rates manual Abu Dhabi Department of Transport 2012 English 980. Urban street design manual (version 1.1) Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council 2013. English 1737 ? Utility corridors design manual v. 1 Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council 2011 English 2279. Guidelines for road design, construction, Abu Dhabi roadway design manual Road Section, Abu Dhabi Municipality 1998 English 966.https://www.farparts.cl/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1627079bf2b7b4---bostitch-650s5-manual.pdf Road geometric design manual (3rd ed) Abu Dhabi Department of Transport 2013 English 1370 Notes Abu Dhabi is one of the Emirates of the UA E (United Arab Emirates). The website which lists the guide to Abu Dhab i urban street infrastructure standards sa ys “As indicated, the documents listed above will have an Emirate-wide application in f uture. For completeness and as an interim measure, until some of the above-mentioned doc uments have been adopted, certain documents will still appl y during the transition period”. It also looks like some of the quoted standar ds may cover the same area.However the y do cover other countries as well, and the docum ent review consultant was an Australian com pany. Links ? Abu Dhabi Department of Transport. Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council. Abu Dhabi Urban Street and Utility Design T ool Rural roads manual Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development 2013 English 1597 Notes In February 2013 ANSA, the Afghan Nationa l Standards Authority, issued a requ est for proposals regarding the preparation of new standards an d regulations. These are to include urban development, and highway street codes. So far no other det ails available, nor on what earlier standar ds existed.The Internet has reference to some Interim Road and Highway Standards, but no further deta ils available as yet. The Engineering m anual is influenced by documents f rom Indian authors. Links ? Afghan National Standards Authority. Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Developm ent They explain that this material as it is exclusive right of Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and Telecommunications (Albania). The docum ent was developed as part of an EU-fu nded project managed by the European Comm ission delegation in Albania.B40 is also used for major urban roa ds. Design offices in Algeria also use Fr ench standards such as ICTAAL, ICT AVRU and ARP. There are other documents in the B series, suc h as B50 for traffic and economic s tudies.http://objetivovender.com/wp-content/plugins/formcraft/file-upload/server/content/files/1627079d1caa49---bostitch-air-compressor-service-manual.pdf Also Engineer Adel Nehaoua of the Soc iete d’etudes Techniques de Setif, has p ublished a series of documents on road design, of which docum ent 2281 above is one part. The Ministry of Public Works website refers to three types or groups of roads. Source Notes Ministry of Public Works. CCTP - Controle Technique des Travaux Publics ? cnerib Source Notes It is likely that the country follows US practice on road design standards. Links ? Source Notes It is possible that the country follows French practice on road design standards. Links ? Andorra government website The territor y consists of the main island of Anguilla it self, together with a number of much smaller islands and ca ys with no permanent population. The total la nd area of the territory is 35 square miles with a pop ulation of approximately 13,500.” Source Notes It is likely that the country follows UK practice on road design standards. Links ? Official government website T here are about 1200 km of roads, som e two-thirds of which are not paved. Links ? Official government website The design standards are based on th ose used by the former Soviet Union. The geometric standards of the existing roads are general ly adequate except in difficult m ountainous terrain where hairpin bends and other reduced standards ar e common. The road carriage way and shoulder design width are often too wide f or the present traffic needs”. Armenia was part of the form er Soviet Union. Recent advice is that Armenia uses Gost (Russian standards) with guidance from AASTHO and EU documents, and is also developing i ts own local standards. Gost standards are revised from time to time. Wikipedia say s that some 958 km roads in Armenia form part of the Asian Highwa y Network,so these roads are probably subject to the AHN m ulti-country design standard. Some Arm enia roads may perhaps be subject to the TENs stan dard as well. Source Notes Links.BANHTRUNGTHUVIP.COM/upload/files/brinks-timer-44-1011-manual.pdf Ministry of transport and communications NSW bicycle guidelines RTA of NSW 2005 English 1607. Planning and designing for pedestrians: guidelines Main Roads Western Australia 2012 English 1973. Road classifications, geometric designs and maintenance standards for low volume roads ARRB 2001 English 355. VicRoads Supplement to the AGRD, Part 2 - Design considerations VicRoads 2012 English 1590. The existence of Austroads and the AGRD documents does not prevent other org anisations in Australia from producing their own standards, or m odifications of the AGRD guidelines. For example The Local Government and Municipal Kno wledge Base ( link ) says that the Canberra Centra l Design Manual is a design manual published b y the Department of Territory and Municipal Ser vices in Canberra, and that it It covers the design of a range of assets including. The resource documents available on the website are worth looking through. Chapter 2 for example includes definitions of up to 13 different street types. Source Notes.Australia generally follows the Austroads m ulti-country design standards. Links ? Adelaide Design Manual. Canberra design standards for urban infras tructure. Queensland road planning and design manual The FSV documents list appear to group roa ds into three types. Freilandstrassen (inter-urban roads). Landliche Strassen (rural roads). Strassen im Ortsgebiet (urban roads) Here, “Freilandstrassen” includes m otorways. Different documents cover different aspects - such as alignment, cross-sections e tc. FSV home page Planning Guidelines for Rural Road Master Plan LGED 2010 English 107. Standard cross-sections for RHD roads RHD 2014 English 687 Also of interesst Improving rural transport infrastructure - experience from Bangladesh GIZ (Germany) 2014 English Notes The Roads and Highways Department (RHD) is p art of the Bangladesh Ministry of Comm unications. The version presently available for download from the RHD website is draft version 4 d ated October 2000. In Bangladesh, people drive on the left sid e of the road, as in the UK. Source Notes The RHD document has five documents in its l ist of references, three of which are f rom the UK. Links ? RHD home page ? LGED ? Bangladesh Planning Comm ission Infrastructuuraanleg voor sociale woonprojecten ( Infrastructure for social residential projects ) Vmsw 2009 Dutch 1780. Pedestrians vademecum Brussels Capital Region 2012 Dutch 1781. Richtlijnen m.b.t. verhardingsbreedtes op gewestwegen ( Information regarding pavement widths on regional roads ) AWV 2012 Dutch 1775 Notes It appears that there are no formal standards or re gulations concerning road design in Belg ium. Most often road authorities refer to guidelines f rom other countries (e.g.the Netherland s). For specific issues there exist circulars or guidelines that are developed by Belgian road authorities, but not all these guidelines are publicly available. Source Notes. Links ? Belgian road and traffic agency. Belgian road research centre Publisher Year Language Ref. No. Road Survey and Design Manual Department of roads 2005 Road Design Manual Part-1 (Geometric Design of Rural Roads). Guidelines on Road Classification System and Delineation of Construction and Maintenance Responsibilities Ministry of Works and Human Settlement 2009 English 846 Also of interest. Bhutan Road Bill 2012 Government of Bhutan 2012 English 869. Bhutan transport vision 2040 - integrated strategic vision ADB and others 2013 English 2120 Notes The population is still mainly rural, although more pe ople are moving to urban areas. As recently as 2007, 21 of the population lived more than four hou rs away from the nearest all-season road. A 2009 ADB publication (see below) referred to the R oad Survey and Design Manual and the Road Design Manual Part-1 (Geometric Design of Rural Roa ds) but no further details known as yet. Earlier, in 2004, the Ministry of Work s, Housing and Communications prepared a s et of documents on District Road Works. Documents from both these sets include geometric design details an d typical cross-sections. These documents are available f rom the Roads Industry Council website. Ministry of works and human settlement. RSTA Road safety and transport authority Volume I - manual on the geometric design of highways. Volume II - manual on drainage and h ydrology. Volume III - manual of traffic control devices. Volume IV - manual on the testing of soils and asphalt materials Source Notes Links. A BC home page The foreword to the document sa ys: This Materials and Pavement Design Man ual is one of a series of design manuals issued by the Ministry of Transport and Comm unications. The Manual is part of the revised Bots wana Road Design Manual (BRDM) and the Standard S pecification for Road and Bridge W orks (SSRBW) dated 1982.The five volumes of the revised BR DM are. Volume 1: Road Types and Geom etric Design including Standard Survey Methods for Roads and Bridges. ? Volume 2: Materials and Pavement Design.(t his Manual) ? Volume 3: Hydrology and Road Drainage. ? Volume 4: Design of Bridges, Culverts an d Other Types of Road Structures. ? Volume 5: Road Markings and Road Furniture Source Notes. The foreword to volume 2 also says: This Manual is one of a series that is being de veloped under the Institutional Co-o peration Agreement between the Roads Departm ent and the Norwegian Public Roads Adm inistration (NPRA). Links ? Botswana Ministry of Transport and Comm unications Publisher Year Language Ref. No. ? 700: Glossario de termos tecnicos rodoviarios (Glossary of technical terms ) DNIT 1997 Portuguese 2207 ? 706: Manual de projeto geom etrico de rodo vias rurales (manual on the geometric design of rural roads) DNER 1999 Portuguese 1798 ? 718: Manual de projeto de intersecoes (Intersections design manual) DNER 2005 Portuguese 1662 ? 740: Manual de projeto geom etrico de travessias urbanas (Geometric design manual for urban crossings) DNIT 2010 Portuguese 2208 ? 741: Manual De Projeto E Praticas Operacionais Para Seguranca Nas Rodovias (manual on road design and operation for safety) DNIT 2010 Portuguese 1663 Also of interest. Manual De Projetos E Program as Para Incentivar O Uso De Bicicletas Em Comunidades (manual of projects and programs aimed at encouraging use of bicycles in towns) Embarq 2014 Portuguese 2131 Notes Brazil is the 5th largest country in the world in terms of area and of population. It h as a population of some 205 million persons. Departamento Nacional De Infraestrutura de T ransportes (DNIT) is Brazil's National departm ent for transport infrastructure. IPR (Instituto de Pesqu isas Rodoviarias ( road research institut e) is part of the DNIT. The DNIT seems to have only a manual o n geometric design of rural roads (and f or example, none for urban roads or motorways). DNIT document titles begin with an identifica tion number. Source Notes It seems the DNIT documents are based on old AASHTO standards. Links ? DNIT ? DNIT publications page Instead, constitutional responsibilit y for all roads generally rests with the Provinces and we build a uniform consensus on geom etric designpractices across our country through the T ransportation Association of Canada (T AC), a not-for-profit organization that is funded by the Federal Government, Provincial and T erritorial Governments, Municipal Governments, an d the private sector. Source Notes TA (Transportation Association of Canada) Publisher Year Language Ref. No. ? Manual de carreteras (Highway manual ) 2016 edition - a total of 9 volumes and 8 complementary documents Ministerio de Obras Publicas 2016 Spanish 2294 - 2302 and 2074 - 2081. Manuale de vialidad urbana Ministrio de Vivienda y Urbanismo 2009 Spanish 1103 Also of interest. Source Notes Manual de Carreteras Vol. 3 section 3.206.6 l ists design standards from several c ountries which it says were used as references, including the USA, Germany and Switzerland. The text has s everal references to AASHTO publications Links. Ministry of Public Works. Ministry of housing and urban development The highway route design specification has c hapters on: Chapter I: General Provisions Chapter II: Cross-sectional Chapter 3: Design elements Chapter 4: Highway Cross Chapter 5: structure and related ancillar y facilities Source Notes Links. M inistry of Transport Publisher Year Language Ref. No. ? Manual de Diseno Geometrico de Carreteras Ministerio de Transporte, Instituto nacional de vias 2008 Spanish 900 Also of interest. This were defined for the national territory b y government agencies, first by the Ministr y of Public Works (1970) and latter by the Ministry of Transportation (1998 and 2008). The latest version was issued by the Ministry of T ransportation in 2009 and is applicable starting Marc h of the same year. All of the Colom bian standard issues have been supported b y standards developed in other countries. National highways institute Guia para el analisis y diseno de seguridad vial de margenes de carreteras (guideline on the road safet y analysis and design of road m argins) COSEVI 2011 Spanish 2130 Notes The best information is that Costa Rica, as with s ome other countries, does not h ave its own highway geometric design standards, but uses the m ulti-country standards developed b y SICA. COSEVI is the Consejo de Seguridad Vial (R oad Safety Council). The document above deals with construction rat her than design. Source Notes. Links ? Ministry of public works and transportation ? COSEVI Further research The Croatian Roads website has some docum ents on road construction, tunnels etc. The University of Zagreb has a departm ent of transportation engineering which can be a so urce of information on road design in Croatia. Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and I nfrastructure Nicosia public transport enhancement programme - sustainable transport guidelines Ministry of Communications and Works 2011 English 2039. C yprus is the third largest and third most populous island in th e Mediterranean, and a mem ber state of the European Union. The Nicosia sustainable transport guidelines draw heavily on UK publications, but also incl ude reference to a New Zealand guidelne. Source Notes Details of the geometric design standards were pro vided by the Public Works Departm ent of the MCW.. Links CSN 73 6110 Projektovani mistnich komunikaci (design of urban roads) Czech standards institute 2006 Czech 1186. CSN 73 6110 amendment no. 1 Ministry for regional development 2010 Czech 1792 Also of interest. CSN 73 6058 Hromadne garaze. Basic principless) Czech Standards Institute 2011 Czech Notes The forward to the 2004 edition of CSN 73 610 1, commenting on changes to the previous sta ndard, appears to say: This standard regulates and com plements the previous CSN intended to ensure c onditions for enhancing road safety and allow the application of new technical knowledge in the desig n of roads and highways. Change in design categ ories including, in particular, single-lane ro ads, four-lane divided highway guardrail directi on for suburban sections and six-lane high ways and expressways. The content and scope of articles on stretches of road transit villages, increasing t he number of lanes, routes and spatial solutions drainage has been adjusted to reflect the curre nt requirements. The average height of the dr iver's eye above the ground considere d for the calculations outlook was changed from 1.2 m to 1.0 m. Another major change is a new look at the qu ality of traffic flows, its evaluation and use in your designs roads and highways. The amendment of standard CSN 73 61 10 from 2010 contains changes due to a ne w law on parameters for disabled persons. Source Notes I believe Czech designers also refer to Germ an standards Links. Ministry of regional development. Ministry of transport.