3m tsam-001 manual
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3m tsam-001 manualFlex Pointer Taipei Hsien, Taiwan 235, R.O.C.RF Flex Pointer SpecificationTo control PC mouse pad.Push PDF Version: 1.2. Linearized: No. Page Count: 1. Creator:.?.Microsoft Word. Create Date: 2001:10:25 10:39:45. Title:.?.TSAM001-Manual.PDF. Author:.?.WENG. Producer: Acrobat PDFWriter 4.0 for Windows. Please try again.In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Create a free account Representative 21.9 APR (variable). Credit offered by NewDay Ltd, over 18s only, subject to status. Terms apply.Please try your search again later.You can edit your question or post anyway.For exceptions and conditions, see Return details.Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. The universal remote control will work with any laptop with a USB port, and allows you full command over your presentation, and use of your mouse, via remote control. Thanks to the multi-directional radio signals, you needn't worry about distance or pointing towards the screen to have full control. A handy Laser Pointer enables you to focus the attention of your audience.The universal remote control will work with any laptop with a USB port, and allows you full command over your presentation, and use of your mouse, via remote control. Thanks to the multi - directional radio signals, you needn't worry about distance or pointing towards the screen to have full control. A handy Laser Pointer enables you to focus the attention of your audience. Left and right mouse button. The 3M Wireless Presenter Mouse and Laser Pointer is a FSK (Frequency Shift Key) transmitter for the frequency band 433-435 MHz.http://www.campoalegre.al.gov.br/userfiles/conteudos/4-h-officer-manual.xml
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The 3M Wireless Presenter Mouse and Laser Pointer offers a full-integrated PLL synthesizer and a high efficiency power amplifier to drive a loop antenna, A special circuit design and an unique power amplifier design are used to save current consumption and to save battery life. The 3M Wireless Presenter Mouse and Laser Pointer is a great companion of Microsoft Power Point as it provides the user with full mouse and presentation control. When browsing the internet the mouse functionality enables the user to navigate with accuracy and reliability.Amazon calculates a product’s star ratings based on a machine learned model instead of a raw data average. The model takes into account factors including the age of a rating, whether the ratings are from verified purchasers, and factors that establish reviewer trustworthiness. Please try again later. PoDDuaNg 5.0 out of 5 stars I used other presenters before. It could be my stupidity but those that I used before could not open the link embedded in the slide. This one can as it functions like a mouse. One question reamined is the media mode. The manual said 'read overleaf' but I cannot find what the 'media mode' it should be about.This device has precisely the forward-backward functionality they were asking for (an easy-to-use rocker switch on the side - operated by your thumb). This means that this device can initiate videos within presentations (using the mouse buttons) as well as simply running forwards and backwards through the slides. It can even move windows around on the screen, if you want to get that fancy.I've managed to use it with both systems and had no problem at all. It also features an interesting option to disable the laser pointer.The rocker to change slides is great. Although the mouse is a little slow its really useful too. The only reason I haven't given it 5 is because my laser pointer doesn't work but now I can't be without it to send it back.http://sulimas.com/uploads/userfiles/4-h-sheep-judging-manual.xmlIf 3M redesigns this with a darker colour and provides a smaller USB adapter, it would be the best presenter in the market. If you are looking for a presenter with real mouse controls, look no further. Highly recommended product.Easy to use with presentations or just Windows as it has full mouse control. Simple install, just plug in USB device and it loads drivers automatically. Bit tricky to turn on laser pointer but apart from that excellent.The button on the side - down to move on and up to move back - is very easy and comfortable to use. Great valueAlas, this device was OK on the mouse functionality but useless for controlling PowerPoint in normal view as it has no slide forward and backwards buttons in this mode. As this is how I tend to use PowerPoint - I train people for 3 days at a time and slide show view is useless for complex presentations using multiple applications I was most disappointed. 3M, this product is a dog - I know you can do better. Discover everything Scribd has to offer, including books and audiobooks from major publishers. Start Free Trial Cancel anytime. Report this Document Download Now save Save tsam-001 For Later 31 views 0 0 upvotes 0 0 downvotes tsam-001 Uploaded by pelinbatu Description: benq Full description save Save tsam-001 For Later 0 0 upvotes, Mark this document as useful 0 0 downvotes, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download Now Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 2 Search inside document. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut.Um aus diesem Karussell zu navigieren, benutzen Sie bitte Ihre Uberschrift-Tastenkombination, um zur nachsten oder vorherigen Uberschrift zu navigieren. Verpackung 81,6 g Ausnahmen und Bedingungen finden Sie unter Rucksendedetails.Wenn Sie dieses Produkt verkaufen, mochten Sie uber Seller Support Updates vorschlagen ?Wiederholen Sie Ihre Suche spater noch einmal.Sie konnen Ihre Frage bearbeiten oder sie trotzdem veroffentlichen.http://www.drupalitalia.org/node/67507Amazon berechnet die Sternbewertungen eines Produkts mithilfe eines maschinell gelernten Modells anstelle des Durchschnitts der Rohdaten. Das maschinell gelernte Modell berucksichtigt Faktoren wie das Alter einer Bewertung, die Beurteilung der Nutzlichkeit durch Kunden und ob die Bewertungen aus gepruften Einkaufen stammen. Oktober 2009 Verifizierter Kauf I used other presenters before. The manual said 'read overleaf' but I cannot find what the 'media mode' it should be about.Vielen Dank fur Ihr Feedback. Wir konnten Ihre Stimmabgabe leider nicht speichern. Bitte versuchen Sie es spater noch einmal. Alle Rezensionen aus Deutschland anzeigen. Berlin: Vahlen, 1927. S. 29. Februar 2008 im FU-Clubhaus. URL: (data obrashcheniya: 19.12.2015). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1885. S. 39 Okonchatel'naya redaktsiya.Strategiya razvitiya v XXI veke. Materialy XII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (29-30 yanvarya 2015 g.). M.: RG-Press. 2015. S. 92-95.Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo prava. Chast' Obshchaya. M.: Yurid. lit. 1970, t. 2.S. 111, 116, 318.Tezisy dokladov. L.: Izd. LGU, 1963. S. 26.Chast' Obshchaya. T. 1. M., 1994. - S. 369.Stuttgart, Germany. S. 158-162.Prestupleniya protiv natsional'nogo i rasovogo ravnopraviya, protiv oboronosposobnosti SSSR. Uchebnoe posobie. M., 1987. - S. 14.Uchebnoe posobie. M.: Izdatel'stvo VYuZI, 1982. - C. 12.Yur'ev, 1912.London, 1810.London, 1810.Islam na Severnom Kavkaze: istoriya i sovremennost'. Praga, 2011.Derbent, 2012.Tiflis, 1861.Nal'chik, 1976.Makhachkala, 2012. Zakon i zhizn'. M.: Strategiya, 2000.Makhachkala: IPTs DGU, 2012.Tret'ya chast'. Dogovory i obyazatel'stva. SPb., 1896 - s. 622.Otdel'nye vidy obyazatel'stv. M., 1954 - s. 360.Po materialam Tokiyskogo i Khabarovskogo protsessov.Prinyata Postanovleniem Chrezvychaynym XVII Vserossiyskim S'ezdom Sovetov ot 21 yanvarya 1937 goda.Prinyata vtoroy sessiey TsIK SSSR pervogo sozyva 6 iyulya 1923 goda i v okonchatel'no redaktsii II s'ezdom Sovetov SSSR 31 yanvarya 1924 goda.https://diatecgroup.com/images/3m-user-manuals.pdf-M.: Izd. TsIK SSSR, 1924.Pod redaktsiey i s predisloviem Zam.Pod redaktsiey i s predisloviem Zam.Podgotovlen Konstitutsionnoy komissiey S'ezda narodnykh deputatov Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Dokumenty i materialy. M.: Respublika, 1993.Kruglyy stol yuristov, 19 aprelya 1995 g. M., 1995.Opyt istoricheskogo kommentariya k sovremennoy politicheskoy mifologii. M., 1994.Ideya, teoriya, praktika. Kursk, 1994.Vladivostok, 1994. Irkutsk, 1981. S. 17URL: (data obrashcheniya: 10.07.2015). URL: (data obrashcheniya: 10.07.2015)Izd-vo SurGu, 2000. S.11-12. URL: (data obrashcheniya: 15.06.2015)Pravovye akty. M.,1999. S. 8Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. M., 2010. S. 10-12Novosibirsk, 1989. S. 98 Gosyurizdat, 1957-278 s.Podgotovleno dlya sistemy Konsul'tantPlyus, 2014.;Tom 20, SPb., 1830.Kakim obrazom tsennosti sposobstvuyut obshchestvennomu progressu. Pod red. L. Kharrisona i S. Khantingtona. M.: Moskovskaya shkola politicheskikh issledovaniy, 2002.URL: (data obrashcheniya: 03.05.2015).Sankt-Peterburg: tipograf. A. S. Suvorina, 1907.Bor'ba za nasledie Petra. M.: Mysl', 1986.Teoriya, praktika i mekhanizmy vzaimodeystviya biznesa i grazhdanskogo obshchestva s gosudarstvom. M.: ROSSPEN, 2012.Monografiya. Sankt-Peterburg: Izd.URL: (data obrashcheniya: 04.05.2015).Litizdat Narodnogo Komissariata po inostrannym delam, 1928. 48 c.Materialy dlya istorii Imperatorov Aleksandra I, Nikolaya I, Aleksandra II. T. II. Ch. I. Upravlenie Ministerstvom Gosudarstvennykh imushchestv. SPb: Tipografiya M. M. Stasyulevicha, 1882. S. 41-42.SPb: Parovaya skoropechatnya Yablonskiy i Perott, 1888. S. 28.Belgorod, 2011.Rostov-na-Donu, 1995.Sotsial'no-pravovye ocherki. M., 1923. — 301 s.Voronezh, 1989. Izdanie semnadtsatoe, peresmotrennoe i dopolnennoe. Petrograd: Gos. tipografiya. Izdano N.S. Tagantsevym. 1913.-S. 389.Nizhniy Novgorod, 1917.Sankt-Peterburg, 1996. T.1.Ocherki po istorii suda i protsessa v rabovladel'cheskikh, feodal'nykh i burzhuaznykh gosudarstvakh. SPb., 1995.Sankt-Peterburg, 1867. Ch.2.Posobie dlya prokurorskoy sluzhby. M., 1889.Petrograd, 1924.Kniga pervaya. Nizhniy Novgorod, 2004.Ekaterinburg, 2007. Ekaterinburg, 2004.Ob'yasnitel'naya zapiska k proektu novoy redaktsii uchrezhdeniya sudebnykh ustanovleniy. T.1. Sankt-Peterburg, 1895.Khar'kov, 1915.Khar'kov, 1914.Sankt-Peterburg, 1867.Belgorod, 2001.Stenograficheskiy otchet. M., 1959. URL: (data obrashcheniya 20.08. 2014). URL: (Data obrashcheniya: 20.08.2014)Cambridge, 1981. 164 p.Cambridge, 1973. 281 p.Cambridge, 1981. 164 p.Kazan': Tipo-litogr. Imper. Un-ta, 1908. 509 s.Polnoe sobranie rechey v Gosudarstvennoy dume i Gosudarstvennom sovete (1906-1911). M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1991. 411 s.Stenograficheskie otchety 1906. Sessiya pervaya. T.1. SPb., 1906. Stlb.6, 8, 24, 152.Yaroslavl', 1910. 121 s.Yur'ev: Tip. Shtakenburga, 1908. 269 s.Sbornik dokumentov i materialov. M.,1957. S.253, 500.Vvedenie v izuchenie Angliyskoy konstitutsii. Pod red. prof. P.G. Vinogradova. M., 1907. 671s.Tomsk: Izd-vo Tom. un-ta, 1988. 102 s.Problemy istorii gosudarstva i prava. T.43. M.,1977. S.3-29.Yur'ev, 1908. S.153.Cambridge, 1973. 281 p.Traditsii izucheniya. M.: Izd-vo Moskovskogo un-ta, 2012. 216 s.Monografiya. M., 2013.Petrograd, 1914.V devyati tomakh. M., 1984-1994.Stenograficheskiy otchet. M., 1926.Vtoraya sessiya. Stenograficheskiy otchet. M., 1925.Warszawa, 2005.Doklad yuridicheskomu obshchestvu pri Kazanskom imperatorskom universitete 17 dekabrya 1907 g. Kazan': Tipo-litografiya Imperatorskogo universiteta, 1908. Monografiya. Pavlodar, Kereku, 2009-258 s.Stalinizm kak sistema. M.: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya ROSSPEN. 2010. 448 s.Uchrezhdenie sudebnykh ustanovleniy i Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva.Kaliningrad, 2000. 215 s.Yuridicheskoe issledovanie. T. 1.-S.-Peterburg, tipo-litografiya A.E. Landau, 1902.-490 s.Ocherki istorii.-M.: Progress-akademiya, 1995.-185 s.Vladimira, 1893.-304 s.M: Eksmo; SPb.: Midgard, 2005. — 416 s.;Rybnaya torgovlya i zverinye promysly v navigatsiyu 1887 goda.Krasnodar, 2005.Yur'ev, 1912Sobranie tret'e.Pravovye osnovy stanovleniya i razvitiya. Irkutsk: Izd-vo Irkut.Irkutsk: Izd-vo Irkut.Izd-vo Leningr. un-ta. 1965. S. 224. Ul'yanovsk: UlGPU, 2003. Gl. 2. Kazan': Izd-vo Kazan.Irkutsk: Izd-vo Irkut.Sbornik materialov konferentsii. Volgograd: VSSh MVD SSSR. 1973. Resheniya I vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya sudebno-prokurorskikh rabotnikov i I vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya prokurorskikh rabotnikov. M., 1934. S. 1-32. V devyati tomakh. T.5. Zakonodatel'stvo perioda rastsveta absolyutizma. M., 1987. Vtoraya polovina XIX.Kiev, 1988, - S. 4 6 Tartu, 1964. Vyp.148. - S. 8-9 Obshchaya chast'. Moskva, 1997. S.40. Diskussionnost' voprosa o vozniknovenii mezhdunarodnogo prava v mezhdunarodno-pravovoy nauke prakticheski obshchepriznanna. Sm.: Kurs mezhdunarodnogo prava v 7 tomakh. T.1, M., 1989. - S. 30 London, Methien, 1955. Sbornik deystvuyushchikh konstitutsionnykh aktov. T.1. Konstitutsionnye monarkhii. Pod. red. V.M. Gessena i B.E. Nol'de. Spb.,Neofitsial'noe izdanie. Spb., 1912.t.1.London, Methien, 1955. Obshchaya teoriya gosudarstva. M., tipografiya T-va I.D. Sytina, 1908.Yur'ev, 1908. Kaliningrad, 2000. 215 s.Saratov: SYuI MVD RF, 1999. 256 s.Yur'ev: tipografiya K.Chekhoslovatskie politicheskie or-Sud S'yutera. M., 2003.Voronezh, 2005.Sovremennyy Tadzhikistan. -Gissar, 1992.Miklukho-Maklaya.XVIII - nachalo XX v. M., 2000.Belgrad, 1930. Vyp. 1.Belgrad, 1938. Vyp. 15.Belgrad, 1938. Vyp. 15. S. 157-164.Kazan', 1895. T. 1. Vyp. 1.Khar'kov, 1896. Ekaterinburg, 2011. Vyp. 11.Odessa, 1878. T. 1. Vyp. 1.Uzakoneniya obnarodovannye na russkom yazyke. SPb., 1902. T. 1.Kishinev, 1868. T. 3.Chego zhdet Rossiya ot voyny? Pg., 1915.Kurs russkoy istorii. M.: 1988. T.II-IIILichnost', okruzhenie, vremya. Dokumenty i ma-Routledge, London andKratkiy ocherk. - M., 1992.Karl fon Rottek. - M., 1999.Routledge, London andMit Vorbericht, Uebersicht des Inhalts, und Anmerkungen, von demJuli 1832 durch dieMai 1802 (Entwurf) bzw. vom 2. Juli 1802 (BestaetigungIstoriya vneshnikh snosheniy evropeyskikh derzhav s 1814 po 1878 g.: VPervaya polovina XIX veka (Ot voyn Rossii protiv Napoleona do ParizhskogoOcherki glavneyshikh istoricheskikh epokh. — SPb., 1903. — 303 s.Istoricheskiy ocherk konstitutsionnykhMit Vorbericht, Uebersicht des Inhalts, und Anmerkungen, von demJuli 1832 durch dieMai 1802 (Entwurf) bzw. vom 2. Juli 1802 (BestaetigungRostov-na-Donu, 1995. S. 358.Konets XV - nachalo XVII vv. M.: Uchpedgiz, 1957.Nizhniy Novgorod, 2001.Washington, DC, USA: National AcademicVintage Books Edition, 1992.Historic Pittsburgh. Wikipedia: Pittsburgh Heritage Project.Washington, DC, USA: National AcademicVintage Books Edition, 1992.Historic Pittsburgh. Wikipedia: Pittsburgh Heritage Project. Uchitelyu ob osnovakh zakonodatel'stva Soyuza SSR i soyuznykh res-Obshcheobrazovatel'naya shkola.Prakticheskiy i teoreticheskiy kommentarii. Pod red. A.E. Vormsa i V.B. El'yashevicha. M., 1913.Odessa, 1909.Arkhangel'sk. 1912.Sbornik statey. M., 1909.Sovetskiy period. Izd. 2-e, ispr. i dop. Uchebnoe poso-Paris: Ellipses, 2003. 384 p.Paris: PUF, 1995. 495 p. Paris: Centre de documentation universitaire,Paris: PUF, 1987. 168 p.Paris: Imprimerie Balitout, 1870. 31 p.Paris: Ellipses, 2003. 384 p.Paris: PUF, 1995. 495 p. Paris: Centre de documentation universitaire,Paris: PUF, 1987. 168 p.Paris: Imprimerie Balitout, 1870. 31 p.Petrograd, 1917.Vospominaniya inostrantsev. Smolensk,Novosibirsk. Nauka. 1990.Kazan', 1897. T. 1. Vyp. 5.Khar'kov, 1896.Yur'ev, 1904-1905. Ch. 1-2;Odessa, 1898.Obychnoe pravo. M., 1884.Arkhangel'sk. 1912.Kazan', 1897. T. 1. Vyp. 5. S. 103.Khar'kov, 1896.Ekaterinburg,Yur'ev, 1904-1905. Ch. 1-2;Odessa, 1898.NB-Media Ltd.Any materials may be published only subject to Publisher's concent. All rights to the work, which was published under the name of our publishing house reserved. No part of the works published in printed or electronic editions, books and periodicals, on disks or digital and magnetic media, or on websites www.nbpublish.com, www.history-illustrated.ru, www.aurora-group.eu, www.e-notabene.ru can not be reproduced, translated into another language, stored in printed form or in any other way turned into another form of data storage, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or other - without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher. And even if this was allowed to copy the copyright owner, links to the publisher and its publications are required. For the content of advertisements published edition is not responsible. Editors reserve the right to place materials and journal articles in electronic legal systems and other electronic databases. The author can notify the Editor of their disagreement with the similar use of its materials no later than the date of the signing of the numbers in print. Editorial respects the opinion of the authors of the published articles, but their views are not always the opinion of the publisher. All authors automatically own full copyright in their work as soon as theyNonCommercial 4.0 International License. You may do so in any. More is surely needed. It may accompany a speci?c ngspice release, e.g. ngspice- 24 as manual version 24. The manual is intended to provide a complete description of the ngspice functionality, its features, commands, or procedures. It is not a book about learning SPICE usage, but the novice user may ?nd some hints ho w to start using ngspice. Chapter 21.1 gi ves a short introduction ho w to set up and simulate a small circuit. Chapter 32 is about compiling and installing ngspice from a tarball or the actual Git source code, which you may ?nd on the ngspice web pages. If you are running a speci?c Linux distrib ution, you may check if it provides ngspice as part of the package. Some are listed here. This cut and paste approach, while not being orthodox, allo wed ngspice to hav e a full manual in a fraction of the time that writing a completely ne w text would ha ve required. The use of LaT ex and L yx instead of T eXinfo, which was the original encoding for the manual, further helped to reduce the writing ef fort and improv ed the quality of the result, at the expense of an on-line version of the manual b ut, due to the complexity of the software I hardly think that users will e ver want to read an on-line te xt version. In writing this text I follo wed the spice3f5 manual, both in the chapter sequence and presentation of material, mostly because that was already the user manual of SPICE. Ngspice is an open source software, users can do wnload the source code, compile, and run it. This is the ?rst ngspice manual and I hav e remov ed all the historical material that described the dif ferences between ngspice and spice3, since it was of no use for the user and not so useful for the de veloper who can look for it in the Changelogs of in the re vision control system. I want to ackno wledge the work done by Emmanuel Rouat and Arno W. Peters for con verting the original spice3f documentation to T E Xinfo. Their effort g av e ngspice users the only av ailable documentation that described the changes for many years. A good source of ideas for this manual came from the on-line spice3f manual written by Charles D.H. W illiams ( Spice3f5 User Guide ), constantly updated and useful for its many insights. As always, errors, omissions and unreadable phrases are only my f ault. Paolo Nenzi Roma, March 24th 2001 29 K evin A ylward, W arden of the King’ s Ale Pr eface to the actual edition (as of January 2013) Due to the wealth of ne w material and options in ngspice the actual order of chapters has been re vised. Se veral ne w chapters have been added. The L Y X text processor has allo wed adding internal cross references. The PDF format has become the standard format for distribution of the manual. W ithin each new ngspice distrib ution (starting with ngspice-21) a manual edition is provided re?ecting the ngspice status at the time of distrib ution. At the same time, located at ngspice manuals, the manual is constantly updated. Every new ngspice feature should enter this manual as soon as it has been made av ailable in the Git source code. Holger V ogt Mulheim, 2013 XSPICE has been provided by Geor gia Institute of T echnology, Atlanta (USA). Since then, there hav e been many people working on the software, most of them releasing patches to the original code through the Internet.If someone helped in the de velopment and has not been inserted in this list then this omis- sion was unintentional. XSPICE The XSPICE simulator, de veloped at Geor gia T ech., is based on the SPICE3 program dev eloped by the Electronics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Uni versity of California at Berkele y. The authors of XSPICE gratefully ackno wledge UC Berkele y’ s dev elopment and distrib ution of this software, and their licensing policies which promote further improv ements to simulation technology. They also gratefully ackno wledge the Ci- rcuits may contain resistors, capacitors, inductors, mutual inductors, independent or dependent voltage and current sources, loss-less and lossy transmission lines, switches, uniform distributed RC lines, and the.Some introductory remarks on ho w to use ngspice may be found in Chapt. 21. Ngspice is an update of Spice3f5, the last Berkeley’ s release of Spice3 simulator family. Ng- spice is being de veloped to include ne w features to existing Spice3f5 and to ?x its b ugs. Im- proving a comple x software like a circuit simulator is a v ery hard task and, while some impro- vements ha ve been made, most of the w ork has been done on bug ?xing and code ref actoring. Ngspice has b uilt-in models for the semiconductor devices, and the user need specify only the pertinent model parameter v alues. There are three models for bipolar junction transistors, all based on the integral-char ge model of Gummel and Poon; ho wev er, if the Gummel-Poon pa- rameters are not speci?ed, the basic model (BJT) reduces to the simpler Ebers-Moll model. In either case and in either models, charge storage ef fects, ohmic resistances, and a current- dependent output conductance may be included. The second bipolar model BJT2 adds dc cur- rent computation in the substrate diode. The third model (VBIC) contains further enhancements for adv anced bipolar devices. The semiconductor diode model can be used for either junction diodes or Schottky barrier di- odes. There are two models for JFET: the ?rst (JFET) is based on the model of Shichman and Hodges, the second (JFET2) is based on the Parker -Skellern model. MOS2, MOS3, and BSIM include second-order ef fects such as channel-length modulation, subthreshold conduction, scattering-limited velocity saturation, small-size effects, and char ge controlled capacitances. The recent MOS models for submicron de vices are the BSIM3 ( Berkeley BSIM3 web page ) and BSIM4 ( Berk eley BSIM4 web page ) models. There is partial support for a couple of HFET models and one model for MESA de vices. 35 A mixed-le vel circuit and de vice simulator can provide greater simulation accuracy than a stand-alone circuit or de vice simulator by numerically modeling the critical de vices in a circuit. Compact models can be used for noncritical devices. The device simulator itself is free and not included into ngspice, but a socket interface is pro vided. Ngspice supports mixed-signal simulation through the inte gration of XSPICE code into it. Ne w devices can be added to ngspice by tw o means: the XSPICE code-model interface and the ADMS interface based on V erilog-A and XML. Finally, numerous small bugs ha ve been disco vered and ?x ed, and the program has been ported to a wider v ariety of computing platforms. 1.1 Simulation Algorithms Computer-based circuit simulation is often used as a tool by designers, test engineers, and others who want to analyze the operation of a design without examining the ph ysical circuit. Simulation allo ws you to change quickly the parameters of many of the circuit elements to determine ho w they af fect the circuit response. Often it is dif?cult or impossible to change these parameters in a physical circuit. Ho wev er, to be practical, a simulator must ex ecute in a reasonable amount of time. The key to ef ?cient ex ecution is choosing the proper lev el of modeling abstraction for a gi ven problem. T o support a gi ven modeling abstraction, the simulator must pro vide appropriate algorithms. Historically, circuit simulators have supported either an analog simulation algorithm or a digital simulation algorithm. The circuit response is obtained by iterati vely solving Kirchhof f ’ s Laws for the circuit at time steps selected to ensure the solution has con ver ged to a stable v alue and that numerical approximations of integrations are suf ?ciently accurate. Since Kirchhoff ’ s laws form a set of simultaneous equations, the simulator operates by solving a matrix of equa- tions at each time point. This matrix processing generally results in slower simulation times when compared to digital circuit simulators. Ngspice offers a v ariety of source types including DC, sine-wa ve, and pulse. In addition to specifying sources, the user must de?ne the type of simulation to be run. Analysis modes include DC analysis, A C analysis, and transient analysis. For DC analysis, the time- v arying behavior of reacti ve elements is neglected and the simulator calculates the DC solution of the circuit. Swept DC analysis may also be accomplished with ngspice. This is simply the repeated application of DC analysis ov er a range of DC le vels for the input sources. For A C analysis, the simulator determines the response of the circuit, including reacti ve elements to small-signal sinusoidal inputs ov er a range of frequencies. The simulator output in this case includes amplitudes and phases as a function of frequency. For transient analysis, the circuit response, including reactiv e elements, is analyzed to calculate the behavior of the circuit as a function of time. 1.1.2 Digital Simulation Digital circuit simulation dif fers from analog circuit simulation in sev eral respects. A primary dif ference is that a solution of Kirchhoff ’ s laws is not required. Instead, the simulator must only determine whether a change in the logic state of a node has occurred and propagate this change to connected elements. When an e vent occurs, the simulator examines only those circuit elements that are af fected by the e vent. As a result, matrix analysis is not required in digital simulators. By comparison, analog simulators must iterati vely solv e for the behavior of the entire circuit because of the forward and re verse transmission properties of analog components. This dif ference results in a considerable computational adv antage for digital circuit simulators, which is re?ected in the signi?cantly greater speed of digital simulations. 1.1.3 Mixed-Mode Simulation Modern circuits often contain a mix of analog and digital circuits. T o simulate such circuits ef ?ciently and accurately a mix of analog and digital simulation techniques is required. Native mode simulators implement both an analog algo- rithm and a digital algorithm in the same ex ecutable. Glued mode simulators actually use two simulators, one of which is analog and the other digital. The communication constraints tend to reduce the speed, and sometimes the accuracy, of the complete simulator. On the other hand, the use of a glued mode simulator allows the component models de veloped for the separate e xecutables to be used without modi?cation. Ngspice is a nati ve mode simulator pro viding both analog and ev ent-based simulation in the same ex ecutable. The underlying algorithms of ngspice (coming from XSPICE and its Code Model Subsystem) allo w use of all the standard SPICE models, provide a pre-de?ned collection of the most common analog and digital functions, and provide an extensible base on which to build additional models. A simple example application of User -De?ned Nodes is the simulation of a digital signal processing ?lter algorithm. In this application, each node could assume a real or integer v alue. More complex applications may de?ne types that in volv e complex data such as digital data vectors or e ven non-electronic data. Ngspice digital simulation is actually implemented as a special case of this User-De?ned Node capability where the digital state is de?ned by a data structure that holds a Boolean logic state and a strength v alue. 1.1.4 Mixed-Lev el Simulation Ngspice can simulate numerical de vice models for diodes and transistors in two dif ferent ways, either through the integrated DSIM simulator or interf acing to GSS TCAD system. DSIM is an internal C-based de vice simulator that is part of the CIDER simulator, the mixed-le vel simulator based on SPICE3f5. CIDER within ngspice provides circuit analyses, compact models for semiconductor de vices, and one- or two-dimensional numerical de vice models. 1.1.4.1 CIDER (DSIM) DSIM provides accurate, one- and two-dimensional numerical de vice models based on the so- lution of Poisson’ s equation, and the electron and hole current-continuity equations. DSIM incorporates many of the same basic physical models found in the Stanford tw o-dimensional de vice simulator PISCES. Input to CIDER consists of a SPICE-like description of the circuit and its compact models, and PISCES-like descriptions of the structures of numerically modeled de vices. As a result, CIDER should seem familiar to designers already accustomed to these two tools.